1, activity introduction
In 209 BC, Qin Ershi ordered the recruitment of 900 poor peasants in the Huaihe River basin, with Chen Sheng and Guangwu as commanders to defend Yuyang (now Miyun, Beijing). I was delayed by the heavy rain on the way and couldn't arrive on time. According to the law of the Qin Dynasty, people will be beheaded if they expire, so Chen Sheng and Guangwu organized the masses to revolt. Everyone elected Chen Sheng as a general and Guangwu as a surname, and put forward the slogan of "No way to attack Qin" to form a peasant uprising army. In order to expand their influence, they lit a bonfire in the shrine near their residence at night, made foxes, and made the sound of "Great Chu Xing, King of Chen Sheng", which was passed down as a myth by the people. The insurgents occupied osawa Township, captured Qixian County, and soon captured five or six counties. Wherever the rebels went, poor farmers responded in succession. After the rebels captured Chen County, the "Zhang Chu" regime was established, with Chen Sheng as king. However, due to lack of experience, the insurgents suffered heavy losses in several battles. Some insurgents later joined the insurgents led by Xiang Yu, Liu Bang and others and continued to fight Qin Jun.
The peasant uprising led by Chen Sheng and Guangwu was the first large-scale peasant uprising in the history of our country, which showed the great strength of the peasant class in feudal society for the first time in the history of China.
2, the basic content
Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising
Chen Sheng and Guangwu are famous leaders of China peasant uprising army. The uprising led by them was the first large-scale peasant uprising that broke out in the late Qin Dynasty (3rd century BC) in China history.
In 2 10 BC, Qin Shihuang died of illness, and his youngest son, Hu Hai, acceded to the throne. This is Qin Ershi.
Qin Ershi was a fatuous and cruel emperor. Under his rule, the corvee tax burden of ordinary people became heavier and heavier, and the criminal law became more and more severe. Working people are struggling with hunger and death.
In 209 BC, Qin Ershi ordered the recruitment of 900 poor farmers in the Huaihe River basin to defend Yuyang (now Miyun, Beijing).
Chen Sheng from a peasant family and Guangwu from a poor peasant family were appointed as captains. When they arrived in osawa Township, Qixian County (southwest of Suxian County, Anhui Province), the continuous rain stopped them here, and they could not reach Yuyang garrison as scheduled. According to the provisions of the Qin law, anyone who misses the deadline will be put to death.
The two military commanders who escorted them were very violent, so Chen Sheng and Guangwu took the opportunity to kill them, and then said to everyone: You are late for the heavy rain, and you will be beheaded if you are late. Even if they don't kill us, 67 people in 10 will die defending the frontier. What's more, the strong man's broken wrist is not dead yet. Since you are going to die, do something vigorous! Their words inspired the soldiers to fight. Everyone elected Chen Sheng as a general and Guangwu as a surname, and put forward the slogan of "No way to attack Qin" to form a peasant uprising army. The first peasant uprising broke out in the history of China.
In order to expand their influence, they lit a bonfire in the shrine near the station at night, made foxes, and made the sound of "Great Chu wàng, Chen Qiang", which was passed down as a myth by the people. Chen Sheng, led the peasant uprising army, occupied osawa Township, captured Qixian County, and soon captured five or six counties. Wherever the rebels went, poor farmers responded in succession. After Chen Sheng and the rebels led by him captured Chen County, the "Zhang Chu" regime was established, with Chen Sheng as king. This is the first peasant revolutionary regime in the history of China.
The rebel army advanced with victory and attacked the state of Qin in three ways. At this time, the insurgents have grown to hundreds of thousands of people and have thousands of personnel carriers.
The peasant army led by Zhou Wen, a rebel army, soon reached the war zone in Guanzhong (now Lintong, Shaanxi) and approached Xianyang. Qin Ershi was very alarmed when he saw that the rebels had captured the capital. He quickly sent Shaofu Zhang Han to lead hundreds of thousands of torturers who built a tomb in Lishan Mountain to meet the rebels. At the same time, 300,000 troops were transferred from the frontier fortress to fight against the insurgents. Although the peasant army in Zhou Wen fought bravely, they fought alone and lacked operational experience. Suddenly attacked by Qin Jun, the defeat forced him to quit Hangu Pass and stay in Cao Yang (Lingbao East, Henan Province), waiting for reinforcements.
After the peasant army occupied Handan, the old capital of Zhao, the old aristocratic forces who joined the rebel army represented and encouraged them to become the king of Zhao. Chen Sheng reluctantly admitted it for the sake of the tail from wagging the dog, and ordered him to lead an army to the west to support Zhou Wen. Zhang Er and Chen Yu not only failed to rescue the peasant army in Zhou Wen, but stood on their own feet and did not listen to Chen Sheng's command. Then the old nobles of the six countries successively ceded land and became kings. In this way, the insurgents led by Chen Sheng and Guangwu were caught between Scylla and Charybdis. Zhou Wen led the army to fight in Cao Yang for three months and lost many times. Finally, Zhou Wen committed suicide because he was outnumbered and had no backup. Soon, Guangwu, who besieged Xingyang, was killed by the Ministry. After Guangwu's death, the morale of the army collapsed. Several other insurgents were carved up successively by Qin Jun. In 209 BC, in 65438+ February, Zhang Han led Qin Jun to Chen County, and Chen Sheng personally led the rebels to resist, but unfortunately they were defeated because of too few troops. Bobby Chen was assassinated by the driver Zhuang Jia.
Chen Sheng's men, such as Lv Chen, persisted in their struggle. This insurrectionary army later joined the insurrectionary army led by Xiang Yu and Liu Bang, and continued to fight Qin Jun. In 206 BC, the Qin Dynasty was destroyed under the heavy blow of the peasant insurrectionary army.
