1, the landlord class-resistance

Represented by Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan, he advocated "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", and Wei Yuan wrote "Atlas of Sea Countries".

2. Landlord class-Westernization School-Westernization Movement

(1) Background: Under the double blow of the Second Opium War and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, the Qing government faced a crisis of internal troubles and foreign invasion.

(2) The fundamental purpose: to maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty by using western advanced technology.

(3) Proposition: Learn from foreigners to strengthen ourselves-that is, make use of advanced production technology in the West to make Qiang Bing rich, get rid of difficulties and safeguard the rule of the Qing Dynasty.

(4) The representative of Westernization Movement: Central Committee member-game;

Places-Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong;

The first new school founded by Westernization School: Shi Jing Wentong Museum.

(5) Slogan: "self-improvement" in the early stage and "seeking wealth" in the later stage;

(6) Time: 19, 1960s-1990s.

(7) Content: In the early stage, Zeng Guofan founded the modern military industry-Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute.

Li Hongzhang —— Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration

Zuo-Fuzhou Shipping Bureau

Later period-Li Hongzhang, a modern folk industry-Kaiping Mining Bureau and China Shipping Merchants Bureau.

Zhang Zhidong —— Hubei Weaving Layout of Hanyang Iron Works

(8) Nature: the self-help movement of the failed feudal landlord class.

(9) Results: China has not embarked on the road to prosperity.

(10) Symbol of failure: beiyang fleet was completely annihilated in the Sino-Japanese War.

(1 1) Reason for failure: The root cause-the feudal system has not changed. The Westernization Movement only learned advanced technology from the West, hoping to make China rich and strong by learning from the West. However, due to the restriction of western powers and the obstruction and destruction of die-hards within the Qing government, it is impossible to succeed only by local governors who are keen on westernization.

(12) evaluation: positive effect-Westernization School introduced advanced western science and technology, which made the first batch of modern enterprises appear in China, accumulated production experience for modern enterprises in China, cultivated technical strength, objectively promoted the emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism, opened the road to modernization in China, and was the beginning of China's modernization exploration; The establishment of civil industry resisted the invasion and expansion of China by foreign economic forces to a certain extent. The establishment of a new school of Westernization School opened the modernization of education in China and trained a number of modern diplomatic, military and scientific talents for China.

Limitations-The subjective purpose of the Westernization School is to maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty, not to lead China to capitalism. Did not make China rich and strong.

(13) Experience and lessons: ① The decadent political system is the main obstacle to China's modernization, and it is also the fundamental reason why the Westernization Movement cannot push China towards prosperity and independence. (2) The economic reform of the landlord class, which simply introduces foreign advanced technology, cannot make China embark on the road to prosperity.

3. The bourgeoisie

(1) bourgeois reformists-the Reform Movement of 1898

① Background: At the end of 19, national capitalism developed initially and the national crisis was unprecedented.

(2) Proposition (purpose): Develop capitalism economically and implement constitutional monarchy politically. Reform and reform, save the nation from extinction and develop capitalism. )

③ Time:1June-September, 898 Representatives: Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao.

④ Beginning sign: Emperor Guangxu promulgated "making the country the imperial edict" to announce the political reform.

⑤ Content: The content of P40 reform decree.

⑥ Nature: bourgeois reform movement.

⑦ Results: Empress Dowager Cixi failed as a symbol of 1898 coup.

(8) Reasons for failure: Subjectively, the weakness of the bourgeois reformists did not mobilize and rely on the masses, but only relied on feudal emperors who had no real power; Objectivity: the strength of feudal stubborn forces, (Yuan Shikai's betrayal).

Function: The Reform Movement of 1898 was the starting point of China's political modernization. It is conducive to the development of capitalism and the spread of science and technology, to the participation of bourgeois intellectuals in politics, to the spread of bourgeois ideas, and to the enlightenment of society. It promoted the ideological emancipation of the society at that time, and it was also a far-reaching ideological emancipation movement, which prepared the conditions for the later Revolution of 1911.

Attending lesson: the bourgeoisie can't lead the China revolution to victory, and the bourgeois reform road won't work in China.

(2) bourgeois revolutionaries-Xinhai Revolution

① Background:1The development of national capitalism and the deepening of national crisis at the end of 9th century and the beginning of 20th century.

Put forward: put forward the theoretical program of the Three People's Principles, and advocate overthrowing the Qing government by violence and establishing a bourgeois republic.

③ Time: 19 1 1 year Leader: Sun Yat-sen.

Results: Yuan Shikai stole the revolutionary achievements and failed to change the nature of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China.

⑤ Reasons for failure: Subjectively, the weakness of the bourgeois revolutionaries did not rely on and mobilize the masses; Objective: Chinese and foreign opposition forces colluded with each other to suppress the revolution.

⑥ Nature: the bourgeois democratic revolution against imperialism and feudalism.

⑦ Evaluation: Positive Role-The Revolution of 1911 was a great bourgeois-democratic revolution in China's modern history. It ended the feudal monarchy for more than 2,000 years and established a bourgeois republic, which made democracy and ideas deeply rooted in people's hearts (ideological emancipation movement) and created favorable conditions for the development of Chinese national capitalism. It promoted the development of the old democratic revolution in China and the modernization of China.

Limitations-Yuan Shikai stole the revolutionary achievements, failed to complete the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary tasks, and failed to change the nature of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

Lesson 8: The bourgeoisie can't lead the China revolution to victory, and the bourgeois peace plan won't work in China. The development of history requires the proletariat to undertake the revolutionary task of opposing imperialism and feudalism.

(3) bourgeois radical democrats-the New Culture Movement.

Background: Beiyang warlord government vigorously promoted the policy of respecting Confucius and restoring ancient ways in the cultural field.

② Slogan: Democracy and Science

Representative: Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Lu Xun and Hu Shi.

Logo: 1965438+ Chen Duxiu founded New Youth magazine in September 2005. (The first issue of Youth magazine)

③ Content: The pre-period-late period of "four propositions and four oppositions"-publicizing the essence of Marxism: an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement in the history of China. It carries forward the democratic and scientific ideas and inspires people's consciousness.

④ Function: It was an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement in modern history, which created conditions for the spread of Marxism, prepared ideological conditions for the rise of the May 4th Movement, and greatly promoted the process of modernization in China.

4. Enlightenment from the exploration of landlord class and bourgeois modernization: (1) The beginning of China's modernization is a difficult and tortuous process, from economic change to political change to ideological and cultural change (from learning western technology to changing feudal system to emancipating the mind), which is a gradual process. (2) Due to class limitations, the peasant class, the landlord class and the bourgeoisie cannot change the social nature of China and lead the China revolution to victory without the guidance of scientific theory. Only the China * * * production party can save China, and only socialism can develop China. (3) The people of China have unremitting spirit of exploration and indomitable spirit of struggle. (4) National independence and national liberation are prerequisites for modernization. The change of ideology and culture is the first condition to promote modernization. (5) Only by carrying out reform and opening up can the country become rich and strong.