1972 On June 5th, the United Nations held the first conference on human environment in Stockholm, Sweden. Representatives from three countries 1 1300 attended the conference. The meeting adopted the famous Declaration on the Human Environment and the Action Plan for Protecting the Global Environment, which stipulated the principle of the unity of human rights and obligations to the global environment and put forward the slogan of "protecting and improving the environment for present and future generations". All the delegates also suggested that the opening day of the conference should be "World Environment Day". In the same year 10, the 27th General Assembly adopted this proposal, and around this day, the United Nations system, governments and organizations held activities on understanding and protecting the human environment and eliminating public hazards. Starting from 1974, World Environment Day has an activity theme every year.
acid rain
The cause of acid rain is mainly caused by sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere. Pure rain and snow dissolve carbon dioxide in the air to form carbonic acid, so it is slightly acidic. When the atmosphere is polluted, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the air will be converted into sulfuric acid or nitric acid when they meet water droplets or humid air, and then dissolved in rainwater, so that the PH value of rainfall is lower than 5.6, forming acid rain.
Environmental landmark
With the establishment and continuous improvement of the socialist market economic system, how to make better use of the competition mechanism under the conditions of market economy to strengthen environmental management will become the focus of people's attention. Under the condition of socialist market economy, every consumer affects the development of enterprises with his own choice of goods, and plays a regulatory role in the environmental behavior of enterprises. The decision-makers of each enterprise also study how to cater to people's environmental consumption psychology and how to overcome new non-trade tariff barriers according to people's requirements for the environment. In order to promote the transformation of enterprises from compulsory governance to autonomous governance and meet the needs of international trade exchange, China started after 1992 UNCED. 1In August, 993, China officially confirmed the environmental logo pattern, which consists of green hills, green waters, the sun and ten rings. Its central structure represents the environment on which human beings live; The ten outer rings are closely connected, indicating public participation and environmental protection; At the same time, the word "ring" in ten ring is the same as the word "ring" in the environment, which means "the whole people unite to protect the environment on which human beings depend". The determination of environmental logo graphics provides the possibility for environmental trademark protection. 1994 May 17, China Environmental Label Product Certification Committee was established. It is the 13 product certification institution authorized by the State Bureau of Technical Supervision, and the only legal institution that certifies environmental label products on behalf of the state, thus ensuring the certification of environmental label products in China. After several years of efforts, China's environmental label product certification system has initially taken shape, and environmental label product certification has entered the next track. The influence of environmental labeling is also growing, and more and more products have passed the certification, which shows that the environmental labeling work in China has gradually taken root in people's hearts and become an important part of people's participation in environmental protection.
Ecological transfer payment: the road to a well-off society in an all-round way
In 1980s, many parts of the country only knew how to develop production, so consumers' willingness to pay was very clear, and the result was the optimization of private environment and the deterioration of public environment. Only then did rich and sober officials begin to help the world, and the public environment changed with each passing day. However, from the perspective of the whole country, look at the west: poor farmers and land are becoming wasteland, and tens of millions of them still have not enough to eat. In this case, how to curb destructive production at the expense of the environment? The land where people can't be raised well is the disaster area of life. What protection can we talk about?
In fact, from a long-term perspective, environmental interests are economic interests. However, it is far from being quenched by water. In the initial stage of development, for example, the west is still busy with food, so we need an economic "East-West Water Diversion", that is, let the developed east help the west.
However, the so-called "ecological transfer payment"-spending your own money to clean other people's homes, is still unpopular in the eastern region.
At present, the eastern region generally believes that the western region will benefit more directly after environmental governance, so why pay for the environmental governance they destroyed? Isn't the principle of environmental responsibility "whoever pollutes will control it" and "more benefits and more fees"? Therefore, I think this account has to be counted on the state. They forget that for decades, the prosperity of the East was based on the large-scale exploitation of resources in the West. Therefore, it is natural that the eastern part is rich, thinking about the source, making more contributions to the country and paying off debts. Otherwise, the western provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities with high transportation costs, poor industrial support and low population quality will have no choice but to extract the environment to achieve the same economic development speed as the eastern region. After all, this environment is the environment of the whole country! Oriental money is not only oriental, and the environment of westerners is not only western. It is the result of overall distribution from the perspective of the overall interests of the country. In addition, the increasingly serious pollution in the process of industrialization in the western region has been combined with ecological damage such as soil erosion and agricultural pollution, and biodiversity is in danger of disappearing, which may even make the western region lose the value of "post-treatment". The ecological value of the eastern green mountains and waters is obviously very low, and the genetic value to future generations is also inferior. Qianshanwan in the west is a fertile ecological soil. In the western development, it is the responsibility of national ecological security to lend a helping hand to the east in time.
