First, the motive force of opening up the territory.
(1) Revive the Han Dynasty and return it to its old capital. The restoration of the Han Dynasty has always been Liu Bei's loudest political slogan. Liu Bei claimed to be the successor of the Han Dynasty, but what was the situation of the Han Dynasty at that time? Cao Cao swallowed the world outside, and the remnants were in the public. Is the imperial court in danger of losing its walls? . Faced with this situation, Liu Bei? Every time I am afraid of the royal family, there will be a catastrophe, and there will be small changes in stability, shivering at night and exhausted. And made it clear that we should do our best. Busy with rape and murder, reviving the Han Dynasty, still in the old capital? . This is the top priority of Liu Bei's Outline of the Founding of the People's Republic of China. Shu Han, who lives in the corner, wants to revive the Han Dynasty and return to his old capital, except right? Han thief? Criticism is more about taking action to drive Cao Wei out of his old capital.
Zhuge Liang inherited Liu Bei's goal, so he said: The first emperor was worried about the disharmony between Han thieves and was impartial, so he asked me to invite thieves. ? With the strength of Cao Wei, it is impossible to destroy Cao Wei overnight and return it to its old capital. Only by gradually encroaching on its territory and expanding the strength of Shu Han can this goal be achieved. This requires Shu Han to open up territory, especially for Cao Wei in the north.
(2) Become hegemony. Cao, Liu and Sun fought against each other for the purpose of weakening their opponents and strengthening their own strength, so as to achieve the goal of unifying the country and dominating the world. The size of their territory is a sign of their strength. Liu Bei's separatist regime, a peaceful corner, did not hinder his ambition to rule the world. Zhuge Liang? Longzhong, right? Put forward:? If the world changes, a general will be ordered to take Jingzhou's army to Wanluo, and the general will lead Yizhou's people out of Qinchuan. How dare the people not eat kettle pulp to meet the general?
If that's the case, we can think of everything, and the Han Dynasty can flourish. ? This is exactly what Liu Bei wanted, and it is also the ideal of the ruler of Shu Han. ? Bright element ambition, into the desire to watch the dragon, bud around the world, retreat to cross the border, shock space. ? It also reflects Shu's overbearing heart. If people all over the world want to welcome Liu Bei, they should take a hegemonic road. In the case of a strong enemy, we cannot stick to the situation. The Zhang Lu regime in Hanzhong is a lesson from the past. Only by waiting for an opportunity to win more territory and people from opponents can we strengthen our own strength and be invincible in the situation of separatist regime; Only by actively exploring the territory can we have a broader space for development, defeat our opponents, unify the whole country and achieve hegemony. Becoming a tyrant is the fundamental reason why Shu-Han regime expanded its territory.
Second, the conditions for expansion.
Among the thirteen countries in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wei has three states: Kyushu and Wude, and only Yizhou. Shu Han is the smallest territory among the three countries, so many people think that those in power in Shu Han should not expand everywhere, but should only protect the border and operate Yizhou, and it is difficult to compete for customs clearance outside Qinling Mountains. Some people think:? It is not a good policy for people with a country to open up territory and conquer the world because they don't keep their territory and protect the people's hearts. Zhuge's prime minister is indeed talented, but he is in a remote place with less than 50 thousand soldiers, so he can close the door and guard against risks. However, the monarch and his subjects have nothing to do, and they have no age and no levy, and they have not been able to get close to the ground and open up the foundation of the emperor, which has caused the country to suffer from hunger and disability, and the western soil to suffer from its service. ?
Zhang Yan refuted this view in A Record: Gaiwentang has 70 Li of land and Wang Wen has 100 Li of land, all by conquest. Only Shun and Yu abdicated. ? In the past, Le Yi conquered more than 70 cities with its weak army and soldiers from five countries. Today, the minions of Shu Han, many monarchs and ministers in Yan Jun, all believe in Le Yi? Why are you afraid of the other one? Husband soldiers can surprise, the enemy can outsmart, the land is wide, and there are many soldiers, so we can't rely on them. ? Zhang Yan believes that Shu Han has the conditions to compete for territory abroad, and the weak can defeat the strong. Vast land and large population are not the basis of expansion. I quite agree with this view. Although Shu is small, it still has the conditions to expand its territory, conquer the world and drink horses, rivers and mountains.
