Fertility policy refers to the guidelines formulated by the state or under the guidance of the state to regulate the fertility behavior of couples of childbearing age (including the quantity and quality of fertility). Next, I will give you an interpretation of the birth policies of countries around the world. I hope you like it!
First of all, developing countries should avoid giving birth.
Developing countries generally suffer from overpopulation. In 150 developing China countries, there are 27 countries whose total fertility rate (total fertility rate refers to the average number of children born by women of childbearing age in this country or region) is still higher than five children from 2005 to 20 10. More than half of the developing countries think that the fertility level is too high, and almost all of them have adopted population policies to curb fertility, mainly in Africa, South and Central Asia and Southeast Asia. China, Indian and other populous countries will always feel the enormous pressure brought by the huge population on the economy and environment.
1. India: The effect of long-term fertility suppression is not ideal.
India is one of the first countries in the world to control population growth by encouraging fewer children. For example, a local government in western India tried to control the birth rate by subsidizing the "second honeymoon trip". According to this method, if a couple gives birth to their first child after two years of marriage, they will get a gift package worth 5,000 rupees. If the birth of their first child is postponed to three years of marriage, the reward will become more generous and replaced by a gift package of 7,500 rupees. It is called the "second honeymoon package" because these bonuses are enough for a couple to go to a desirable place for their honeymoon after two or three years of marriage. Although India has implemented the population policy of birth control for a long time, the effect is not very satisfactory. It is predicted that Indian population will surpass China to become the largest population country in the world in 1930s.
2. China is the most successful country in controlling population growth in the world, and its measures are mainly to punish super-births. About 400 million people have been born since the implementation of the family planning policy for more than 30 years. The proportion of China's population in the world dropped from 22% in the early days of reform and opening up to 65,438+09% in 2065,438+00. According to the results of the sixth population census, the average annual growth rate of China's population has dropped to 0.57%, which indicates that China has entered a period of low fertility level and the problem of excessive population growth has been fundamentally alleviated. Thanks to the successful implementation of the population policy, China's rapid economic growth has successfully transformed from a low-income country to a middle-income country.
Second, developed countries are worried that there are too few people.
1. Russia: In order to encourage married couples to have children, a special pregnancy day was set up.
Contrary to the suspicion of overpopulation in developing countries, many developed countries are worried about overpopulation. From 2005 to 20 10, the total fertility rate in developed countries has dropped to 1.6, far below the fertility replacement level of 2. 1 (replacement level refers to the number of children that each woman needs to have when the number of girls is equal to the number of mothers). The replacement level is 2. 1 instead of 2, because the sex of the birth population is often more than that of girls, and to give birth to the same number of girls as the previous generation, the number of children must be more than 2). Of the 25 countries with the lowest birth rate in the world, 22 are developed countries in Europe. There are 18 countries in Europe with negative population growth. The most anxious thing is Russia. Russia is the country with the fastest population decline in the world. The total population has now dropped to about 654.38+42 million, with a net decrease of several hundred thousand people every year. In order to encourage people to have children, the Russian state of Ulyanovsk designated September 12 as "Pregnancy Day" every year. On this day, all married couples can concentrate on "making babies" at home without going to work.
2. France: introduced policies to encourage fertility.
France is the country with the earliest decline in fertility level in Europe, and it is also the country that tried to reverse the downward trend of fertility earlier. 1939, France realized the influence of declining fertility level on the future population, introduced family policies to encourage fertility, and put these policies on the political agenda. Today, the fertility rate in France remains at a high level. From 2005 to 20 10, the total fertility rate in France was about 2.0.
3. Germany: Encourage fertility with high welfare allowance.
With the decrease of the birth population, how to improve the fertility rate has become an important national policy in Germany. The German government stipulates that parents who are suspended from taking care of their children at home can receive an annual subsidy equivalent to 2/3 of their monthly income after tax, with a maximum of 1800 euros per month. If one parent continues to be suspended for two months, he can enjoy a subsidy of 65,438+04 months, that is, a maternity welfare allowance of up to 25,200 euros. However, despite the measures taken to encourage fertility, from 1970 to 2006, the total fertility rate in Germany dropped from 2.0 to 1.3, which is one of the countries with low fertility level in the world. The same is true in other European countries, and the policy of encouraging fertility has little effect.
