The Vietnam War, which China scholars call the American invasion war, is also called the Vietnamese people's war to resist the United States and save the nation. This is the result of the American policy of intervening and invading Viet Nam and Indian zhina. Therefore, to explore the historical background of this war, we must understand the motives and development process of American intervention in Vietnam and Indian zhina.
Before World War II, the American colonial sphere of influence in Southeast Asia was mainly in the Philippine Islands, while Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia were exclusive colonies of France. Before the outbreak of the Pacific War, although the United States was one of the great powers competing in the Pacific Ocean, it failed to turn its attention to Viet Nam and Indian zhina. Japan invaded northern zhina, French India1September, 940. Shortly after the outbreak of the European War, the United States adopted a policy of appeasing Japan in the Far East and a policy of "non-interference" against Japan's invasion of northern zhina, India.
However, in July of 194 1, the Japanese army invaded the south of zhina, India, took control of Saigon and Cam Ranh Bay, and used zhina, India as the base for launching the Pacific War. The Japanese military presence in zhina poses a direct threat to the American territory in the Pacific Ocean-the American Philippines, which has aroused serious anxiety in the United States. Recognizing the strategic importance of zhina in India, the US government began to change its "non-interference" policy, demanding that Japan withdraw from zhina in India, and taking retaliatory measures to freeze Japanese property in the United States and further enforce the oil embargo. 194 1 In February, the Pacific War broke out because of Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, the US naval base. Japan occupied the whole Southeast Asia, trying to monopolize the Pacific Ocean and realize its arrogant plan of "Greater East Asia Glory Circle", which had a serious conflict with the interests of the United States and Britain in Southeast Asia, and also made the United States pay more attention to Indian zhina and its future direction. When the war turned in favor of the Allies, the Roosevelt administration put forward the postwar "Indian zhina International Trusteeship" plan in 1943. This was the basic policy of the United States towards zhina in India during World War II, and it was also the beginning of the United States' involvement in zhina affairs in India.
After the war, the American Indian zhina policy has undergone important changes. Due to the sharp contradiction between the United States and the Soviet Union, after Roosevelt's death, the new Truman administration adjusted the relationship between the United States and France in order to unite Britain and France against the Soviet Union. Therefore, at the Potsdam meeting in July 1945, the United States made concessions to Britain, agreed to take zhina in southern India as the command scope of British Southeast Asia Theater Command, and agreed to divide the operational scope by the line of 16 degrees north latitude. 1In August, 945, Truman made it clear in his talks with Charles de Gaulle that the United States did not object to the return of French troops and French authorities to Zina. Charles de Gaulle wrote in his memoirs: "Washington promised not to create obstacles to our affairs (that is, the French stationed in Japan)." . In this way, due to the recognition and support of the United States, the British army entered southern zhina in the name of surrender in September 1945, paving the way for the French army to return to zhina after the war. Here, we can clearly see the hegemonic behavior of big countries that try to dominate the fate of weak countries and oppressed nations, regardless of the demands of Indians and Indonesians for independence.
Vietnam is one of the first countries in Southeast Asia to declare independence. 1August, 945, Japan was defeated and surrendered. The Vietnamese people launched the "August Revolution" and won national political power. On September 2, President Ho Chi Minh read the Declaration of Vietnamese Independence in Bating Square, Hanoi, announcing the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The Vietnam Independence League, which led the August Revolution, is a national liberation united front with the aim of resisting Japan and saving the nation. The government with Vietnam as the main body is a constitutional democratic government supported by the whole people. Ho Chi Minh, the leader of Vietnam's national movement, enjoys high prestige, and his government has won the support of the people of the north and south of Vietnam. This is an objective fact recognized by the international community. American writer David? Holovics wrote: "Producer Ho Chi Minh and his guerrillas took the lead in the anti-Japanese war. By the end of the war, Ho Chi Minh's Viet Cong had become a broad national movement that penetrated the masses and United the broad masses of Vietnamese people with different political views. " .
