"Gada" (the northeast dialect is the same as "Laogada") means the youngest brother in the family in Mongolian, and "Meilin" is his official position, that is, the commander-in-chief of Namdzhil Selenger, Prince Zasak Dahan.
Gadamer studied in a private school for several years and is fluent in Mongolian and Chinese.
He has served as a flag guard for Zhang Jing, Kundu, Zhalan and Meilin.
From the end of the Qing Dynasty, in order to consolidate the frontier defense and resist further aggression by Russia, the central government began to gradually reclaim land in Meng Qi, and the Han people were moved to become tenant farmers.
After the founding of the Republic of China, in February of 19 14, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Agriculture, Commerce, and Finance of the Republic of China and the Bureau of Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs jointly formulated the General Principles for Prohibiting Private Release of Wasteland and the Incentive Measures for Reclaiming Wasteland, in order to prepare for vigorously reclaiming wasteland.
From 19 16, warlord Zhang began to reclaim land on a large scale.
Opening up wasteland and guarding the border has strengthened the border defense, promoted the local economic development, but also harmed the interests of Mongolian herders.
Since 1904 Baiyin Osaka Uprising, anti-reclamation uprisings have broken out one after another.
Zhang and Fengtian Prince Nangele Seleng agreed to reclaim a large grassland in the banner as agricultural land. By 1928, three-quarters of the land in Dalhan Banner had been reclaimed, and the grassland was reduced, forcing herders to leave their homes and causing dissatisfaction among local herders.
Gadamerlin repeatedly went to the Bureau of Reclamation to oppose reclamation and was rejected.
1929 At the beginning of this year, shortly after the "flag change in Northeast China", Zhang Xueliang continued his plan to reclaim land in Meng Qi.
Gadamerlin and others launched the "Dragon-only" movement, that is, all willing people signed a circle around the paper, hid the leader, and went to Shenyang to ask Namu Gilles.
On July 26th, * * * was arrested on behalf of Selenima, Zhao, Sangarubu and Gadamer, and was taken back to the flag and put in prison.
1 13 year 10 month 13 night, Gadamer's wife Peony Qiqige and others robbed the prison and rescued Gadamer.
So Gadamer organized an uprising, led an anti-reclamation army of more than 700 people, put forward the slogan of "Down with the Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, and no looting of people's wealth", attacked the Bureau of Reclamation and the Army of Reclamation, expelled the survey team, and moved to Zhaowuda League (now Chifeng City) and Zhelimu League.
Zhang Xueliang ordered Tang Yulin's Northeast Cavalry 17 Brigade, the 1st Cavalry Corps of Zhang Haipeng Department and the Li Shouxin Corps to send troops for encirclement and suppression.
On April 5th, 193 1, the anti-reclamation team was surrounded and annihilated at the Honggeer Aobaotun Ferry near the Xinkai River (now Mu Ren River in Wuliji) near the north of Tongliao, preparing to cross Henan, and Gadamer died.
Li Shouxin cut off Gadamer's head and sent it back to Kailu for Cui, who sent it to Tang Yulin in a wooden box.
Tang Yulin gave it to Prince Dahan and hung it on the national flag for public display.
Later, the people of Wulijimulun built the Meilin Temple along the river.
Five months later, the September 18th Incident broke out, and Zhang Xueliang's Northeast Army retreated to Shanhaiguan, and the plan of grazing and reclaiming grassland did not continue.
Although Gadamer's uprising failed, Zhang Xueliang's plan to graze grasslands was delayed.
Gadamer uprising is to protect the interests of Mongolian herders, and the biggest harm of reclamation today is the destruction of the environment.
Due to short-sightedness and ignorance, people's reclamation of grasslands did not stop because of Gadamer's uprising.
Only the Horqin grassland was "abandoned" eleven times.
Nowadays, most of the grasslands have been desertified and become "Horqin Sandy Land", which is a part of the sand dune plain in the West Liaohe River. It belongs to the developing desertification land, mainly in the semi-fixed state of wind erosion desertification land.
At present, Horqin Sandy Land is developing at an annual rate of 65,438 0.9%, with a total area of 80 million mu, making it the largest sandy land in China.
Gadamer died in Uliji, and the Mu Ren River has now become a sand ditch.
The river has long been cut off, surrounded by sandy farmland, sandbags and sand dunes.
The relevant authorities are trying to reverse desertification, and there is no obvious effect yet.
According to Xinhua News Agency, the latest monitoring by China State Forestry Administration shows that the green area of Horqin sandy land is about 750,000 mu more than the desertification area every year.
