If people are asked to use an adjective to describe France, the most common one is "romance". That's true. France is located in the west of continental Europe, surrounded by the sea on three sides. Paris, the capital, is known as the "romantic city" and is an important transportation hub in France, with 6.5438+0.3 million passengers coming and going here every day. The Eiffel Tower, the landmark of Paris, stands tall like a giant of steel on the tranquil Seine River. In Marseille, the largest port and the second largest city, you can visit the holiday residence described by Dumas in the novel The Count of Monte Cristo.
Chateau Chieve, a city in the southwest of Bordeaux, has a long history of winemaking, and its wines are world-famous. The special "Bordeaux Red Wine" is listed as the "Queen" of world wines, and a bottle of century-old wine can be sold for more than 30,000 dollars in the international market. Cannes, located on the Mediterranean coast, is a small town with beautiful scenery and pleasant climate. The Cannes Film Festival held here every year is very lively, and its Palme d 'Or award is recognized as one of the highest honors in the film industry. French fashion enjoys a high reputation in the world, with rich and excellent materials, bold design and exquisite craftsmanship, which has always led the world fashion trend. There are 2000 fashion shops in Paris, and their boss's slogan is: "Fashion doesn't sell the second one". In the street, it is almost impossible to see two women wearing the same clothes. The French are simple and like nature. More than half of French families keep all kinds of small animals, totaling more than 30 million.
France is a civilized and polite country, and politeness to women is a tradition that the French have always been proud of.
Country name: France * * * Republic of China (French, la republice Fran? French, RF, English, French Republic)
Interpretation of the country name: "France" evolved from the name of the Frankish tribe, meaning "courage" and "freedom".
Ethnic composition: mainly French, but also bretons, Basque, Corsican, Flemish, Catalan, Germanic, Slavic, North African, Indian zhina and other ethnic minorities.
Language: French (local dialects include Provence dialect, Brittany dialect, Corsican dialect and Germanic dialect)
Religion: France is mainly Catholic, followed by Protestantism, Orthodox Church, Islam and Judaism.
Capital: Paris.
Population: 6339.2 1 10,000 (2007)
Currency: Euro, Franc
It is now the Fifth Republic of France.
Current President: Nicolas Sarkozy
Current Prime Minister: francois fillon
National Day: 14 July (1880 Parliament legislated to confirm Bastille Day as the National Day to commemorate the French bourgeois revolution).
Heritage Day: The third Saturday and Sunday in September (1984) will officially start, and the preliminary contest will be held on the third Sunday in September. Under the impetus of Jacques Lang, then Minister of Culture, many historical and cultural heritages of the Deep Palace were opened to the public, with the aim of letting more people know about their love and thus protecting the historical and cultural heritage of mankind. Formerly known as "National Cultural Relics Open Day", the number is 1999. )
National Flag: The French national flag is one of the most important national flags in the world, which has an important influence on the development of national flags in post-world countries.
Shapes and patterns:
The French flag is rectangular with a length-width ratio of 3: 2. The flag surface consists of three parallel and equal vertical rectangles, blue, white and red from left to right. The earliest tricolor flag arrangement was different from today, with red on the left. Blue is the color of Saint Martin's robe, which symbolizes freedom. White commemorates Joan of Arc, a national hero, symbolizing equality. Red is the color of the flag of Saint-Denis, symbolizing fraternity.
Source and history:
France's national flag is famous for its tricolor flag, which first appeared in 1789 during the French bourgeois revolution (French Revolution). Paris National Self-Defense Force takes tricolor flag as its team flag. White is in the middle, representing the king and symbolizing the sacred position of the king; Red and blue are on both sides, representing the citizens of Paris; At the same time, these three colors symbolize the French royal family and the Paris bourgeois alliance, and the tricolor flag was once a symbol of the French Revolution. February 1794, 15, the flag was finally determined to be the French flag.
When the Bourbon Dynasty was restored, the tricolor flag was abolished and replaced by the Royal Iris. However, after the July Revolution of 1830, the tricolor flag became the national flag of France again and continues to this day.
The French flag is called by the French:
Tricolor flag
Blue-white-red
French Drape.
Sometimes it's called le tricolore, and verbally it's called les couleurs.
The French flag is also called French tricolor (American English) or French tricolor (British English) by people who use English.
National emblem: France does not have an official national emblem, but traditionally it uses the coat of arms of the Great Revolution as a national symbol. The coat of arms is oval, and it is painted with one of the symbols popular during the Great Revolution-the bundle of sticks, which is an authoritative symbol used by senior law enforcement officers in ancient Rome. Both sides of the bundle are decorated with olive branches and oak branches, and the ribbon wrapped between them reads "freedom, equality and fraternity" in French. The whole design is decorated with ribbons with Roman legion medals.
National anthem: La Marseillaise.
National flowers: iris, rose
National bird: rooster
National Stone: Pearl
head of the state
President Nicolas Sarkozy was elected in May 2007; In June 2007, he was elected as Speaker of the National Assembly Bernard Accoyer; Prime Minister francois fillon took office in May 2007; Jean-Louis Debre, President of the French Constitutional Council, took office in February 2007.
physical geography
It covers an area of 556,5438+0,600 square kilometers (including Corsica). France is surrounded by the sea on three sides and is the largest country in Western Europe.
Location: It is located in the west of Europe, bordering Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Spain, Andorra and Monaco, facing Britain across the Lamanche Strait in the northwest, and bordering the North Sea, the English Channel, the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea is the largest island in France.
Terrain: high in the southeast and low in the northwest, facing the Atlantic Ocean. The eastern part is the Alps and the Jura Mountains; The south-central part is the central plateau; There are Pyrenees mountains on the southwest border; The southwest area between the Central Plateau and the Pyrenees is the aquitaine Basin. The northern part is the Paris basin; To the northwest is Mount Amauri. The plain accounts for two thirds of the total area.