Facing the grim international and domestic situation, in order to win international sympathy, especially the support of big countries, Ho Chi Minh, President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, wrote to the heads of government of the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union and China many times at the end of 1945 and the beginning of 1946, hoping that big countries would help Vietnam gain independence from French rule and put forward that "Vietnam is willing to make friends with all peace-loving countries in the world". Since the publication of the Atlantic Charter by the United States and Britain in support of national self-determination and equality during World War II, it appeared in Southeast Asia in an anti-colonial manner after the war. In order to win the sympathy and support of the United States, President Ho Chi Minh called and wrote to the President and Secretary of State of the United States eight times to introduce the new progress of the Vietnam issue, accused France of invading Vietnam again in violation of the Atlantic Charter and the United Nations Charter, and suggested that the United States recognize Vietnam's independence. Regrettably, however, the U.S. government refused to recognize the Ho Chi Minh government supported by the Vietnamese people. Instead, it supported the Baoda puppet regime that once relied on Japanese fascism and French, thus depriving Vietnam and Indian zhina of the opportunity for peace and tranquility.
The reason is that the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union had already begun, and the American Vietnam policy was branded with a strong cold war mentality. 1946 At the end of the year, the State Council of the United States recognized Ho Chi Minh as an "international producer agent", 1949, and US Secretary of State dean acheson even considered Ho Chi Minh as an "out-and-out producer". In the eyes of the United States, Ho Chi Minh's producer status, like the Soviet Union, determines that the country under his leadership is anti-capitalist, which is fundamentally opposite to the national interests of the United States. In this way, the United States completely refused to recognize the democratic government of Vietnam headed by Ho Chi Minh. It is under the guidance of this thinking concept that the United States not only failed to condemn France's war behavior in the UN Security Council, but acquiesced in and supported France's large-scale colonial war against Vietnam. It can be seen that the role of the United States in promoting the first Indo-zhina War cannot be ignored. Like the British scholar a.j.? When talking about the situation in 1949 Southeast Asia, Stockwell pointed out that "without the support of the United States, or at least without the recognition of the United States, France and the Netherlands could not continue their colonial wars."
The birth of People's Republic of China (PRC) in June 1949 and the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 were turning points in the post-war political development in zhina, India, which marked the formation of the cold war confrontation between the two camps in this region. At this time, the United States' policy of intervening in Southeast Asia and Vietnam has undergone a decisive change. The establishment of the new China has linked Viet Nam with the socialist countries geographically, with the strong backing of China. 1950 1, China recognized the Democratic Republic of Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh as a sovereign state, and the Soviet Union and the socialist countries in Eastern Europe at that time also recognized the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. This immediately caused a strong reaction from the United States. In the eyes of the United States, Indian zhina is "the front line of the free world" and "the interests of the United States in Asia lie in the existence of unproductive political parties." So on February 7, the same year, the United States took the lead in announcing the recognition of the South Vietnamese regime headed by Baoda. Since then, many western countries have publicly recognized the Baoda regime to confront the Vietnamese democracy led by Ho Chi Minh and the China government.
On February 23rd of the same year, the United States signed the Five-Nation Defense Treaty with France, Bulgarian regime in South Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, which legalized the American interference in Indian zhina. The open and direct intervention of the United States in Vietnam has triggered a strong anti-American wave in Vietnam. 1950 March19, an anti-American demonstration involving 300,000 people took place in Saigon-Diwan area. Later, this day was designated as "National Anti-American Day" in Vietnam. While opposing French colonists, Vietnam put forward the slogan of opposing American interventionists. Since then, Vietnam's anti-French war has cooperated with international peace and democracy movements. Vietnam turned from trying to gain sympathy and support from the United States to opposing American interference, which marked a major change in Vietnam-US relations.
After the Korean War broke out,1June 27th, 950, US President Truman instructed to send US troops to participate in the war, issued a statement, ordered the US Seventh Fleet to enter the Taiwan Province Strait, prevented the China people from liberating Taiwan Province Province, and instructed to "speed up the provision of military assistance to the troops of France and its federal member States in zhina, India, and send military missions to establish close working relations with these troops." In this way, the United States regards the so-called "Korean War" and "Vietnam War" as "two-pronged wars" and points its finger at three new people's democratic countries in Asia: China, Korea and Vietnam.