Third, some countries first suppress and then encourage.
1. Japan: The effect of encouraging fertility is not obvious.
Some countries and regions in Asia have experienced the transition from birth control to birth encouragement. Typical countries include Japan, South Korea and Singapore. After World War II, Japan began to carry out the family planning policy in an attempt to reduce the fertility level, and the government set up a consultation room for eugenics protection. At the same time, with the development of economy, the fertility rate will decline, and the total fertility rate will drop rapidly from 4.34 in 1949 to 2.2 in 1956, and then the fertility rate will stabilize at around 2.0. After 1970, the problem of declining birthrate and aging in Japan became more and more serious, and the total fertility rate fell below 1.57 in 1990. The Japanese government tried to take some measures to encourage childbearing, such as the "Parental Leave Law" and the "New Angel Plan". Generally speaking, Japan's birth control policy is relatively successful, which greatly promotes the decline of Japan's fertility rate. However, after the fertility rate is too low, the policy of encouraging fertility that tries to improve the fertility level seems to be unsuccessful. In 2006, Japan's total fertility rate was only 1.3, which is a country with ultra-low fertility level in the world.
2. South Korea: Provide affordable housing for low-rise couples.
South Korea began to control the population as early as 1960, and advocated a couple to have two children. Sixty-four years later, South Korea launched a large-scale family planning activity, and publicized and encouraged people to adopt contraceptive methods through various channels. In 0995, the fertility rate dropped to 1.65. In 1996, the Korean government abolished the birth control policy and formulated an incentive policy for marriage, childbirth and child-rearing. For example, the government provides 50,000 affordable housing units for newlyweds whose monthly income is below a certain level, and provides a certain amount of prenatal check-up fees for pregnant women. When children are under 6 years old, women can raise their children at home for 1 year, receive a basic salary of 400,000 to 500,000 won per month, and keep their jobs. However, the effect of these policies to encourage fertility is not obvious. In 2006, South Korea's total fertility rate dropped to 1.2.
3. Singapore: Two are enough to encourage more children.
Singapore began to implement the "two is enough" family planning policy in 1960, and the fertility rate dropped sharply, from 5.0 1 in 1963 to 1.82 in 1977. When the total fertility rate remained below the replacement level 10 years, that is, in the mid-1980s, the Singaporean government seriously reviewed the original family planning policy, canceled it, and took measures to encourage China people to have more children.
Generally speaking, few countries have succeeded in population policy, whether it is to suppress or encourage fertility. The practice of population policies all over the world shows that the role of individual population policies is very limited, and the role of population policies must be adapted to economic and social development and national conditions.
Four. Extension: About China's birth policy.
It seems that China's birth policy has reached the critical point of adjustment. Recently, the news that China will try out the policy of "having a second child alone" at the end of this year or early next year (if the husband and wife are only children, they can have a second child) has aroused widespread discussion.
In response to this news, the National Health and Family Planning Commission responded many times within a week, clearly stating that "it is necessary to improve the birth policy and introduce an adjustment plan in due course".
"The birth policy should have been adjusted long ago." Niu Li, director of the Macroeconomic Research Office of the Economic Forecasting Department of the National Information Center, said in an interview with Zhongxin.com that the demographic structure of China is changing and the demographic dividend is declining. China should abide by the law and adjust its birth policy. If such strict family planning is implemented again, it will be very unfavorable for the future.
The so-called "demographic dividend" means that a country's working-age population accounts for a large proportion of the total population, and the dependency ratio is relatively low, which creates favorable demographic conditions for economic development, and the whole country's economy is in a situation of high savings, high investment and high growth.
Niu Li pointed out that the decline in the demographic dividend means that the working-age population is getting smaller and smaller, and the contribution of the labor force to economic growth will be drastically reduced. This reduction will inevitably lead to a direct result: more and more people eat in society, fewer and fewer people create wealth, the savings rate will drop sharply, less and less funds will be converted into investment, and the growth vitality of the whole economy will also slow down.
