/kloc-three major discoveries of natural science in the 0/9th century: 1. The main content of cell theory is that cells are the basic structural units of animal and plant organisms and the basic units of life activities.

In this way, the structural unity of the whole biological world is displayed, cells connect all species in the biological world, and there is a kinship between organisms. This is a great support for the theory of biological evolution.

The establishment of cell theory has strongly promoted the development of biology and provided an important natural science foundation for dialectical materialism. Engels spoke highly of this and praised the cell theory as one of the three major discoveries of natural science in the19th century. 2. The theory of biological evolution 1859, Darwin, a British biologist and founder of the theory of biological evolution, put forward the theory of natural selection in his masterpiece "The Origin of Species".

The main point of this theory is that the individuals in the group have different characteristics, and these individuals have different adaptability to their environment; Due to the limited space and food, there is competition for survival among individuals. As a result, individuals with favorable traits can survive and pass them on to future generations through reproduction, while individuals with unfavorable traits are gradually eliminated (Darwin called this process of survival of the fittest in natural selection); Due to the long-term effect of natural selection, the same species distributed in different regions may have differences in characters, which may lead to the formation of new species. 3. Law of Conservation and Transformation of Energy The law of conservation and transformation of energy is an important theoretical cornerstone of natural science in the19th century.

The significance of conservation of energy lies in establishing the equivalence relationship between some physical quantities in the process of material movement and change. In this regard, we do not need to know the actual interaction process between substances, nor do we need to know the transformation path between energy in the process of material movement and change. As long as the relationship between energy and physical quantity corresponding to the motion state of matter is established, the equivalent relationship between initial state and final state in the process of material motion change can be established, which is convenient for solving the quantity in the process of material motion change.

2. Seek comprehensive knowledge of natural science.

1 2003/05/ 13 encyclopedia knowledge: what tree is called a "living fossil"? 2003/05/ 13 Answer: Ginkgo tree is called "living fossil", which is also called Ginkgo tree and Gongsun tree and belongs to Ginkgo family.

These trees are 40 meters high. 3 2003/05/ 14 Encyclopedia knowledge: China folks send kitchen gods to eat sticky sweets. What is this for? 4 2003/05/ 14 Answer: In China, folks sent Kitchen God to eat sweets that stick to his teeth, in order to stick sugar to his teeth.

There are many folk customs in China. If you pay attention, you will find many interesting things. 5 2003/05/ 15 Encyclopedia knowledge: Are the ears of African elephants bigger or smaller than those of Asian elephants? 6 2003/05/ 15 Answer: The difference between African elephants and Asian elephants is not only their habitat, but also their appearance.

For example, African elephants have bigger ears and Asian elephants have smaller ears. African elephants have both male and female ivory, while Asian elephants have only male ivory. What is the largest island in Europe? Answer: Great Britain is the largest island in Europe.

It is located in the Atlantic Ocean of Western Europe, covering an area of 220,000 square kilometers. It is the main part of British territory.

9 2003/05/ 17 encyclopedia knowledge: Who is the composer of the campus song "Childhood"? 10 2003/05/ 17 Answer: The composer of the campus song "Childhood" is Tayu Lo, and this song is still loved by many students. 112003/05/18 encyclopedia knowledge: who is the composer in The Yellow River Cantata? 12 2003/05/ 18 answer: The Yellow River Cantata, written by Guang Weiran and composed by Xian Xinghai, shows the suffering and tenacious struggle of the people of China in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, and shows the great spirit and invincible strength of our nation. 14 2003/05/ 19 Answer: Look at Lushan Waterfall Li Bai, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty: "The incense burner in Rizhao emits purple smoke, and the waterfall hangs far in front of Sichuan.

On the high cliff, it seems to be thousands of feet high, which makes people think that the Milky Way has fallen from heaven to earth. "Describe the scenery of Lushan Mountain.

15 2003/05/20 Encyclopedia knowledge: Did Portugal ever have colonies in North and South America? 16 2003/05/20 Answer: The developed navigation activities in Europe and Columbus' discovery of the new continent made North and South America a colony of many European countries, but Portugal never had a colony in North and South America. 17 2003/05/2 1 encyclopedia knowledge: what kind of handicrafts does "turtle pattern" appear in? 18 2003/05/2 1 Answer: Tortoise pattern refers to the unpleasant net pattern caused by improper angle matching of the public version during proofing or printing.

This pattern often appears in batiks. 19 2003/05/22 encyclopedia knowledge: where is the lowest country in the world? Answer: The Netherlands is near the North Sea and is the lowest country in the world.

The Dutch coastline twists and turns, with a total length of 1075 km, but the seawall is twice as long as the coast, with a total length of 24 14 km. 2 1 2003/05/23 Encyclopedia knowledge: What kind of drink is not suitable for fever? 22 2003/05/23 Answer: It is harmful to drink strong tea when you have a fever, because theophylline contained in tea will raise the temperature of human body, affect the effect of cooling drugs, and thus aggravate your illness, so it is not advisable to drink tea when you have a fever.