Mountains: Alps, Pyrenees, Jura Mountain, etc. Mont Blanc on the French-Italian border is 48 10 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in Europe.
Rivers: Loire River (10 10 km), Rhone River (8 12 km) and Seine River (776 km). Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea is the largest island in France. The total length of the border line is 5695 kilometers, including 2700 kilometers of coastline, 2800 kilometers of land line and 0/95 kilometers of inland river line.
Climate: the climate in the west is maritime temperate broad-leaved forest, the climate in the south is subtropical Mediterranean, and the climate in the middle and east is continental. The average precipitation increased from 600 mm in northwest to southeast to more than 1 1,000 mm, and reached more than 1 1,500 mm in mountainous areas. Monthly average temperature: 4-7℃ in the west and south, 1 month1-3℃ in the east and north; In July, it was 16- 18℃ in the north and west, and 2 1-24℃ in the south and east.
Minerals: Iron, coal and bauxite are abundant, as well as lead, zinc, uranium and potassium salt. The forest land coverage rate is 26.4%.
Population: 60.628 million (2000), including 3.5 million foreigners, of which 6.5438+0.4 million are from EU countries, with borders such as Alsace, Bretton Woods, Corsica, Basque and Flanders. General French. Among the residents, 8 1.4% believe in Catholicism, 6.89% believe in Islam, and others believe in Protestantism, Judaism, Buddhism and other religions.
administrative division
By region, province and town. The province consists of prefectures and counties, but it is not an administrative region. The county is the judicial and electoral unit. The French mainland is divided into 22 regions, 96 provinces, 4 overseas provinces, 4 overseas territories and 2 local administrative regions with special status. There are 36,565 towns in China, including 34,000 with less than 3,500 people, 23/kloc-0 with more than 30,000 people and 37 with more than 654.38+10,000 people.
These 22 regions are: Alsace, aquitaine, Auvigne, Burgundy, Brittany, Central China, Champagne-Ardennes, Corsica, Franche-Gonde, Paris Region, languedoc-Ruqiong, Limzan, Lorraine, Southern Pyrenees, Northern Calais Strait, basse-normandie, Upper Normandy, Loire River, picardie and Paris.
The four overseas provinces are: Guadelo, Martinique, French Guiana and Reunion.
These four overseas territories are: French Polynesia, New Caledonia, wallis islands and Futuna Islands, French Southern Hemisphere and Antarctic Territory (the chief executive of this territory is located in reunion island, a French overseas province). )
The two local administrative regions are Mayotte Island, Saint Pierre Island and Miquelon Island.
history
Gauls settled here in 200 BC. In 1 century BC, Caesar, the governor of Rome, occupied the whole Gaul and was ruled by Rome for 500 years. In the 5th century, the Franks conquered Gaul and established the Frankish Kingdom. /kloc-after the 0/0 century, feudal society developed rapidly. 1337, the British king coveted the French throne, and the "Hundred Years War" broke out. In early France, a large area was occupied by Britain, and the French king was captured. After that, the French people waged an anti-aggression war, ending the Hundred Years' War in 1453.
A centralized country was formed from the end of 15 to the beginning of 16. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/7th century, absolute monarchy reached its peak. With the development of bourgeois forces,1July 4, 789, Paris citizens were attacking the Bastille with weapons in their hands. At that time, only seven people were held in the prison, but the citizens fought fiercely for it for a day and sacrificed 98 people. 1789 On August 26th, the program of the French Revolution, the Declaration of Human Rights and Civil Rights, was formally adopted.
1789, 1 1 After Voltaire and Rousseau died, the French Revolution broke out. 1789 The French Revolution broke out and the monarchy was abolished. 1792 established the first republic on September 22nd. 1799165438+1October 9 (foggy month 18), Napoléon Bonaparte seized power, 1804 proclaimed himself emperor and established the first empire. 1804 12, Notre Dame held a grand coronation ceremony, and Napoléon Bonaparte became the first emperor of France. 1871March18, the people of Paris held an armed uprising and established the Paris commune. At the end of May of the same year, it was brutally suppressed by the French army. 1848 February Revolution broke out and the Second Republic was established. 185 1 year, President louis bonaparte launched a coup, and the second empire was established in 12 year the following year.
1After the defeat in the Franco-Prussian War in 870, 187 1 established the third republic in September, until 1940, when the French Petain government surrendered to Germany and the third republic was destroyed. France was invaded by Germany during World War I and World War II. 1944, the French Arc de Triomphe symbolizing victory finally ushered in a real triumph.
Under the leadership of Charles de Gaulle, the French people who fought for freedom not only made due contributions to the victory over fascism, but also paved the way for the revival of France after the war.
1June, 944, an interim government was announced, headed by Charles de Gaulle. 1946 In June, the Constitution was adopted and the Fourth Republic was established. 1958 In September, the new Constitution was adopted and the Fifth Republic was established. 1958 February, Charles de Gaulle was elected president. 1959, France announced that it accepted the national self-determination of colonial Algeria, thus starting to bid farewell to colonialism.
1963, France and the Federal Republic of Germany signed the Franco-German Friendship Treaty, and since then, they have reconciled with their old enemy Germany.
1964 65438+1On October 27th, France established diplomatic relations with New China, becoming the first western power to recognize New China.
1966, France announced its withdrawal from NATO and ordered the United States to withdraw its troops and bases on French territory within one year.
France adheres to an independent foreign policy and has become a balanced force in the world structure. It is in this pursuit of ideals that France embarked on its own path with its outstanding temperament.
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