Chronology of Gadamer events
1929 launched the "Dugui Dragon" campaign;
1July 26, 929, went to Shenyang * * *, was arrested, brought back to this flag, and put into prison;
1929, 165438+ 10 month,13;
Organize an uprising after being released from prison;
193 1 was killed by Zhang Xueliang's department on April 5.
There are many theories about the origin of Hada.
There is a saying that the Han Dynasty left Zhang Qian.
There is also a saying that the ancient French king Bathba brought it back to Yuan Shizu after meeting Kublai Khan. At that time, there were designs of the Great Wall of Wan Li and the words "good luck" on the silk.
Later, people made some religious explanations about the origin of Hada, saying that it is a ribbon on the fairy, and white symbolizes holiness and supremacy.
Drink butter tea: In * *, every Tibetan family can see butter anytime and anywhere.
Butter is an indispensable food for every Tibetan.
Butter is extracted from milk and goat milk.
In the past, herders used a special method to refine ghee. First, they heated the milk meter, then poured it into a big wooden barrel called Dongxue (about 4 feet high, with a diameter of 1 foot), and whipped it up and down for hundreds of times until the oil and water separated, and a layer of lake yellow fatty substance floated on it, scooped it up, poured it into leather bags, and cooled it to become ghee.
Now many places gradually use cream separators to extract ghee.
Generally speaking, a cow can produce four or five catties of milk every day, and every hundred catties of milk can squeeze out five or six catties of ghee.
Butter can be eaten in a variety of ways, mainly by beating butter tea and drinking L, or blending with a rake.
Stir-fry fruit on holidays and use ghee.
Tibetans like to drink ghee sticks on weekdays.
When making butter tea, tea or brick tea is boiled with water for a long time to make it thick paste, then the tea leaves are poured into the "end of winter" (butter tea barrel), then butter and salt are added, and Jia Luo is pumped up and down for dozens of times, and the oil tea is stirred until it is mixed, and then it is poured into the pot to be heated, thus making delicious butter tea.
Tibetans often entertain guests with butter tea. They drink butter tea and have a set of rules.
When the guest is asked to sit at the Tibetan square table, the host puts a wooden bowl (or teacup) in front of the guest.
Then the host (or housewife) lifts the butter tea pot (which is usually replaced by a thermos bottle now), shakes it a few times and fills a bowl of butter tea for the guests.
If the guest doesn't drink the freshly poured butter paste, tell the host first.
When the host once again mentioned that the butter tea pot stood in front of the guests, the guests could pick up the bowl, blow it gently in the butter tea bowl first, blow away the oil flowers floating on the tea, and then sip it, praising: "This butter tea is really good, oil and tea are inseparable.
"The guest put the bowl back on the table, and the host filled it up again.
In this way, drink while adding, after one day, the enthusiastic host always fills the tea bowl for the guests; Don't touch it if you don't want to drink it; If you drink half and don't want to drink any more, the host holds the bowl and you put it there; When the guests are ready to leave, they can drink more, but they can't drink it dry. Leave some greasy tea in the bowl.
This is in line with Tibetan habits and etiquette.
Custom taboo: when receiving guests, whether walking or talking, always put the guests or elders first and use honorifics, such as adding a word after the name: it is forbidden to call them by their first names. You should bend your knees and smile when welcoming guests. When sitting indoors, you should sit cross-legged. You can't straighten your legs, point your feet at people, or look around. When accepting gifts, you should pick them up with both hands. Bow when giving gifts.
Tibetans are absolutely forbidden to eat donkey meat, horse meat and dog meat, and some areas do not eat fish. When making a toast, guests must first dip their ring finger in a little wine and play it three times in the air to show their sacrifice to heaven, earth and ancestors, then take a sip, and the host will fill it in time, then take a sip and then fill it up. When they fill it for the fourth time, they must drink it all at once. When eating, they shouldn't be full. Don't spit on others' backs, clap their hands. When you meet religious facilities such as monasteries, manidui and stupas, you must go around from left to right. Do not cross the vessel, brazier, prayer wheel or upside down. Don't touch your head with your hands.
Eating Ciba: Ciba is the staple food of Tibetans.
Tibetans eat three meals a day.
Ciba, Mingyu sounds fresh, but it's actually green fried noodles.
It is the fried noodles of highland barley and wheat, cooked and ground, but not sieved. It is similar to the fried noodles in northern China, but the fried noodles in the north are ground first and then fried, while * * * is fried first and then ground without peeling.
When eating Ciba, put some ghee in the bowl, pour tea, add fried noodles and stir by hand.
