The story of the war man 1: Shanhaiguan War
At this stop, I will tell you about the Shanhaiguan campaign when the Qing army entered the customs. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Ming army led by Wu Sangui and the Qing army led by Dourgen defeated the peasant rebels in Li Zicheng at Shanhaiguan. In this war, the Qing Dynasty officially entered the Central Plains and began to rule the Central Plains.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Ming army, the Qing army and the Dashun army led by Li Zicheng launched a fierce competition. On the one hand, the rulers of the Ming Dynasty had to deal with the Manchurian fighters who occupied the northeast, on the other hand, they had to fight hard with the peasant rebels in the Central Plains.
1644 In March, Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty sent Wu Sangui, who was stationed outside Shanhaiguan to resist the Qing army, to Beijing. The Qing army took this opportunity to occupy all the land outside Shanhaiguan. At the same time, the Dashun peasant uprising army led by Li Zicheng captured Beijing, the capital of the Ming Dynasty, and overthrew the rule of the Ming Dynasty. The war situation has undergone substantial changes, and the competition among Ming, Qing and Dashun has become a direct war between Qing and Dashun. On the ninth day of April, Regent Dourgen of the Qing Dynasty led 65438+ ten thousand troops to attack the Ming Dynasty. 1 1 day, the Qing army arrived in Liaohe and learned that Dashun peasant rebels had occupied Beijing. Dourgen summoned his troops to discuss. Ming Jiang and Hong Chengchou thought that they should surprise Jizhou and Miyun, which are close to Beijing, and rush to Beijing to win Dashun by surprise, so as to gain a foothold and win the world. Dourgen adopted his suggestion.
After Li Zicheng occupied Beijing, he still focused on the war against Ming Dynasty, and paid insufficient attention to the Qing army. At this time, Shanhaiguan, as a barrier to cut off both sides of Qingshun, is particularly important. Shanhaiguan, as an important pass in the eastern section of the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty, is the throat place connecting Hebei and Liaoning. Guancheng is backed by Yanshan Mountains, facing the coast of Bohai Sea in the south, and the city wall is towering, which is a fortress that is easy to defend but difficult to attack. In order to compete for Shanhaiguan, the Qing army fought with the Ming army for more than ten years and never made a breakthrough. In late March, when Wu Sangui, the company commander of Ningyuan, who rushed back from the Commissioner to defend the capital, arrived in Yutian, he got the news that Beijing had been captured by Dashun Army, so he withdrew his troops and entered the Commissioner's office. After Li Zicheng captured Beijing, he sent General Juyong Tang Tong, with the company commanders of Wu Sangui and Shanhaiguan. Wu Sangui is going to Dashun. In early April, Wu Sangui learned that Dashun Army had arrested and tortured his father Wu Xiang and detained his family in Beijing, so he drove out Tang Tong, deployed fortifications, and wrote to the Qing army to demand peace and attack Dashun.
On April 13, Li Zicheng personally led 60,000 troops to attack Shanhaiguan. But he still wanted to surrender to Wu Sangui, so he moved slowly. /kloc-on 0/5, the Qing army led by dourgen arrived at Wenghouyuan (now Fuxin, Liaoning), received a letter from Wu Sangui, immediately changed the marching route and headed for Shanhaiguan day and night. On the morning of 21st, Li Zicheng came to Shanhaiguan at the gates with a great army. At that time, Shanhaiguan garrison was far larger than Shunjun. Wu Sangui cloth deployed military forces to defend the city and personally led the main force to meet Shihe Array outside the city. Li Zicheng was at a disadvantage from the beginning, because it was short of troops and attacked the city from afar. Dashun Army launched an all-round attack from east, north and west. At the same time, Tang led the army to detour to Yishi (now Lijiatai Eel in Suizhong, Liaoning Province) to cut off Wu Sangui's retreat. The two sides fought fiercely all night, and Wu Jun was on the verge of collapse. 2 1 Day and night, the Qing army led by Dourgen arrived in Weiyuan City outside the customs, and after defeating the army of Tang Tong, it was ready to do nothing. On the morning of 22nd, Wu Sangui shaved his hair and declared it clear, and opened the gate of Shanhaiguan. When the wind and sand filled the air, the Qing army suddenly broke out. Dashun troops were caught off guard and their positions were in chaos. Although it struggled, it was eventually defeated one after another. Li Zicheng led the army to fight and retreat, and retreated to Beijing from Pingdu (now Lulong, Hebei Province). On the 29th, Li Zicheng led the army to retreat to the west. Dourgen ordered Wu Sangui to pursue and personally led the Qing army into Beijing.
Why did Li Zicheng defeat Shanhaiguan?
