Daft, a famous organization theorist, believes that we can use 1 1 variables to comprehensively analyze organizations. These variables are: organization scale, technology, environment, goals and strategies, and culture; Degree of regularization, specialization, management level, centralization, specialization and personnel ratio. The first five variables are called situational variables and the last six variables are called structural variables. Situational variables describe the organizational background that influences and determines structural variables, while structural variables describe the internal characteristics of organizations, which can be used to measure and compare organizations.
The size of an organization refers to the size of an organization, usually measured by the number of people. For profit-making organizations such as enterprises, it can also be measured by turnover and total assets. The size of an organization refers to both the whole organization and its components, such as departments and workshops.
Technology refers to the tools and methods used by organizations to transform resources obtained from the environment into products and services. The reason for the existence of any organization is to provide certain products and services to the society. The government should provide safety and trial services to the society, industrial enterprises should provide products to the society, and schools should provide educational services to the society. In order to provide products and services, organizations must obtain resources from the environment, and technology is the way to transform resources into products and services. For enterprises, methods include production line, production technology and various management systems.
Environment refers to all elements outside the boundaries of an organization. For an enterprise, the environment includes external factors such as industry, government, customers, suppliers and competitors.
Goals and strategies determine the purpose and methods that distinguish an organization from other organizations. The goal is the expected future state of the organization, and strategy is the basic method to achieve the goal. The goal and strategy determine the business scope of the organization and the relationship between the organization and the external environment.
Culture is the values, beliefs, cognition and norms that permeate the minds of organization members. Organizational culture closely links the members of the organization, often without written explanation, but it can be understood and experienced through slogans, etiquette, clothing, office layout and so on.
The degree of formalization refers to the number of written documents in the organization. These documents include working procedures, job descriptions, rules and regulations, operation manuals, etc. They stipulate the behaviors and activities of the members of the organization. The degree of formalization can be measured by counting the number of pages of documents in an organization. The degree of formalization of government or university is usually high, while the degree of formalization of family business is usually low.
The degree of specialization refers to the degree to which an organization breaks down tasks into independent tasks, sometimes called the degree of division of labor. Enterprises with high degree of specialization generally have higher labor efficiency. The degree of specialization can be measured by the number of departments and positions in the organization.
Professional level refers to the degree to which employees receive formal education and training. When employees need a long time to master their jobs, organizations are considered to be highly professional, which can generally be measured by the average years of education of employees. At present, enterprises in China are generally considered to have a low degree of specialization. In the United States, the medical profession has the highest degree of specialization, and the average age of education is