When stirring, first gently pound the fried noodles at the bottom of the bowl with your middle finger to prevent the tea from overflowing the bowl; Then turn the bowl and press the fried noodles into the tea with your fingers close to the edge of the bowl; When the fried noodles, tea leaves and ghee are evenly mixed, knead them into a ball by hand and you can eat them.
When eating, keep rubbing in a bowl with your hands, knead into a ball, and send it to your mouth with your hands.
Tibetans eat-no chopsticks, no spoons, only hands.
This way of eating is similar to that of Indians, and it is also to grab rice by hand, which is called pilaf.
Because it is simple to eat and convenient to carry, it is very suitable for nomadic life.
When herders travel far away, they always hang a Ciba pocket around their waist. When they were hungry, they grabbed a Ciba from their pocket and ate it.
Sometimes, they take out a wooden bowl from their pockets, put some Baba in it, pour some butter tea, add some salt, stir it a few times, and eat it when they catch it.
Sometimes, I drink buttered tea while eating Ciba.
Sometimes, you pour Baba into a leather bag called Tanggu, add butter tea, grab the mouth of the bag with one hand and pinch it with the other. After a while, the fragrant Baba can be eaten.
When Tibetans celebrate the Tibetan calendar year, every household will put an auspicious wooden bucket on the Tibetan cabinet, called "Bamboo Suoqima". The barrel is filled with green trees, Zhuo Ma (ginseng fruit), etc. There are green tree spikes, wheat spike flower schools and a colorful spleen named "Zizhuo". The spleen is painted with patterns of the sun, the moon and the stars.
When neighbors, relatives and friends come to pay New Year's greetings, the host carries a "bamboo rope and horse", and the guests grab a little Ciba with their hands, smoke it into the air three times in a row, then put a little into their mouths, and then say "Tashildler" to express their blessings.
1 More than 300 years ago, Princess Wencheng of the Tang Dynasty left the prosperous capital Chang 'an (now northwest of Xi City, Shaanxi Province) and traveled about 3000 kilometers westward. After thousands of difficulties and dangers, he came to the snowy plateau and married Songzan Gambu, the king of Tubo, creating a new era of friendship between Tang and Fan.
The story of Songzan Gampo and Princess Wencheng was still widely circulated in the Han Dynasty.
At the beginning of the 7th century, after several years of wars in the Central Plains, Li Yuan () and Li Shimin (Emperor Taizong) established an unprecedented Tang Empire with Chang 'an as its capital in China's history in June18. The country was very powerful and became the center of civilization in East Asia at that time, which had a strong influence on the surrounding ethnic tribes. Many ethnic tribes made peace with the Tang Dynasty or paid tribute to the Tang Dynasty, which promoted the relationship between the Han nationality and the people.
At this time, a generation of British master Songtsan Gampo also dominated the snowy plateau, completed the merger of some small countries, established Luodi as its capital (now * * * autonomous region * *), established a unified Tubo dynasty, and actively sought to establish close relations with the Tang Dynasty.
Since 634 AD, he has twice sent Lu Dongzan, an eloquent and brilliant minister, to Chang 'an to ask for relatives and friends from Tang Gaozong.
64 1 yuan, Emperor Taizong finally agreed to Songzan Gambu's request and promised to marry Princess Wencheng, the female imperial clan.
So Princess Wencheng, accompanied by Tang Fan envoys and other followers, set foot on the long Tang Fan ancient road.
There are many legends about Lu Dongzan's mission to Chang 'an in Tibetan folktales, and the story that he solved a series of difficult problems set by Tang Gaozong with his own intelligence, and finally married a beautiful and kind princess Wencheng for Songzan Gambu.
Songzan Gambu's long-cherished wish has come true, and he is very happy. He personally led his troops to White Sea (now maduo county, Qinghai Province) to meet the enemy.
On the banks of Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake, which are not too far from the source of the Yellow River, Songzan Gambu built the "White Sea Pavilion", and an alien couple spent their wedding night in this beautiful place.
When Songzan Gambo and Princess Wencheng went to Yushu (in present-day Qinghai Province), they saw the beautiful scenery and pleasant climate here and needed to rest after a long journey, so they lived in a valley for a month.
In her spare time, Princess Wencheng took out the grain seeds and rapeseed that her father gave her, and taught Yushu people planting methods, milling, wine-making and other technologies with craftsmen.
Yushu people are very grateful to Princess Wencheng. When the princess wants to leave and continue to go to * * *, they are reluctant to go.