Therefore, the developed areas might as well accept the view that, just as the border people in Xinjiang and Tibet actually play the role of national defense forces, the indigenous people in the headwaters of the Yellow River and key ecological functional areas can be said to be "environmental protection forces" for national ecological security. However, if the population density exceeds the limit, the "environmental defense forces" will have to rely on the mountains to eat mountains. Therefore, in those places, we should follow the principle of "trees move to death, people move to life", reduce people and green people. If it is difficult for people to move, they should be given subsidies in various forms so that people in key ecological functional areas in the west can share a well-off life.
In the report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, we can see that building a well-off society in an all-round way is an explanation of pursuing the simultaneous development of material civilization, political civilization, spiritual civilization and ecological civilization. Build a well-off society in an all-round way and narrow the gap between regions, urban and rural areas and all walks of life. Obviously, a well-off society in an all-round way not only pursues ecological civilization, but also emphasizes its balanced development. To achieve this balance, ecological transfer payment is an indispensable link, and only in this way can we give consideration to the overall situation and realize a well-off society nationwide. It can be seen that the decision-makers have understood that ecological transfer payment is an unavoidable environmental protection road for us to build a well-off society in an all-round way.
In fact, ecological transfer payment is not only implemented in China, but also established in the world. The three countries with the richest biodiversity in the world: Malaysia, Brazil and China, are all developing countries. All three countries are protecting the environment and biodiversity for all mankind. In the global environmental division of labor, these developing countries occupy a rare leading position and are in a high ecological niche. The significance of paying ecological accounts through economic accounts in developed countries is not only to pay off debts, but also to pay for their production and lifestyle and economic division of labor advantages. Therefore, ecological transfer payment is a matter of course and people should understand it. At present, China accounts for most of GEF projects, which can be regarded as a good start for developed countries.
Since the road of environmental protection in a well-off country cannot follow the old road of pollution first and then treatment in developed countries, it has to rely on various forms of ecological transfer payment to open up a new road.
Indoor air quality can be measured in feet.
The first indoor air quality standard in China came into effect on March 1.
Although indoor air is an invisible existence, its quality has had a visible and tangible benchmark in China since March 1 year-the first indoor air quality standard in China formulated by AQSIQ, State Environmental Protection Administration and Ministry of Health was officially implemented in March 1 year. Talking about the characteristics of the standard, Wu Yuede, the Standardization Supervision and Management Institute of Guangzhou Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision, thinks that: first, it is in line with international standards; second, the control indicators are comprehensive.
The concept of indoor air quality (IAQ) only appeared in some western developed countries after 1970s. China introduced the concept of "indoor air quality" based on foreign advanced standards. The control items specified in the standard cover a wide range, including physical, chemical, total volatility, biological and radioactive parameters.
Liu Chunsheng, director of the Indoor Environment and Building Decoration Materials Inspection Center of Guangzhou Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, told the reporter that unqualified building decoration materials are the main pollution sources of indoor air quality. Unqualified building decoration materials contain chemicals such as formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds, soluble harmful elements such as lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury and arsenic, and radionuclides in building materials. At the same time, bad living habits are also sources of pollution, and the degree of indoor microbial pollution is related to the surrounding environment, residential density, indoor air temperature, humidity, dust content, lighting and ventilation.
With the promulgation of the indoor air quality standard, indoor air quality testing, a new industry, has a further standardized foundation. At present, the irregularity of this industry is mainly due to the inaccurate test results of some unqualified units, which have no reference system and mislead consumers. According to the relevant provisions of the state, institutions providing testing services must pass the CMA of the metrological administrative department of the government at or above the provincial level, otherwise they will not be qualified as statutory inspection institutions, and their testing results will be invalid.
