The following discussion is good:
Interpretation of Li Qingzhao's "Ci Bie is a Family"
Professional paper 2010-06-2613: 47: 25 Read 46 comments 0 font size: large, medium and small.
Li Qingzhao's On Ci is the first essay on Ci in the history of Ci. On the basis of studying the forms and characteristics of Ci in the Northern Song Dynasty and evaluating the creative tendency and characteristics of famous Ci writers, this paper puts forward the view that Ci is "different". As soon as this theory came out, it immediately aroused widespread concern. Some people affirmed it, others denied it, and there were different opinions, so it was difficult to unify opinions. In recent years, the research on this article is still going on, either to distinguish its authenticity, or to test its ability, or to evaluate its theoretical gains and losses, or to analyze its views from different angles. These explorations are very beneficial, which not only deepen the understanding of the theory of Ci, but also promote the discussion of the whole theory of Ci. However, it should be noted that the most important value of this article in the history of ci should be its theme concept and its significance in the history of ci. This article will talk about some experiences and understandings from this aspect.
The concept of subject embodied in the theory of ci poetry was mentioned slightly by predecessors. Mr. Xia believes that Li Qingzhao "put forward the slogan of' other families' and demanded to maintain its traditional style-this is what the predecessors called' respecting the body'. It should be said that "respecting style" is indeed the subjective concept embodied by the author of On Ci, and the word "other family" is the product of this concept. This point can be seen more clearly by combining the prosperity of Ci creation in the Northern Song Dynasty and the reality of the debate on Ci studies and examining it in the specific background of Ci studies in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Ci has a long history since Li Qingzhao. In this long history, words have both inheritance and development from content to form. From the point of view of ci style, from the poetry of Tang and Five Dynasties to the long tune and slow words; From the expression form of ci, it has also developed from thin lyricism to the combination of narrative, material and lyricism, with the function of communication; The content of ci has also developed from relying on red and green to expressing a variety of social life. It can be said that Li Qingzhao's ci poetry flourished for a generation, with a variety of new voices, various bodies and famous artists, showing a variety of artistic styles; Some are good at explaining and understanding; Some people win by expressing their generosity; Some are graceful and beautiful; Some are famous for their rich and exquisite craftsmanship. Li Qingzhao's Ci Garden is such an artistic reality. In this case, what should be affirmed and denied? Every poet must make a theoretical response according to his own creative ideas and aesthetic requirements. Li Qingzhao's proposition of word "independence" is an answer to this question from the perspective of praising the style of words.
The word "other schools" is the result of the development of Ci theory. Theory and practice go hand in hand, and the creation practice of Ci will inevitably produce the theory of Ci. Although there were few systematic discussions on the theory of Ci in Li Qingzhao's previous ci circles, as long as we sort out the prefaces and postscripts of ci collections, the letters of poets and the words scattered in their works, we can see such a phenomenon: in this era of Li Qingzhao, people's understanding of Ci gradually changed from humble to respectful, and their requirements for Ci gradually changed from vulgar to elegant.
The traditional style of China literature is literati poetry. Three Hundred Poems, with folk songs as the main body, was regarded as a classic after being interpreted and respected by Confucianism. The later words are considered as "path", "last creation" and "lateral line". Ci is regarded as inferior, which is the traditional view of Li Qingzhao's previous ci circles. This, of course, has something to do with the fact that Ci originated in "Okoyi Lane" and was popular in brothel pubs, and also with the background that the literati in Song Dynasty worshipped the ancient times and Taoism under the influence of Neo-Confucianism. The phenomenon that words were despised at that time was very common, which was manifested in all aspects.
First of all, it is reflected in the appellation of words. Some people call it "Qu Zi". For example, Wang Zhuo said: "Since the Sui Dynasty, the so-called Qu Zi has gradually flourished" ("Bi Ji Man Zhi"); Another example is Liu Yong's refutation of Yan Shu's criticism, saying that "just like" xianggong ",you can also compose music" (Zhang Song Shunmin's Painting Spectrum), which reflects that music is not elegant. The name "Qu Zi" began in the Five Dynasties, and the Song people still followed the old theory, indicating their inheritance of this concept. Some people call writing "fine print". For example, Wang Anshi read Yan Shu's words and said with a smile, "Is the fine print the prime minister?" (Song Weitai's A Record of Dong Xuan, Volume 5) Some words are called "Shi Ying", which are named in the book. Many ci collections of Song people are called "poetry". This shows the idea of taking words as poems.