Li Zicheng learned that Wu Sangui refused to surrender, so he called the crowd to discuss countermeasures and thought that he should apply for both. But Li Zicheng didn't send troops fast enough, and Tang Tong called for help many times. On April 13, Li Zicheng captured Shanhaiguan with 60,000 troops. He doesn't know enough about Shanhaiguan. There should be 80,000 troops stationed in Shanhaiguan, far exceeding the troops led by Li Zicheng. Moreover, Li Zicheng was not alert enough to the Qing army. I didn't expect the Qing army to enter the customs soon. It can be seen that after the capture of Beijing, Dashun people became complacent and began to corrupt, which led to the collapse of Dashun regime.
Why is Wu Sangui a "beauty"?
After Li Zicheng occupied Beiping, he sent people to surrender to Wu Sangui. After much consideration, Wu Sangui decided to submit to Dashun, and then led the army into Beijing. When I arrived in Heyi, Xisha, Yongping, I met my family who fled Beijing, and learned that my father Wu Xiang was tortured by the peasant army in Beijing, and my beloved concubine Chen Yuanyuan was also occupied. So he changed his route and returned to Shanhaiguan, and thought that the slogan of Emperor Chongzhen's revenge was refusing to surrender to Li Zicheng. After returning to Shanhaiguan, we first attacked the troops led by Tang Tong, occupied Shanhaiguan and arranged the defense system. Later, he wrote to Regent Dourgen of the Qing Dynasty and invited him to enter the customs to crusade against Li Zicheng.
In this battle, Regent Dourgen of the Qing Dynasty was good at seizing fighter planes, using contradictions and adopting correct tactics, and won in one fell swoop, which laid the foundation for the Qing army to enter the Central Plains and unify China.
Story of the War Man 2: The Qing Dynasty put down the rebellion in Galdin.
Hello, everyone. At this stop, we will take a look at the war to quell the rebellion in galdan during the reign of Kangxi. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, the Junggar Department of Mongolia was growing, and galdan's power was unprecedented after he inherited Khan's throne. With the support of Russia, galdan successively annexed Mongolian ministries, and then threatened the Qing court southward.
At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Mongolians were divided into three parts: Monan Mongolia, Mobei Khalkha Mongolia and Moxi Elut Mongolia. Erut in Mongolia is divided into four parts: Heshuote, Junggar, Turgut and Dulbert. Among them, Junggar was the most powerful, and successively annexed the pastures of Tuerhute and Heshuo. When Gordan was in power, Junggar was stronger. With the increasing influence of Junggar, Galdin's ambition is growing. At this time, Russia was also expanding wildly, constantly instigating galdan rebellion in order to occupy the northwest of China. With the support of Russia, galdan finally led his troops to attack Khalkha Mongolia.
1688, Galdin personally led the troops to capture the Gurkha region. The leaders of the three Gurkhas fled to the south of the desert and asked the Qing court for help. Kangxi put them in Horqin (now Horqin Banner in Inner Mongolia) to graze and ordered galdan to stop the war. Galdin not only refused to listen, but led an army south to invade the territory of Ujimuqin. In the face of galdan's rampant southward advance, Kangxi ordered the gathering of military forces to prepare for northward advance. 1June, 690, Kangxi personally marched and attacked in two ways: the left army went north from Gubeikou (now south of Luanping, Hebei Province) and the right army went from xifengkou (now southwest of Kuancheng, Hebei Province) to prepare for the destruction of galdan in Ujimuqin area. Kangxi personally commanded and ordered the generals in the Great Wall to lead the ministries to work together. The first battle of the right army advancing northward is not conducive to retreating southward. Gordan returned to the south and arrived in Ulan Butong. The left army of the Qing army also reached the south side of Ulan Butong and joined the right army. Malanbutong has a dangerous terrain, and Galdin is surrounded by mountains and waters. The Qing army was deployed across the river. On the first day of August, the two armies fought. The Qing army first concentrated ware firepower on Galdin camel array, divided it into two parts, and then crossed the river to attack. Gordan was defeated and retreated hastily.
After the failure, Gordan still refused to give up. He called Kibaki and tried to make a comeback. In order to prevent galdan from going south again, Kangxi strengthened the frontier defense, stabilized and appeased the Mongolian aristocrats in Halka, and specially trained soldiers to use ware artillery.
1694, the Qing court summoned galdan Meng Hui, but galdan not only disobeyed orders, but sent troops to invade Gurkha. Kangxi decided to lure the enemy south and annihilate him in one fell swoop. To this end, the Qing army actively prepared for the war.