Experts remind owners that indoor air quality pollution is different from ordinary pollution, and the cause of air pollution is difficult to determine. Therefore, owners should enhance their awareness of self-protection, and it is best to sign a decoration air quality contract with the decoration company in advance. To test indoor air quality, we should find a testing unit with national qualification certificate. If it is confirmed that the indoor air pollution exceeds the standard, the owner can bear the contract responsibility according to the requirements of renovation contract.
Therefore, the establishment of this standard has extended many meanings: residents should constantly enhance their awareness of indoor air quality and learn to protect their legitimate rights and interests with legal weapons; Building materials enterprises should produce more pollution-free and less pollution-free products; Decoration enterprises and testing units should regulate their own behavior, and relevant state departments should improve relevant legal standards and strengthen supervision; Only in this way can the indoor air quality of residents be truly guaranteed.
How to choose environmental protection decoration materials
When it comes to environmental protection in home decoration, there are many problems that need attention. Wall, top surface and floor all need attention. Let's cover everything and start from the beginning. ?
Pay attention to "memory" pollution in wall coatings.
Speaking of wall decoration, the most popular and common thing now is paint. When choosing paint, besides color, the most important thing is to choose environmentally friendly paint. According to the Secretary-General of China Coatings Association, generally speaking, the quality and environmental protection of joint venture and imported brands are relatively guaranteed, such as Nippon Paint, Dulux, Levi's, Du Ya, Shenniuli, Chinese lacquered giraffe, Mowell, etc., and the high-quality products in domestic coatings, such as Red Lion and Lighthouse, are also effective. Some unscrupulous traders pretend to be environmental protection coatings with inferior quality and harmful to human body, and sell them at a price several yuan or even ten yuan lower than that of environmental protection coatings per square meter. Some consumers try to get cheap, which leads to constant indoor odor and seriously affects their health. This money is not worth it.
At present, the coating market is not standardized enough. Some merchants simply hang sheep's heads and sell dog meat, selling fake and shoddy paints in brand-name packaging, deceiving consumers and profiteering. You must go to a designated brand store to buy paint. Don't think that the paint bought in the decoration city is equivalent to insurance. It is best to see whether the store is really a monopoly product of a certain brand-a kind of paint. If the store is both an agent and an agent, it is necessary to consider the reliability of its monopoly. In addition, real brand agents have a series of supporting documents, so it is not too late to verify their identity before payment; The staff of well-known brands such as Nippon Paint have generally received professional training, and have a certain understanding of their product characteristics, uses, coating dosage calculation and other related knowledge, which can answer many of your professional questions. You might as well ask questions and test them. If you don't even have simple knowledge of painting, the credibility of such a specialty store can be imagined. ?
In addition to purchasing paint, we should also discard the false and retain the true, and pay attention to the use of auxiliary materials, especially glue and primer, in order to achieve wall environmental protection. Even if you choose environmentally friendly paint, you can't be careless in the treatment of base materials. Using well-known brands of primers can not only ensure the overall effect, but also be absolutely necessary from the perspective of environmental protection. In addition, attention should be paid to the use of glue. 107 glue contains harmful substances, and the relevant national regulations have explicitly prohibited the use of 107 glue in home decoration. You must pay special attention to these easily overlooked accessories. ?
Beware of the "free" killer on the floor
With the improvement of people's living standards, wood flooring has become the mainstream of modern home flooring materials with its unique advantages such as naturalness, pollution-free, elegance, comfort, moisture retention and heat preservation. However, due to the lack of necessary common sense, there are often some security risks in the selection and laying of wooden floors. ? Professor Gao Zhihua, Deputy Secretary-General of Sawn Wood Flooring Association, said that the truly safe wood flooring standard should be beneficial to human body, without quality accidents in use and without damaging buildings and the environment during laying. ?