The local * * * still retains the ruins of her accounting office, carving her footprints and appearance on stones and offering them every year.
In 7 10, another princess of the Tang Dynasty, Princess Jincheng, also married the Tibetan king. When she passed by, she built a temple for Princess Wencheng and named it "Princess Wencheng Temple".
When Princess Wencheng arrived in * * *, people sang and danced, cheered and welcomed her.
At that time, Buddhism prevailed in the Tang Dynasty, but there was no Buddhism in Tibet.
Princess Wencheng is a devout Buddhist. She took pagodas, scriptures and Buddha statues into Tibet and decided to build a temple to preach Buddha.
She made goats fill the pond with soil and built Jokhang Temple.
After the Jokhang Temple was completed, Princess Wencheng and Songzan Gambu personally planted willows outside the temple gate, which became the famous "Liu Tang" in later generations.
The famous "Nephew and Uncle Alliance Monument", also known as "Evergreen Alliance Monument", stands next to Liu Tang.
At present, a statue of Sakyamuni enshrined in the center of the Jokhang Temple Hall was also invited by Princess Wencheng from Chang 'an.
In the attached halls on both sides of the main hall, there are statues of Songzan Gambo and Princess Wencheng, which are very beautiful and lifelike.
It's just that there are too many people who donate money from Imbusch, and a pimple has grown on their faces.
Later, Princess Wencheng built the Xiao Zhao Temple.
Since then, Buddhism has gradually spread in * * *.
Princess Wencheng also named the mountains around * * * with the eight treasures of Miaolian, Baoshan, Youshi Conch, King Kong, Shengli Building, Aquarius and Goldfish, which have been in use ever since.
On the one hand, Princess Wencheng spread Buddhism and prayed for * * * to eliminate disasters. At the same time, she also took out five grain seeds and rapeseed and taught people to plant them.
Corn, potatoes, broad beans and rape can adapt to the plateau climate and grow well.
Wheat, on the other hand, is constantly mutating and finally grows into highland barley that Tibetans like.
Princess Wencheng also brought chariots, horses, mules, camels and related production techniques and medical works, which promoted the social progress of Tubo.
Songtsan Gambo likes Princess Wencheng very much. The Potala Palace specially built for the princess has 1000 palaces, which is magnificent.
But it was later destroyed by lightning and war.
/kloc-after two expansions in the 0/7th century, it became the present scale.
The main building of Potala Palace 13 floor, with a height of117m and an area of more than 360,000 square meters, is magnificent.
There are a large number of murals with rich contents in Potala Palace, including the story of five difficulties in the marriage of Emperor Taizong and Tubo, the difficulties and obstacles encountered by Princess Wencheng all the way into Tibet, and the scene where she was warmly welcomed when she arrived in * * *.
These murals have exquisite composition, vivid characters and bright colors.
Behind the Tubo ruins of Potala Palace, there is a room where Songzangambo cultivates himself. The walls are displayed with colored statues of Songzangambo, Princess Wencheng and Ludongzan.
After Songzan Gambu married Princess Wencheng, the relationship between the Central Plains and Tubo was extremely friendly. After more than 200 years, there were few wars, and envoys and businessmen exchanged frequently.
Songzan Gambu highly praised the Central Plains culture. He took off his felt wool and put it on silk, and sent the children of Tubo nobles to Chang 'an to study Chinese studies.
In the Tang Dynasty, all kinds of craftsmen were sent to Tubo to teach various skills.
In 649 AD, Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, died. After the new emperor Li Zhi succeeded to the throne, he sent envoys to China to offer condolences, and awarded Songzan Gambu the title of "Xu Captain" and named him "King of Xihai County".
Songzan Gambu sent envoys to Chang 'an to mourn Emperor Taizong, donated fifteen kinds of money to Zhaoling (the tomb of Emperor Taizong), and wrote a letter to Tang Gaozong to congratulate and support the new king of the Tang Dynasty.
Tang Gaozong also named Songzan Gambu "King" and carved his stone statue in front of Zhaoling to show his praise.
The brilliant reunification of Songtsan Gampo has promoted the political, economic and cultural development of Tubo, strengthened the close relationship between Tibetan and Han people, and made outstanding contributions to the historical development of China, a unified multi-ethnic country.
Princess Wencheng, who knows the book and is courteous, did not avoid difficulties and dangers and married Tubo far away, which made a historic contribution to promoting the economic and cultural exchanges between Tang and Tubo and enhancing the close, friendly and cooperative relations between the Chinese and Tibetan peoples.
All this is not only recorded in history, but also deeply engraved in the hearts of Han people.