Secondly, most of them are not as serious as writing poems and compositions. For the purpose of lyrics, most people think that it is to entertain guests and others. For example, Ouyang Xiu's "Picking Mulberry Seeds" (West Lake Reading Language) prefaces: "Because of turning over old words, write in a new tone, dare to innovate and learn skills, and chat with friends." Yan prefaced Poems on the Mountain and said, "Try reading southern sages and write five or seven words to amuse yourself." . This tradition of entertaining people is in the same strain as Huajianji, and most of the poets in Huajianji support the joy of feasting, singing and laughing with lyrics. "Picking Inflorescences" said: "There will be a banquet, embroidering beautiful women, sending leaves and painting beautiful flowers; Hold Sandy's jade finger and pat sandalwood. There is no shortage of words to help enchanting. " This tradition continued until the Northern Song Dynasty. It can be said that Ci existed as a lyrical means in the literary world of the Northern Song Dynasty, and the feelings expressed at this time were mostly men's and women's feelings and leisure. It was not until Su Shi and Xin Qiji that the lyricism of ci focused more on the anger of family and country and the economic mind.
Thirdly, in terms of subject matter, because of the contempt for Ci, the subjects used to enter Ci are mostly affairs and love between men and women, thus forming the traditional view that Ci is "Ke Yan". All the things that literati dare not write and disdain to write in poetry are devoted to this position of the word. Those who write poems with a straight face and are serious try to put some thoughtful words into their words. For example, Ouyang Xiu, the leader of the ancient prose movement in the Song Dynasty, wrote a gentleman, a poem, a poet, a word and a passionate seed. He couldn't write jokes about the couple's embroidering rooms and boudoir in poems, and even "came to the window to laugh and help each other, feeling that the thrush was out of place". "Idleness hindered the embroidery skill and asked with a smile,' How do two mandarin ducks make books'?" (Nan Gezi) Generally speaking, most people in the Song Dynasty wrote poems and joked seriously. For example, Hu Yin's Poem by the Wine Side describes the author's writing style, which is often impromptu. "It's just a game of making waves." It is precisely because of this creative attitude that the content of the words has become soft and charming, even yellow and obscene. This has caused a chain reaction, increased people's contempt for the style of ci, and even thought that serious scholars could not write ci. Liu Yong was dismissed by Renzong because he was good at writing "songs of obscenity". Qian Wei Yan "only likes reading all his life. When he sits, he reads classic history. When he lies down, he reads novels. When he goes to the toilet, he wants to read the fine print. " (Ouyang Xiu's Record of Returning to the Field, Volume II) Words can only be read in the toilet, which shows that people despised the style of words at that time.
Looking at Li Qingzhao's previous theory of Ci, it is quite common and stubborn to despise Ci style because Ci is a "colorful subject". However, literary theory comes from creative practice, and with the development of literary creation, literary concepts also change. With the prosperity of Ci in Song Dynasty, Ci gradually became a prosperous generation, with colorful artistic style and increasingly rich content. It is not only used to write eroticism, but also widely used to express lofty sentiments. In a sense, words also have the function of expressing ambition in orthodox poetry. Especially after Su Shi, as a leading figure of a generation of ci poets, entered the ci world, ci poems shone brilliantly in his works, thus becoming "a generation of literature", and people's views on the ci style also changed, and the ci style showed a trend of gradual respect.