20151the communiqué of the fifth plenary session of the 18th CPC central Committee issued on 29 October pointed out that "we should promote balanced population development, adhere to the basic national policy of family planning, improve the population development strategy, fully implement the policy that a couple can have two children, and actively carry out actions to deal with the aging population." This means that China's 35-year one-child policy has officially ended.
The communique of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee announced that "a couple can have two children in an all-round way", and the adjustment of this population policy is less than two years since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee decided to let go of the "two children alone".
The intensive adjustment of population policy in a short period of time has aroused people's concern about whether raising the fertility rate will lead to population expansion. Yang Yiyong, director of the Institute of Social Development of the National Development and Reform Commission, said in an interview with China Economic Weekly, "The comprehensive two-child policy will bring baby boomers in the short term, but it will not lead to population expansion. Even if family planning is fully liberalized in the future, there will not be many children, and the population of China will not exceed 654.38+0.5 billion. In fact, not only in China, but also in countries around the world, the general fertility willingness is relatively low. "
In fact, not only China, but also countries all over the world are surprised by the declining fertility rate. The United Nations has indicated that the current fertility rate in 83 countries (including all European countries) with 46% of the world population is lower than the population replacement rate of 2. 1 child per woman.
"Now let go of the second child, because there are not many families willing to have children. It is estimated that the next step will be to achieve free childbearing in 10. The next stage after free childbirth is rewarding childbirth. If everyone is still not born, and the population of China is less than 654.38+0 billion, it is necessary to reward fertility. " Yang Yiyong said.
The Central Committee of China and the State Council recently issued a decision on implementing the reform and improving the management of family planning services in the universal two-child policy. The decision is clear. By 2020, the family planning service management system and the family development support system will be relatively perfect, and the diversified governance pattern of the government performing its duties according to law, extensive social participation, and honesty and self-discipline of the masses will basically take shape, and the family planning governance capacity will be comprehensively improved; Improve the family planning service system for maternal and child health care covering urban and rural areas, with reasonable layout, complete functions, convenience and efficiency, so that everyone can basically enjoy high-quality family planning services and promote the implementation of the 2030 UN Agenda for Sustainable Development; Maintain a moderate fertility level and control the total population within the planning objectives.
The decision pointed out that it is of great significance to fully understand the implementation of the universal two-child policy and reform and improve the management of family planning services. In 1950s and 1960s, China's total population increased rapidly from 540 million in the early days of the founding of New China to 830 million in 1970, which brought great pressure to economic and social development. In order to control the excessive population growth, the state began to implement family planning in urban and rural areas in the 1970s. For more than 40 years, China has implemented the comprehensive decision on population and development, constantly improved the family planning policy, and embarked on a road with China characteristics to solve the population problem as a whole. Practice has proved that the implementation of family planning conforms to China's national conditions, is correct, has won the understanding and support of the broad masses of the people, and is a great cause of strengthening the country, enriching the people and securing the world.
The decision emphasizes that since the beginning of the 2 1 century, especially during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, the internal driving force and external conditions of China's population development have changed significantly. The growth momentum of the total population has obviously weakened, the working-age population and women of childbearing age have begun to decrease, and the degree of aging has been deepening. Implementing the universal two-child policy and reforming and improving the management of family planning services are major strategic arrangements for adhering to the basic national policy of family planning under the new situation. The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee made a major decision to adhere to the basic national policy of family planning and initiate the implementation of the two-child policy. The two-child policy has been implemented steadily, solidly and orderly, which has accumulated experience for further adjusting and improving the birth policy. At present, the conditions for implementing the universal two-child policy are ripe. Implementing the universal two-child policy and reforming and improving the management of family planning services are important measures to promote the long-term balanced development of the population, which is conducive to optimizing the population structure, increasing the supply of labor force and alleviating the pressure of population aging; It is conducive to promoting sustained and healthy economic and social development and achieving the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way; It is conducive to better implementing the basic national policy of family planning and promoting family happiness and social harmony. Party committees and governments at all levels should fully understand the significance of implementing the universal two-child policy, reforming and improving the management of family planning services, enhance their sense of responsibility and mission, and constantly explore the institutional mechanisms and ways to implement the basic national policy of family planning under the new situation with legal thinking, innovative spirit and pragmatic style, so as to make family planning a sweet cause that benefits hundreds of millions of families.
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