1In September, 695, Gordan led 30,000 cavalry and committed crimes on a large scale. In February of the following year, Kangxi mobilized 90,000 troops and marched in three ways. He personally led the Middle Route Army through Ketu (now north of Zuo Qi, Su Nite, Inner Mongolia), advanced into Mobei, and approached the enemy. Galdin learned that Kangxi personally led the elite to come, and that the Qing marked army had crossed tuul river. For fear of being attacked, he fled to the west overnight. On May 13, the Qingxi Road Army arrived in Zhaomodo (now southeast of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) and camped with the Gardan Army at 15km. There are many forests in Zhaomodo area. The generals of the Qing army took the strategy of waiting for an opportunity to ambush and intercept, hid the main forces in the Woods, and sent 400 cavalry to lure Galdin troops into the ambush site. Galdin really led the army in pursuit, trying to seize the hills controlled by the Qing army. Sun Sike, the general of the Qing army, led the troops into the camp, and the two sides fought fiercely. Feiyanggu took the opportunity to command the ambush to detour behind enemy lines, and after the battle, he divided his forces to attack every household and trench. Goldan's army was defeated. The Qing army pursued victory and captured thousands of enemy troops. Galdin fled to the west.
Gordan led the army to invade the east and rebelled in the rear. 1697 February, Kangxi signed his autograph again. Goldan betrayed his relatives and committed suicide by taking poison.
How did Gordan lead the expansion of the tribe?
Gordan is the sixth son of Batoul Hengtaiji, the leader of Mongolian Junggar Department in Weilat. 1670, galdan killed his younger brother and succeeded Tai Chi. Then, he sent troops to capture his uncle Chuhuer Upa alive, and captured Ezer Tuchechen Khan, the leader of Heshuote Department. 1February 678, and led the army to attack Qinghai. It was a day after the March, and I was afraid that the Qing soldiers would block the back road in Gansu and retreat halfway. /kloc-in the summer of 0/679, galdan invaded Hami and Turpan twice. The Tibetan Lama once named galdan "Boshuo Ketuhan". 1680, at the invitation of _ _ Lama, galdan sent troops to participate in the struggle between Apack Hezhuo, the leader of the "White Mountain Sect" of Islam, and took the opportunity to seize southern Xinjiang. Galdan led his troops to Kashgar (now Kashgar, Xinjiang) via Aksu and Wushi. King Ismail Khan babak Sultan of Yerqiang sent troops to meet the enemy, who was defeated and killed. After galdan occupied Kashgar, it also captured Yeerqiang and captured Isma ilhan. At this point, galdan held southern Xinjiang, and then turned to attack Mubei Khalkha Mongolia.
After the death of galdan, how did the Qing Dynasty pacify the aristocratic division in Junggar?
After Galdin's death, Alhabo succeeded to the throne. With the support of Russia, Alabo constantly attacked the military towns of Gongbuduo, Balikun and Hami where the Qing army was stationed, and sent troops to invade Tibet. Kangxi sent troops in time to help Tibet drive away the Junggar rebels. After Kangxi's death, Yongzheng continued his counterinsurgency. In the winter of the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), Alabotan died, and his son Geerdan Ziling continued to rebel. Six years after Yongzheng, the Qing army assembled several times the rebels from galdan.
Ten years in July, galdan attacked the Qing army stationed in Tabana River with zero troops. At the beginning of August, 30,000 soldiers of the Qing army raided its camp at night, and the Junggar army was defeated and fled. The Qing army pursued the victory to Guangxian Temple to annihilate the enemy, and Galdin Ciling was forced to surrender. In the 10th year of Qianlong (1745), after the death of Gerdan Zeling, civil strife occurred in Junggar, and Dawaqi succeeded to the throne. In the 20th year of Qianlong (1755), in February, the Qing court attacked Yili with 50,000 elite soldiers, and Davatchi was defeated and captured. Soon, Amursa, who had fallen to the Qing Dynasty, rallied and rebelled. In the spring of twenty-two years, the Qing court sent troops to March from Balikun and other places, and the rebels were defeated. Amursa fled to Russia. At this point, the Qing army put down the separatist rebellion of Junggar nobles.
In this war, the Qing Dynasty put down the rebellion in galdan for eight years and launched three consecutive attacks. Putting down the rebellion in galdan not only maintained the peace in the frontier of Xiqiao, but also accumulated rich long-range combat experience.
Story of the War Man 3: Ming Dynasty's War against Japan
Hello, everyone. We'll take a look at War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in the Ming Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, Japan was divided into two dynasties, the North and the South, which attacked each other. Defeated soldiers often colluded with businessmen to plunder the coast of China. The Japanese invasion was more serious in the Ming Dynasty, and this battle was carried out by the Ming army to resist the Japanese pirates.
In the Yuan Dynasty, Japanese stragglers in exile colluded with adventurous businessmen to smuggle and plunder along the coast of China. When Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, sent envoys to negotiate with Japan three times, but there was no result. To this end, during the Hongwu and Yongle periods, the Ming court constantly strengthened its maritime fortifications and intensified its maritime naval inspections.
