Li Zicheng (1606- 1645), formerly known as Hong Ji, also known as Huang Laier and Zao Er, was the leader of the peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty, and lived in Li Qianji Village, Mizhi, Shaanxi Province. When I was a child, I worked as a shepherd for the landlord and a post servant in Yinchuan. After the 1629 uprising, he was a brave and knowledgeable soldier under King Gao Yingxiang. At the Xingyang Congress, the operational plan of dividing troops and attacking in four ways was put forward, which was endorsed by the leaders of various ministries. After Gao Yingxiang's death, he continued to be called the founding king.

At that time, the famine in the Central Plains was serious and the social class contradictions were extremely acute. Yan Li put forward slogans such as "no tax on farmland", which were welcomed by the broad masses of the people, and the troops grew to one million, becoming the main force in the uprising army. 1643 was called xinshun King in Xiangyang, and in Ruzhou, Henan, he annihilated the main force of Sun Chuanting, the governor of Mingshan, in order to win Xi 'an. In the first month of the following year, the Dashun regime, named Yongchang, was established. Soon, he conquered Beijing and overthrew the Ming Dynasty. In April, Dourgen led the Eight Banners Army to join forces with Wu Sangui, the company commander of the Ming Dynasty, and fought in Li Zicheng, both inside and outside Shanhaiguan. Li Zicheng was defeated, withdrew from Peiping, and led the troops to Henan and Shaanxi. 1645 On May 17, Yuan Di Temple in Jiugongshan, Tongshan, Hubei Province was killed by villagers.

In January of the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), Li Zicheng marched eastward to Beijing. On the second day of February (March 10), 3,000 ships were built in Shawokou, crossed the Yellow River, and captured Fenzhou (now Fenyang), Yangcheng (now Yangcheng County of Jincheng City) and Zhou Pu (now Yongji), and captured the next day to celebrate. On the fifth day of March (13), Taiyuan, Niu Yong, Wang Yongkui and other 5,000 overseers were defeated by the array. On the eighth day, with the garrison commander Zhang Xiong as the internal force, Cai Maode hanged himself. Rest in Taiyuan for eight days. On 16th, the officials and people of Zhou Kexin (now Xinzhou) welcomed the surrender, and Zhou Yuji, the commander of Daizhou (now Xinzhou), held fast to the city. The two sides fought for more than ten days, but Yin Ji's soldiers ran out of food and retreated to Ning Wuguan (now Ningwu). Zhou Yuji refused to keep it. Finally, he ran out of gunpowder, opened the door and died. His whole body is like the hair of a hedgehog. His wife, Liu, led more than 20 women to the house and shot them. All the women were burned to death. On the first day of March (April 7th), Ning Ke Wuguan and Li Zicheng killed more than 70,000 soldiers and suffered heavy casualties. "A Record of Criminal Evidence" records that "thieves trapped the capital, mostly created by brothers and sisters, are all good at fighting." Li Zicheng ordered the massacre. That night, Jiang Xiang, the company commander of Datong, surrendered, and the company commander Wang also arrived, even in Juyongguan and Changping. On the eighth day of March, the soldiers arrived in Yanghe. 1 1 day, Dashun Army marched into Fu Xuan, saying, "Celebrate the city noisily, burn incense to welcome it, and have fun". Chongzhen urgently dispatched Liaodong company commanders Wu Sangui, Hebei and Liao Governor Wang Yongji, Changping company commanders Tang Tong and Shandong company commanders Liu Zeqing to Weijing, and called on bureaucrats in Beijing to donate money.

