The International Phonetic Alphabet, whose original meaning is "International Phonetic Alphabet" or IPA for short, was formulated by the International Phonetic Association.
1888, initiated by British H~ West, completed by French P~ Passy and British D~ Jones, was published in Phonetic Teachers (the predecessor of the International Phonetic Association, Journal of Phonetic Teachers Association), which is the first international phonetic symbol in history. After many revisions, the current revision scheme is 1979. The International Phonetic Alphabet strictly stipulates the principle of "one symbol and one sound", that is, "one phoneme, one symbol and one phoneme". Based on the Latin alphabet, but due to the huge differences in human pronunciation, the limited Latin alphabet is far from enough, so we change the font and borrow letters from other languages to supplement it. Pronunciation, in order to take care of habits, most symbols are based on the principle of still reading the original sounds of Latin or other languages.
The International Phonetic Alphabet was created by British and French scholars, which is mainly applicable to the annotation of Indo-European languages, African languages and some minority languages. After its publication, it became popular in European linguistics. Most Americans still use their own symbols to learn the language of American Indians.
●DJ Phonetic Alphabet daniel jones Phonetic Alphabet, referred to as DJ.
The phonetic symbol of DJ was written by daniel jones. He compiled the English Pronunciation Dictionary of British English according to IPA (from 1 to 12, and the last edition was published in 1963). His Dictionary of English Pronunciation represents a pronunciation called "Receiving Pronunciation" (RP), which is common in educated British people, especially in southern England. At present, there are 47 DJ phonetic symbols, including 24 consonants and 23 vowels.
●KK phonetic symbol Kenyon &；; Knodt Phonetic Alphabet, KK for short.
The author is John. Kenyon &; Thomas Knodt. The symbols used in their American Dictionary of English Pronunciation (1956) all come from IPA, Kenyon &; Knodt just cut out the symbols suitable for American English, and added the children's sounds peculiar to the United States and Britain to become the KK phonetic symbol of American English. This is the most commonly used and authoritative phonetic notation. From then on, people used to call the standard pronunciation of American English KK Phonetic Alphabet. At present, KK has 44 phonetic symbols, including 24 consonants. There are 20 vowels.
● Clarify the sayings in daily life.
★ KK phonetic symbol is an international phonetic symbol, and DJ phonetic symbol is one of them. KK phonetic symbols are related to two American linguists, J.S. Kenya and T.A. Knodt. According to the International Phonetic Association, the pronunciation symbols used in American English Pronunciation Dictionaries 1944 and 1953 are usually called KK phonetic symbols.
Some people mistakenly think that the International Phonetic Alphabet is the phonetic symbol of the British sound, while KK is the American sound. This statement says that the International Phonetic Alphabet can only be used to mark English sounds, and KK Phonetic Alphabet is not an international phonetic symbol. In fact, this is not correct. International phonetic symbols, as the name implies, are used to mark the pronunciation of various international languages. Many linguists modify the international phonetic symbols locally to mark the languages they have learned, so there are many kinds of international phonetic symbols. KK phonetic symbol is an international phonetic symbol, and DJ phonetic symbol is one of them. But now, these two standards are outdated. Another British phonetician, A.C. Gimson (he is a student of daniel jones and a professor of phonetics at the University of London) revised the pronunciation of the British English Dictionary (13 edition,1977; Version 14, 1988) is more representative of the actual pronunciation.
So what we call international phonetic symbols are generally divided into broad sense and narrow sense. If you can't distinguish clearly, it will easily lead to conceptual confusion and confusion in the learning process for friends who are learning English.
International phonetic symbols in a broad sense do not refer to the phonetic symbols we see in the process of learning English. It refers to the international phonetic alphabet, which is the "IPA" we just mentioned.
In a narrow sense, the international phonetic symbol refers to the English international phonetic symbol, that is, the DJ phonetic symbol mentioned above. Because it is used to mark English pronunciation, it is generally called English International Phonetic Alphabet, and later it is called International Phonetic Alphabet for short in China. This is easily confused with IPA in a broad sense.