At present, there are many kinds of wood floors. As far as itself is concerned, solid wood flooring does not contain harmful substances, while poor quality composite flooring may contain harmful substances. The harmful substances mentioned here include two aspects: first, the floor with adhesive contains too much free formaldehyde; If the free formaldehyde exceeds 40mg/ 100g, it is harmful to human body and is not allowed to be sold in the market. You'd better choose the green floor with formaldehyde content around 10 mg/ 100 g, such as European standard ship deck, Paco, icon and other brands. In addition, Bailey and Taibu flooring are the first to pass the international green environmental protection certification, so you can use it with confidence; The second is the use of various organic solvents in the coating process, such as toluene and nitro. , it will emit gases harmful to human body. I suggest that you try to buy decorated and painted floors when buying floors, instead of buying plain boards. Because the on-site construction environment and equipment can not meet the paint standards of the factory, such as paint quality, flatness, peeling resistance and brightness can not meet the standards of mass production. ?
Some consumers often complain that they bought brand-name floors, and the products are of good quality, so they are careful to use them. But after three or five years, the climate has changed, and the floor is still twisted and cracked, which is really annoying. In fact, this is caused by excessive size. The bigger the size of the floor, the more obvious the exposure, so when you buy the floor, the length is preferably less than 60 cm and the width is preferably less than 75 cm. At present, consumers generally like to buy floors 90 cm long and 9 cm wide, which is a hidden danger. If you choose a larger floor, you should choose a grounded floor or a three-layer or multi-layer composite floor, such as Jinqiao, Wang Di, Yihua and other brands. It is best to choose brands such as Sengong and Hengyi for solid wood flooring. ?
In the process of floor laying, keel laying method should be widely used. In the process of laying the keel, it is necessary to fix the keel on the ground and drill holes on the floor with a depth of less than 2.5 mm. Some informal decoration companies have carried out brutal construction, and the electric hammer drilled holes too deep and too dense, but the floor was lightly opened, causing neighborhood disputes; What's more, the eyes of the electric hammer are too dense and too long, which greatly reduces the strength of the floor and causes damage to the building, with endless hidden dangers. ? Therefore, when you buy floors, you'd better refer to the standard specifications of wooden floors and choose floors that meet national safety standards according to your own needs and hobbies.
In short, the safe selection of materials for home improvement is the key to environmental protection decoration. You must pay special attention to protecting your family's healthy life in a comprehensive environment from the selection of materials.
The "culprit" of myopia: noise and light pollution
Noise pollution can be roughly divided into outdoor, indoor and local environmental pollution.
Studies have shown that noise pollution can cause damage to the cornea and iris of human eyes, causing visual fatigue and decreased vision. The myopia rate of senior high school students in China is 60%, which is not caused by eye habits.
People all know the harm of water pollution, air pollution and noise pollution to human health, but they don't realize the potential threat around them-noise pollution is seriously damaging people's eyes.
People pay attention to water pollution, air pollution, noise pollution and so on, and take measures to rectify them vigorously, but not enough attention to noise pollution. As a result, the incidence of various eye diseases, especially myopia, has risen rapidly. According to statistics, the myopia rate of senior high school students in China exceeds 60%, ranking second in the world.
To this end, China invests a lot of money and manpower to deal with myopia every year, but the effect is not great, because it does not start from improving the visual environment. Relevant health experts believe that the main cause of myopia is the visual environment, not the habit of using eyes.
According to experts, noise pollution in the visual environment can be roughly divided into three types: one is outdoor visual environment pollution, such as building exterior walls; Second, indoor visual environment pollution, such as indoor decoration, indoor bad light and color environment. Third, local environmental pollution, such as books, paper and some industrial products.
With the development of urban construction and the progress of science and technology, mirrors, tiles and whitewashed walls are increasingly used in daily life for architecture and interior decoration. Books and papers used for close reading and writing are becoming more and more fluent, and people almost put themselves in an "artificial visual environment" with "strong light and weak color".
According to scientific measurement, the reflective coefficient of commonly painted walls is 69%-80%, and that of mirror glass is 82%-88%. The light reflection coefficient of particularly smooth whitewashed walls and white writing paper is as high as 90%, which is about 10 times higher than that of lawns, forests or rough decorative surfaces. This value greatly exceeds the physiological adaptation range that the human body can bear, and constitutes a new modern pollution source. Studies have shown that noise and light pollution can damage the cornea and iris of human eyes, inhibit the function of retinal photoreceptor cells, and cause visual fatigue and vision decline.