(1) Although Sichuan is small, it is rich and dangerous. It is known as the land of abundance, with fertile land and rich people. ? Yizhou is a dangerous place, thousands of miles away from fertile land, a land of abundance. Why did Gaozu want to be emperor? . Shu is not only rich, but also guarded by Jiange and Hanzhong, and is in danger of Kuimen and Guanguan. With such a place that is easy to defend but difficult to attack, there are conditions to expand outward. The land of Shu and Han was not destroyed in the great war at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, but the principle of neutrality in the north was the main battlefield of warlord melee, and social production was seriously damaged. Coupled with natural and man-made disasters, population consumption is unprecedented. It will take some time for Cao Wei's war-torn regime to recover its vitality, and Shu Han can take this opportunity to occupy its territory.
(2) Actively prepare for war and seek opportunities. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Shu Han actively prepared for war while rectifying internal affairs, and basically militarized politics and economy, which was a wise move under the historical conditions of disputes among the three countries. Liu Bei led an army to supervise the levy, and Zhuge Liang was stationed in Chengdu. Enough food and foot soldiers? ; When Zhuge Liang went to the front, he left the government affairs to his deputy, Jiang Wan. Enough food and foot soldiers? . Whether it's ploughing fields and plowing valleys, closing the country to the outside world, or managing the army and discussing martial arts, the purpose is? For a big move? .
What is the first political and economic priority of Shu and Han? Enough food and foot soldiers? Four words, that is, constantly guarantee the front-line food supply and supplement the source of troops. It is not irrelevant that Shu Han, who only occupies one state, can exist for decades. On the basis of fully preparing for the war, actively seeking opportunities for outward development, whether attacking Wu under the pretext of revenge or using the war in Wei Wu, all show that expansion is not blind, but looking for all favorable opportunities to expand their territory.
Third, the specific process of territorial expansion.
The following four directions from the east, north, south and west analyze the specific process of expanding territory after the establishment of the Shu-Han regime.
(1) captured Jingzhou from Sun Quan on the Eastern Front, but failed to achieve it. The first year of Zhangwu (22 1). The late Lord angered Sun Quan to tackle the problem of feather, and will March eastward. In autumn and July, he will command all the troops to attack Wu. . This expedition was nominally for revenge, because Sun Quan killed Guan Yu, and Liu Bei launched this crusade out of the righteousness of the monarch and the minister. In fact, it is the inevitable result of the long-term struggle between Wu and Shu for Jingzhou.
The purpose of the crusade was to recapture Jingzhou from Sun Wu, but Liu Bei failed. Lu Xun? At the same time, all the troops attacked and beheaded King Hu of Feng and Sha, and broke more than forty battalions. Ready to force drew, Liu Ning and other poor people to surrender. Ready to promote Ma On Shan, where will Chen Bing go? Only get into Baidicheng? .
Liu Bei failed to recapture Jingzhou. He lost his army and his land completely. In the end, he only entered Bai Di City. The lesson Liu Bei learned from his eastward expansion this time is that he can't develop eastward wholeheartedly under the situation that Cao Wei is eyeing up his eyes.
With this lesson, Liu Bei realized that Shu could not be enemies of Wei and Wu at the same time. Just make friends with Wu temporarily, join hands to deal with Cao Wei, and then develop eastward after annexing Cao Wei. In the case that Sun Quan sent people to show his kindness many times, Wu formed an alliance with Shu, which relieved the worries of expanding northward. Zhuge Liang fully realized this. He said: It's not the best to sit still and wait for death. Let the north thief get the plan.
If we stay put and make up with me, my northern expedition will not worry about the east, and many people in Henan will not be able to travel westward. This is beneficial and profound. ? After the alliance between Shu and Wu, Shu did not develop eastward for the time being, so the eastern boundary of Shu-Han regime remained in Baidicheng (now Fengjie). But this doesn't mean that Shu Han doesn't want to develop eastward. The rulers of Shu Han want to dominate the world. Of course, the southeast region is indispensable, but the objective conditions were not yet mature and could not be implemented.