1950, 12 On February 23rd, the United States signed formal military assistance agreements with the French and Saigon regimes. Since then, American aid has increased day by day. According to statistics, in 1950, the cost of American aid to the war between France, India and Japan was 52 billion francs, accounting for19% of the total cost; 1953 is 285 billion francs, accounting for 43%; To 1954, 556 billion francs, accounting for 73%. The United States gained extensive rights to control Indian zhina through aid. In order to step up the construction of encirclement of China and Viet Nam. 1950 10 in June, Mattel signed a military assistance agreement. 1951August, the United States and the Philippines signed a mutual defense treaty. In September of the same year, the US-Australia New Security Treaty was signed with Australia and New Zealand. Subsequently, bilateral military agreements were concluded with South Korea and Taiwan Province Province. In this way, a military encirclement system was formed around China and Viet Nam. 1953 after the Korean armistice, the United States paid more attention to the battlefield in Vietnam. At this time, the situation of the Vietnam War changed, which was more and more unfavorable to the French army. As a result, the United States further increased its military support for France and the Baoda regime. 1953- 1954 In the winter and spring of 1954, with the strong support and participation of the United States, the French army dispatched tens of thousands of mobile troops and occupied Dien Bien Phu, a strategic place in northwest Vietnam, posing a serious threat to the central anti-Japanese base of Vietnam and the passage connecting Vietnam with northern Laos. During the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, the United States made a plan code-named "Vulture", preparing to dispatch navy, air force and even ground troops to directly intervene and mobilize aircraft carriers to patrol the waters near Beibu Gulf. The strategic plan of the United States to expand and extend the Indo-Japanese War is so obvious!
However, the attempt of the American war faction was not completely successful. First, most public opinions of the US Congress, government and people do not support the expansion of the zhina War in India, and General Li Qiwei, the chief of staff of the US military who participated in the Korean War, does not agree to send US troops to fight in the jungle of zhina, India; Second, under the pressure of the French people's strong anti-war momentum, the French government trapped in internal affairs and diplomacy is unwilling to fight again; Third, the plan of the American war faction to organize joint military operations involving Britain and other allies was aborted because of the refusal of its main ally, Britain. Fourthly, it was opposed by many United Nations Member States, especially some members of the Security Council. Finally, and most importantly, with the strong support of China, the rapid victory of Vietnamese troops in Dien Bien Phu dealt the heaviest blow to this attempt of the United States, and had a vital impact on the signing of the armistice agreement between Japan and India at the Geneva Conference and the restoration of peace between Japan and India.
Although the American plan to extend and expand the war into the second "Korean War" failed, the situation in zhina is still grim. Peace was temporarily restored in Zina, but the United States did not sign the agreement and claimed that the United States was "not bound by this decision." This planted the seeds of the American invasion of Vietnam.
The above historical facts show that the strategic attempts of the United States in Vietnam and zhina have the effect of "killing two birds with one stone". On the one hand, in the name of preventing "capitalist forces" from going south, they openly stood on the French side and contained China and Vietnam; On the other hand, in the name of supporting the independence of Indian zhina countries, it expanded to Southeast Asia by aid and established American hegemony in the Asia-Pacific region. The United States not only vigorously fostered the right-wing pro-American forces in Vietnam, but also attacked the Democratic Republic of Vietnam with the help of France, and at the same time took the opportunity to crowd out the French forces in order to replace them. In this way, American forces became more and more involved in zhina and became an important foreign intervener to support the French colonial war.
196 1 in may, the United States broke the Geneva agreement and launched a "special war" against the Vietnamese people.
"Special War" is a new form of aggression that American imperialism adapts to the neo-colonial policy. Economically, the puppet government is used to exploit the people. More importantly, imperialism uses weapons and money to send "consultants" to command the puppet government's troops to slaughter and suppress the revolutionary people, and to a certain extent, put their own troops into battle to achieve the goal of colonial plunder.
Under the tenacious counterattack of the people in southern Vietnam, the "special war" of the United States failed. 1In August, 964, the United States created the Beibu Gulf incident and extended the war of aggression to the north. 1In March, 965, the United States landed in Da Nang, thus escalating the war of aggression into a "local war" led by the US military. The Vietnamese people rose up and "local war" went bankrupt.
From 65438 to 0969, the United States began to implement the "Vietnam War" policy. As a result, the American puppet group suffered even greater defeat on the battlefield, and was forced to sign the Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam (Paris Agreement for short) in Paris on1October 27th, 1973. After the United States withdrew its troops from southern Vietnam, Ruan Wenshao's regime violated the Paris Agreement, refused to achieve national harmony, and occupied the liberated areas in southern Vietnam. 1 in the spring of 975, Vietnamese soldiers and civilians launched a spring offensive, liberated Saigon on April 30, and liberated South Vietnam on May1,completely destroying the puppet regime of South Vietnam. At this point, the Vietnamese people's 14-year war to resist the United States and save the nation ended successfully.