23 2003/05/24 Encyclopedia Knowledge: What language does the word "montage" come from? 24/05/24/2003 Answer: "Montage" originated from French and was originally an architectural term, meaning combination and composition. Used in movies, it means "splicing".

25 2003/05/25 Encyclopedia knowledge: How many atria and ventricles does the human heart have? Answer: The heart has four chambers, namely left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle. Wherein the left atrium communicates with the left ventricle and the right atrium communicates with the right ventricle.

27 2003/05/26 Encyclopedia Knowledge: Is the largest peninsula in Europe in southern Europe or northern Europe? Answer: Scandinavia is the largest peninsula in Europe. It is located between Barents Sea, Norwegian Sea, North Sea and Baltic Sea, covering an area of 800,000 square kilometers.

29 2003/05/27 Encyclopedia Knowledge: Where are the hydropower resources mainly distributed in China? 2003/05/27 Answer: Distribution characteristics of water resources in China: more in the south, less in the north, more in summer and autumn, less in winter and spring. China ranks first in the world in hydropower resources, 70% of which are distributed in southwest China.

3 1 2003/05/28 encyclopedia knowledge: which playwright's work is a doll's house? A: A Doll's House is a famous social drama by henrik ibsen, the greatest dramatist in the 9th century. It was written in the 9th century. 33 2003/05/29 Encyclopedia Knowledge: In the pre-Qin period, the images and patterns of dragons were generally compared. Why? 2003/05/29 Answer: In the pre-Qin period, the image and pattern of dragons were generally compared to gentlemen.

From ancient times to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the dragon pattern has undergone numerous changes, and its shapes are also extremely rich. 35 2003/05/30 Encyclopedia knowledge: Many animals have charged or glowing organs. Are these organs used for lighting correctly? 2003/05/30 Answer: Many animals have charged or glowing organs, but these organs are not used for lighting.

37 2003/05/3 1 encyclopedia knowledge: Babies need an essential amino acid more than adults, don't they? 38 2003/05/3 1 Answer: There are eight kinds of amino acids that must be obtained in food in protein. These eight amino acids are called essential amino acids. Histidine is the ninth essential amino acid for infants, but not for adults.

39 2003/06/0 1 Encyclopedia Knowledge: Was the Pathetic Symphony written by Tchaikovsky? Answer: The Sixth Symphony (Symphony of Sorrow) was written by Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky in the last year of his life (1893). 4 1 2003/06/02 Encyclopedia knowledge: Where is the origin of Pu 'er tea? 2003/06/02 Answer: Pu 'er tea is produced in Yunnan and other frontier areas. Simao is a world-famous Pu 'er tea producing area and one of the largest tea producing areas in China.

Encyclopedia: What is the slogan of the Olympic Games? A: Father Didong once put forward the slogan of "swifter, higher and stronger". Coubertin, the "father of the Olympics", appreciated and agreed with this slogan very much, so he took it as the slogan of the international Olympic Games.

Encyclopedia knowledge: Picasso published a painting around 1950 and won the international peace prize. What kind of painting is this? 46 2003。

3. Natural science knowledge

/kloc-three major discoveries of natural science in the 0/9th century;

1, cell theory

The main contents are as follows: cells are the basic structural units of animals and plants, and they are also the basic units of life activities. In this way, the structural unity of the whole biological world is displayed, cells connect all species in the biological world, and there is a kinship between organisms. This is a great support for the theory of biological evolution. The establishment of cell theory has strongly promoted the development of biology and provided an important natural science foundation for dialectical materialism. Engels spoke highly of this and praised the cell theory as one of the three major discoveries of natural science in the19th century.

2. Theory of biological evolution

From 65438 to 0859, Darwin, a British biologist and the founder of the theory of biological evolution, put forward the theory of natural selection of biological evolution in his masterpiece The Origin of Species. The main point of this theory is that the individuals in the group have different characteristics, and these individuals have different adaptability to their environment; Due to the limited space and food, there is competition for survival among individuals. As a result, individuals with favorable traits can survive and pass them on to future generations through reproduction, while individuals with unfavorable traits are gradually eliminated (Darwin called this process of survival of the fittest in natural selection); Due to the long-term effect of natural selection, the same species distributed in different regions may have differences in characters, which may lead to the formation of new species.

3. Law of conservation and transformation of energy

The law of conservation and transformation of energy is an important theoretical cornerstone of natural science in the19th century. The significance of conservation of energy lies in establishing the equivalence relationship between some physical quantities in the process of material movement and change. In this regard, we do not need to know the actual interaction process between substances, nor do we need to know the transformation path between energy in the process of material movement and change. As long as the relationship between energy and physical quantity corresponding to the motion state of matter is established, the equivalent relationship between initial state and final state can be established in the process of material motion change, which is convenient to solve the quantity of material motion change.