1July, 547, the Ming court took Zhu Wan as the prefect and was in charge of coastal defense affairs in Zhejiang and Fujian. In the second year, Zhu Wan sent troops to defeat the Japanese army and occupied Shuangyu. However, Zhu Wan was sentenced to death for killing too many gentry who colluded with the Japanese army. The enemy made a comeback and made waves. During the two years of 1553 and 1554, the Japanese pirates not only harassed Jiangsu and Zhejiang, but also captured Changguowei, Shanghai, Zhapu and other places, and promoted landing based on islands. Zhelin (now Fengxian South, Shanghai) and Chuansha were two strongholds of Japanese invaders. In order to change the passive situation, the Ming court adjusted the coastal defense deployment, divided the coastal defense stations into regions, and sent important officials to take unified command. At the same time, recruit troops as mobile units. The Ming court appointed Zhang Jing as governor. After he took office, he concentrated his forces and wiped out more than 2,000 Japanese pirates in the hinterland of Songhang and Hangzhou on 1555. But he was killed on the charge of "losing the opportunity to raise a coach." Due to the disunity of local troops and the corruption of military discipline, soldiers can't get help from local residents, and they are not acclimatized to the coastal areas, and their record is not good. The war situation that has just turned the corner is in trouble again. During 1556, nearly 50 places in Zhejiang and South Zhili (now Jiangsu) were occupied by the Japanese.
After Hu Zongxian succeeded as governor, he divided the enemy by deviant tactics, and in two years (1556 and 1557), he destroyed the enemies of Chen Dong and Xu Hai successively. 1559, Liu Xian and others annihilated the Japanese invaders in Miaowan. The plague of Japanese pirates in Jiangsu and Zhejiang is getting lighter. In the coastal defense strategy, the Ming army adopted the policy of land-water cooperation and land-based enemy annihilation. At the same time, recruit new troops and train them. Some of them are famous and Qi Jiajun in Qi Jiguang. Qi Jiguang not only combined the terrain to command operations, but also improved firearms and equipment, thus enhancing the overall combat effectiveness of the troops. In addition, he also created battle formations such as "Yuanyang Array" and "Sancai Array" according to the operational characteristics of the Japanese army. From then on, Qi Jiajun became the main force to effectively resist the enemy. 156 1 year, the Japanese invaders invaded Taizhou in many ways. Qi Jiguang flexible command, the use of ambush, siege, surprise attack and other tactics, the continuous annihilation of thousands of Japanese pirates. At the same time, Lu Tang also annihilated the Japanese invaders who invaded Wenzhou and Ningbo. Japan's aggression in Zhejiang has basically been put down. In order to support Fujian, Qi Jiguang entered Fujian on 1562, and successively wiped out the enemies of Yu Heng, Linton and Tian Niu. In October, Qi Jiguang led the army back to Zhejiang. In that month, the Japanese invaded Xinghua Fucheng and Pinghaiwei, and the Ming court was furious. Qi Jiguang was ordered to re-enter Fujian. 1563, under the unified command of Tan Lun, Qi Jiajun, Yu Jiajun and Liu Xian led troops to destroy the enemy of Pinghaiwei. That winter, the Japanese concentrated their forces and surrounded Xianyou. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/564, Qi Jiguang adopted divide-and-conquer tactics to defeat the enemy and untie the siege of Xianyou. Fujian pirates were pacified. At the same time, Yu and others annihilated the Japanese invaders. At this point, the Japanese plague that lasted for many years finally settled.
How did the Ming court defend the enemy during Hongwu and Yongle periods?
The Ming court first established a powerful water army, strengthened maritime patrol, sent a fleet to patrol the sea in spring, wiped out the enemy with cameras, and returned in autumn. And set up health centers and fortifications along the coast and send troops to station. According to the terrain, build a camp fortress where the enemy may land. From Liaoning to the coast of Guangdong, there are more than 50 health centers, 100 health centers, 1000 camps, 50 water towns and more than 200 inspection departments.
During the Jiajing period, why did the Japanese invasion become serious again?
During the Jiajing period, the national strength of the Ming court declined, the coastal defense was lax, and the garrison system was seriously damaged. This ship is only about one tenth of its original size. There are also few recruits in health centers, most of them are old, weak and sick, and most of the officers are playboys who are not familiar with military affairs. At this time, Japan was in a period of frequent wars, and the princes supported the soldiers and attacked each other. In order to make up for military expenses, they also supported Japanese pirates to plunder abroad. So the coastal areas of China are full of pirates, and a large number of pirates collude with the local rich gentry in secret, which makes the pirates more rampant.
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