On March 15 (February1April), the peasant army arrived at Juyongguan, and eunuch DUZH and the company commander Tang Tong of the army surrendered without a fight. At the same time, he led the South Route Army and left the East. After Qiu Heyou attacked Xie Sufu, he really surrendered, and Li Jiantai, a university student, surrendered in Baoding. On March 16, Li Zicheng crossed Changping and reached Shahe. /kloc-enter Gaobeidian and Xizhimen on 0/7, and attack Pingzemen, Zhangyimen and Xizhimen in the afternoon. On the night of March 17, Cao Huachun, the eunuch guarding the city, took the lead in opening the Guangning Gate on the west side of the outer city, and the peasant army entered the southern suburb of Fuxingmen today (see Cao Huachun entry for this matter). On March 18, Li Zicheng sent Du Xun, the eunuch who surrendered in Changping, into the city to commune with Emperor Chongzhen. According to the four-year volume "Examination of Filial Piety", Li Zicheng put forward the following conditions: "invade the northwest to strengthen the masses, discuss the king's reward of one million troops, and retreat to Henan ... Since I invaded the imperial court, I am willing to curb the bandits, especially to help suppress the Liao princes with my strength. But I don't serve you. " The negotiations between the two sides broke down. On the morning of March 19, Zhang Jinyan, the minister of the Ministry of War, took the initiative to open the Zhengyang Gate to meet Liu Zongmin's army. At noon, Li Zicheng, led by eunuch Wang Dehua, entered the inner hall through Deshengmen and Chengtianmen. At this time, Chongzhen took eunuch Wang Chengen to Jingshan Park for observation and returned to Gan Qing Palace. All the ministers fled. Finally, Chongzhen went to Jingshan to hang himself, which was the famous change of Shen Jiazhi. Li Zicheng ordered a "ritual burial" of Chongzhen, offering a public sacrifice to the factory outside Donghuamen, and then moving into the Buddhist temple. On the 27th, he was buried in Tian Guifei's tomb.

Li Zicheng stayed in the Forbidden City and took the maid-in-waiting Dou Yimeina as his concubine. When Dashun Army entered Beijing, its strength was less than 20,000 [14]. Li Zicheng ordered: "Those who dare to hurt people and rob women will be killed without forgiveness!" The order in Beijing is still good, and the shops are open as usual. "Two thieves robbed the silk shop and stood on the chessboard street. The people are happy and the law and order is as always. " However, from the 27th, the peasant army began to raid the Ming officials and raided their homes everywhere, stipulating that the amount of aid was "100,000 in the main hall, 750,000 in the imperial palace headquarters, 530,000 in the Daoke official department, 321,000 in the Hanlin, and thousands of subordinates". Liu Zongmin made 5,000 clips. "All the trees are trimmed and connected with nails, so that people are all broken." The atmosphere of terror in the city gradually became dignified, and people began to get nervous. "Those handcuffed officials are generally rich and expensive, forcing 20,000 to 30,000, slightly dissatisfied. Then they will be strict, they will be extremely vicious and will never die. " "Take Wei Zaode, Fang,,,, etc. And commended Qi Ran Xingqin, Zhang and Xu Yunzhen. Tan Qian's Miscellaneous Jujube Forest was declared dead 1600 people. If Li Zicheng's soldiers plunder, I will be arrogant. " Killing people is not empty, but soldiers plundered the people's wealth. "Dashun army set up an officer in the occupied area, and the first thing to do is to chase it back. For example, in Chenggu County, "thieves claim compensation and burn it"; In Fenyang, "search the rich room and help the salary"; In Jiangzhou, "the scholar-officials were miserable and tortured to death"; In Xuanhua, on April 14, a notice appeared on West Chang 'an Avenue, which read: "The days of the Ming Dynasty are not over yet, and people think of loyalty. It is scheduled that the East Palace will be the emperor on the 20 th of this month and will be revived in the first year of Yuan Dynasty. " 13, Li Zicheng led hundreds of troops into the customs to pacify Wu Sangui, and Liu Liang and Li Hui stayed in Beijing.

It is said that after Li Zicheng entered Beijing, he found "thirty-seven million pieces of silver and ten million pieces of gold" from his palace. "Thirty-seven million pieces of gold have not been used in the old town of Kujin for many years, and all the pieces are five hundred (ten? ) Second, the word Yongle is engraved (Volume 20 of "Ming Ji Bei Lu"). At that time, Xu Xi Zhong borrowed a sentence from Tan Qian's Chronicle of the Second Year of the Ming Dynasty, saying, "If you lose the odd zero, you can send it for two more years. Today, you will pass the exam, and tomorrow, the sea will be full of excitement, but the key remains the same. Why did the first emperor not see the legacy? " It's hard to chase. "But the credibility is not high. Ji Liuqi thought, "You said that you need 18.5 million mules and horses to transport so much gold. Even a few months is not enough, so you know that your words are not credible. "According to Liang's estimation, from 1390 to 1486, the total output of silver in China was only 32 million taels. Before the Ming Dynasty, although a large number of Spanish silver dollars and other foreign silver dollars flowed in, it was only 45 million taels.