(2) The north is the party that the Shu-Han regime tried to expand. Shu Han wanted to restore the Han Dynasty and return to the old capital. Without attacking Cao Wei in the north, this founding program cannot be realized. Only by encroaching on Cao Wei's territory and gaining more land and population can we strengthen our own strength, defeat Cao Wei, eliminate Sun Wu and unify the whole country.
This is what Zhao Yun said? Destroy Cao Wei first, and Sun Wu will do it himself? . The Han Shu regime fought a war for several years, basically targeting Cao Wei in the north. After the establishment of the regime, the expansion to the north became the focus of Shu Han's work, and everything revolved around it. The plan to expand northward was mainly implemented by Zhuge Liang and later Jiang Wei.
Zhuge Liang assisted the late ruler of Shu Han. /kloc-During his administration in 0/2 years, he made good friends with Wu, rectified the bureaucracy at home and promoted talents. After the political situation is stable, vigorously reward farmers, plow the valley, govern the army, and talk about martial arts; After the pacification of Nanzhong, gold, silver, Dan, lacquer, cattle and war horses produced in Nanzhong were requisitioned for military use; Also selected 10,000 people who died heroically to be incorporated into the Shu army, and there are only a handful? Flying army? .
After several years of efforts by Zhuge Liang, Shu State? Land reclamation, storage, equipment benefit, accumulation of spare? , formed a prosperous situation, so Zhuge Liang began to attack Cao Wei. During his reign of 10, Zhuge Liang fought against Wei in Guanlong area of northwest China for many times, encroaching on Wei's territory, attacking Cao Wei's regime and expanding Shu's territory.
Zhuge Liang did not go straight out of Qinchuan, but hoped to bypass Longyou, take Liangzhou first, then Guanzhong, and then compete for the Central Plains eastward. He adopted the legalist strategy and stationed heavily in Hanzhong. Eating away at harmony, cooling down and expanding territory? Xu Tu Zhongyuan. Because the western part of Cao Wei was not consolidated, Liangzhou was a weak area ruled by Cao Wei, and the Qiang people, Xianbei and other ethnic minorities often rebelled. Therefore, Zhuge Liang wanted to expand his territory, accept the people, and strengthen his own strength by gradually establishing the Central Plains in the north.
In the fifth year of Jianxing (227), Zhuge Liang was stationed in Hanzhong; After a year of preparation, Yu Jianxing began to attack Wei in the spring of the sixth year (228). Because Cao Wei thinks that after Liu Bei's death, Shu Han? Is it a bit unprepared to be silent for a few years? So Cao Wei's Guanzhong Longyou guard against emptiness. Zhuge Liang started his career. The glorious array is neat, and the rewards and punishments are clear? Concentrated strength and great momentum. Cao Wei? Fear of the ruling and opposition, especially Longyou and Qishan? So Nan 'an (now Wushan and Longxi counties in Gansu), Tianshui (now Tianshui area in Gansu) and Anding (now Pingliang in Gansu and Guyuan in Ningxia) rose up against Wei Liangying.
The Shu army has successfully entered Tianshui area so far, but because Masu (now southeast of Zhuanglang County, Gansu Province) lost its street pavilion, more than a thousand households in Zhugeliangba West County are still in Hanzhong. In February of the same year, 65438+, I heard that Sun Quan broke Cao Xiu, Wei Bing went east, and Guanzhong was weak? Zhuge Liang then set out for the north to disperse customs, surrounded Chencang (all in Baoji City, Shaanxi Province) and returned all the grain. In the seventh year of lite (229), Yangpingguan went to the west and captured two counties, namely, Weiwudu (the county seat is in the northwest of Chengxian County, Gansu Province) and Yin Ping (the county seat is in the northwest of Wenxian County, Gansu Province). Capturing these two counties will help shield Hanzhong and Yizhou. In the eighth year of Jianxing (230), Wei sent into Qiang (now northwest of Chengxian County, Gansu Province) to intercept Guo Huai and defeated Guo Huai in Yuyang Valley (now northwest of Weiyuan County, Gansu Province).
In the ninth year of Jianxing (23 1), he left Qishan, fought in Shangguan (now southwest of Tianshui, Gansu), and then returned to Hanzhong. In the spring of the twelfth year (234), Zhuge Liang went north from Gu Jie (now southwest of Meixian County, Shaanxi Province) and confronted Sima Yi in Weinan. He died in the army in the autumn of 1960.