This tendency to praise the style of ci is first manifested in the comments on the word order of Su Shi and his disciples by the theoretical circle. They proposed to break through the boundaries of poetry and transfer words to poetry, acknowledging that words should occupy the same position as orthodox poetry. Su Shi said in Answering Chen Jishuchang: "New words are not as good as appreciation, and every sentence is better than the poet's, and it is not a small word." (Volume V of Dongpo Continuation) Huang Tingjian's Preface to the Mountain also said: "Making fun in Yuefu, with the poet's syntax, can shake people's hearts." This method of connecting with poetry to improve the status of ci style has been a common method for popular literature to compete for position in literary criticism since the Song Dynasty. In this way, later novels and plays also improved their status by comparing with poems. On the other hand, some Sumen poets do not agree to confuse words with poems, but demand that words should be "true colors". Although they are different from the former in concept, their purpose is the same, both of which are to promote the style of ci. For example, Chen Shidao's "Poems on the Back Hill" says: "Retreat and take poetry as poetry, and the son takes poetry as a word. For example, Ambassador Lei's dance in the teaching workshop, although very world-renowned, should be non-authentic. " This established a standard for Ci and a boundary marker for the difference between poetry and poetry. Ci is Ci, so you should have your own face. This reflects people's awareness of the concept of Ci, and the concretization of this awareness is to attach importance to Ci as a style different from poetry. Li Zhiyi's Postscript of Wu Si's filial piety also mentioned: "Long and short sentences are the most difficult to choose words, which are out of a style. If they are a little inferior, they will feel dirty. " The word "has its own style" meets the requirement of "natural color" of words. All these laid the foundation for Li Qingzhao's theory of "other families"
Li Qingzhao's view of predecessors has both inheritance and development, with richer content, more comprehensive argument and broader vision. From the perspective of ci history, she focused on the whole ci field in the Northern Song Dynasty and paid attention to the specific investigation of famous ci writers. In the historical exploration and micro-research, through the evaluation of specific writers, I draw my own conclusions and reflect the connotation of the word "other family". It expresses the different requirements of ci in ideological content, artistic style and expression form. By criticizing Qin Guan and Huang Tingjian, she proposed that Ci should be realistic in content and lyrical in artistic image. The evaluation of Su Shi shows that Ci should be harmonious in music; Criticizing Zhang Xian, Song Qi and others for "making witty remarks but breaking famous artists" is intended to explain that the context of poetry should be mixed and form a perfect artistic whole; In the evaluation of Liu Yong and He Zuoxiu's ci, it is revealed that the style of ci should be quaint; In Yan's ci, "bitter without words" means that words should be good at narration. It is through these different explorations that Li Qingzhao came to the conclusion of the word "other family". The connotation of this conclusion is that words must pay attention to the beauty of music, form and image. As a special literary form, Ci must be different from poetry and show its true colors.
Li Qingzhao's On Ci puts forward the viewpoint that the music, form and image of Ci are "different" from an aesthetic point of view, so the pursuit of art should be emphasized in the lyrics, which has elegant requirements for the popular literature of Ci. Ci is a folk thing, and the earliest existing folk word is Dunhuang Quzi Ci. These words mostly reflect women's life and love between men and women in content, and their style is popular and clear, and their language is vulgar and ordinary. These characteristics had a certain influence on literati ci, so literati vulgar ci prevailed in the Tang and Five Dynasties, especially in the early Song Dynasty, with Liu Yong as the representative, and Ouyang Xiu, Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan and others also made vulgar ci. However, with the literati's attention to ci, the content of ci is wider, the artistic requirements are more elegant, and the development of vulgar ci is limited. Politically, Song Renzong belittled Liu Yong. Li Qingzhao's comment on Liu Yong's Ci "Dust Under Ci" is a theoretical criticism of vulgar words, and Su Shi's unconstrained ci's resistance to vulgar words in creation indicates that the words as popular literature can no longer follow the road of folk words and begin to change from vulgar to elegant.
From the above, we can get the following understandings: First, Li Qingzhao's theory of "harmony without difference" aims to establish the unique personality of ci by strictly dividing the boundaries between poetry and poetry, so as to achieve the purpose of respecting style. This concept was formed under the background of the prosperity of Ci poetry and the disputes within Ci poetry. It is the inheritance, summary and development of predecessor and contemporary pronoun theory, so it embodies the consciousness of a generation. It can be seen that respecting Ci has become a universal tendency in the era of Li Qingzhao, which shows the poet's consciousness of Ci as a literary form. Secondly, the theory of the word "other schools" also shows that Ci, a popular literature developed by the people, is about to end its road as a popular literature and begin to turn towards elegance. Judging from the development trend of China literature, from vulgarity to elegance is the basic law of the development of poems, words, songs, novels and other styles. Faced with a kind of folk literature that people pay attention to and theoretically explore, this literary form reveals the clues of elegant culture. The concept of "respecting style" embodied in Li Qingzhao's "On Ci" is the theoretical symbol of ci from vulgarity to elegance. The above two points are the significance of Luntz's concept of "respecting the body".