4. Common sense in natural science

Natural science includes research in many fields. Natural science usually tries to explain that the world operates according to natural procedures, not by divine means. The term natural science is also used to locate "science", which is a discipline that abides by scientific methods. Natural science is the general name of all kinds of sciences that study inorganic nature and organic nature, including human biological attributes. The object of cognition is the whole nature, that is, various types, states, attributes and motion forms of natural substances. The task of cognition is to reveal natural phenomena and processes, and then grasp the regularity of these phenomena and processes, so as to explain them, foresee new phenomena and processes, and open up various possible ways for rationally and purposefully applying natural laws in social practice.

Introduction to various fields of natural science

physics

Physics is a natural science that studies the structure, interaction and movement of matter. It is a natural science based on experiments, and an eternal theme of physics is to find various orders, symmetry and symmetry breaking, conservation laws or invariance.

chemistry

Chemistry is a science that studies the composition, structure, properties and changing laws of matter. The world is made of matter, and chemistry is one of the main ways and means for human beings to understand and transform the material world. It is a discipline with a long history and full of vitality, and its achievement is an important symbol of social civilization.

astronomy

Astronomy is a subject that studies the structure and development of celestial bodies and the universe in space. The contents include the structure, properties and operating rules of celestial bodies. By observing the radiation emitted by celestial bodies to the earth, we can find and measure their positions, explore their motion laws, and study their physical properties, chemical composition, internal structure, energy sources and their evolution laws.

earth science

Earth science is a basic subject to study the process, change and interaction of the earth system (including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere and the space between the sun and the earth). It mainly includes geography (including soil science and remote sensing), geology, geophysics, geochemistry, atmospheric science, marine science and space physics j, as well as emerging interdisciplinary subjects (earth system science and geo-information science).

life sciences

Life science is a science that studies life phenomena, the essence, characteristics, occurrence and development law of life activities, and the relationship between various organisms and between organisms and the environment. Life science, which is used to effectively control life activities, actively transform the biological world and benefit mankind, is closely related to human survival, people's health, economic construction and social development, and is the most concerned basic natural science in the world today.

psychology

Psychology is a science that studies the occurrence, development and activities of human and animal psychological phenomena. Psychology not only studies animal psychology (the main purpose of studying animal psychology is to deeply understand and predict the occurrence and development law of human psychology) but also studies human psychology, with human psychological phenomena as the main research object.

5. Natural science knowledge

The process of total solar eclipse can include the following five periods: initial loss, eclipse, eclipse, luminescence and last contact.

Why is there a total solar eclipse?

The first solar eclipse always starts from the western edge of the sun's circular surface, because the moon revolves around the earth from west to east. When the eastern edge of the moon just touches the round surface of the sun (that is, when the eastern edge of the moon is tangent to the western edge of the moon), it is called the initial loss. The first loss is the moment when the eclipse begins.

The eclipse begins with the initial loss, that is, the partial eclipse stage. The moon continues to move eastward, the part of the sun's circular surface covered by the moon gradually increases, and the intensity and heat of sunlight are obviously reduced. When the eastern edge of the moon surface is inscribed with the eastern edge of the sun surface, it is called eclipse. At this time, the entire circular surface of the sun is covered, so the solar eclipse is the moment when the total solar eclipse begins.

When the sun is about to be completely blocked by the moon, a diamond-like arc light will suddenly appear on the eastern edge of the sun, just like the striking shining light on a diamond ring. This is the diamond ring, and at the same time it will form a string of bright spots in an instant, hanging high in the dark sky like a string of dazzling pearls. This phenomenon is called pearl eclipse, which was first described by British astronomer Billy, so it is also called Billy Pearl. This is because there are many rugged peaks on the surface of the moon. When the sun shines on the edge of the moon, it forms a "pearl-like bead" phenomenon. Belle pearls appear for a short time, usually only one or two seconds, and then the sun is completely blocked, resulting in a total solar eclipse.

Seismometers are used to measure earthquakes, set up for disaster relief, not to predict earthquakes. You are talking about earthquake monitoring instruments. Earthquake monitoring instruments are all over the country, and there are various monitoring methods. They work day and night, and so do the earthquake monitors. Why didn't they predict the Wenchuan earthquake? This is a problem that many people care about, and this problem has been puzzling seismologists. People engaged in this work also hope to accurately predict earthquakes, but because of the complexity and unpredictability of earthquakes, it brings many difficulties to earthquake prediction, not that there are no precursors before earthquakes, but that earthquake prediction is a very serious problem. Although the impending earthquake anomaly is obvious, it will not be predicted without the certainty of 100%. Earthquake prediction requirements are quite strict, and the three elements of earthquake must be absolutely accurate to predict. Only the province can publish the forecast, and no other unit or individual can publish it, otherwise it will be punished by law.

Earthquake prediction is a difficult problem in the world today. In order to do a good job in earthquake prevention and disaster reduction and reduce losses as much as possible, only by strengthening the seismic fortification work of building projects and reducing the loss of people and property caused by building damage, there is no breakthrough in earthquake prediction at present.