(Sima Qian's Historical Records)? Chen She Shi Jia
Chen Shengsheng, a native of Yangcheng, is involved in words. Wu Guangzhe, Yang Xiaren, is an uncle. When Chen She was young, he tried to plow the fields with people's help. He felt sorry for a long time on the ridge where he gave up farming. He said, "If you have money, you will never forget each other." The servant smiled and replied, "If you are a servant, how can you be rich?" Chen She sighed and said, "Alas, the sparrow knows the ambition of the swan! 」
In July of the second year, 900 troops were stationed in osawa Township. Chen Sheng and Guangwu became captains of chariots. It will rain heavily, the road will be blocked, and the temperature has already been lost. When time is lost, the law will be cut. Chen Sheng and Guangwu said, "If you die today, you will die. Will you die if you wait to die? " ? Chen Sheng said: "The world is suffering in Ku Jin. I heard that II had a younger son, but it was not done properly. It was done by his son Fu Su. Fu Su admonished foreign generals with several words. If you are not guilty today, you will be killed by II. Many people have heard of their sages, but they don't know their death. Xiang Yan, the general of Chu, made many contributions and loved foot soldiers. The Chu people pitied him. Or think of death, or think of death. Today, I sincerely call myself Fu Su and Xiang Yan, and sing for the world, which should be more appropriate. " Guangwu It is a matter of spreading the cloth and knowing its meaning. The fortune teller said, "Everything is successful with one step, and the merits are boundless. But the first step is a ghost! " Chen Sheng and Wu Guangxi thought of ghosts and said, "This teaches me to show my ears first." It was written by Uncle Dan and put in the belly of a fish. Strangely, a pawn bought fish to cook and got a book in the fish's stomach. In the temple next to Wu, there is a bonfire at night, and what does the fox say is "Great Chu Xing, Chen". All the soldiers are afraid at night. On the day of his death, stroke often talked, all referring to Chen Sheng.
Wu Guang loves his wife, and his foot soldiers are mostly users. Drunk the captain, so he said he wanted to die, angered the captain and humiliated him to anger his public. Weiguo kuan Wei Jianting, widely circulated, captured and killed the captain. Chen Sheng assisted him and killed two commanders. The summoner said, "If it rains, it's overdue. If they don't pay it back within the time limit, they should be beheaded. My brother ordered me not to behead, but to watch over the dead. If a strong man dies, he will become famous, and princes will have descendants! " All the disciples said, "Respect your commands." He is the son of Fu Su, who follows people's desires. To the right is called Dachu. Alliance altar, sacrifice to the captain. Bobby Chen became a general and Guangwu became a captain. Attack osawa Township, and then attack. In this case, Commander Ying Ge turned his soldiers to the east. Attack, hairpin, bitter, zhe, qiaocheng all fall. Okay, retreat. Compared with Chen, he rode six or seven hundred cars, rode more than one thousand, and killed tens of thousands of people. When attacking Chen, Chen Shouling was away, and he was fighting alone. Fu Sheng and Shou Cheng died according to Chen. A few days later, the monastery called three elders, heroes and everyone to the finance room. The three elders and the heroes' association all said, "The general is determined to win, and there is no way to cut it. He destroyed Qin and rebuilt Chu, so he should be king." Chen She was made king and named Zhang Chu.
At this time, all the counties harmed by Qin officials were punished by their officers and killed in response. Taking Wu Shu as the false king, he ordered people to make a western expedition to Xingyang. Chen people, Zhao, and Ru Yin people Deng Zong favor Jiujiang County. At this time, thousands of Chu soldiers gathered together, which is countless.
Bobby Chen, dorri, June. King, Wang Chen. His old friend tasted it, and the servant Tiller heard it, so he closed the door of the palace: "I want to see it." "Tie the door. Self-defense, set, denied. When Wang Chen came out, he was walking on the road, shouting. When Wang Chen heard about it, he was summoned and taken away. When I entered the palace, I saw the curtains in the temple. The guest said, "Hey! Wang Shen is involved! "Truman said that there were many partners, so it spread all over the world, and the partners were king, which began in Chen She. The guests are getting more and more comfortable. They say Wang Chen is getting old. Or Chen Wang said, "The guest is ignorant, arrogant and arrogant. "Wang Chen cut it. Chen Wang is an old friend of his, so he has no relatives.
Chen Guang Uprising
This is the first civilian uprising in the history of China. In July of the first year of Qin Ershi (the first 209 years), a group of more than 900 people who were recruited to be stationed in Yuyang went to osawa Township (now southeast of Suxian County, Anhui Province), but failed to reach the garrison as scheduled due to heavy rain. According to the Qin law, if the deadline is lost, everyone is afraid. There are two captains to prevent stroke. One is Chen Sheng, a native of Yangcheng (now southwest of Henan Shangshui); One is the word uncle, from (now Taikang, Henan). They instigated the garrison uprising by means of "writing with the belly of a fish" and "singing with fire", and put forward the slogan "Great Chu prospers and Chen prospers" to rise up against Qin.
The rebels soon occupied several counties. Due to the continuous participation of the people, the army has developed rapidly. When Chen County (now Suiyang, Henan Province) was captured, there were already tens of thousands of infantry, more than a thousand cavalry and six or seven hundred chariots. Chen Sheng established himself as the king, and Zhang Chu (meaning Zhang Chu) was appointed as the fake king, and led the army to attack Xingyang (now Henan) in the west, killing Liu. All over the country, especially in the old Chu state, the people and the old nobles also rose up against the state of Qin.
The siege of Xingyang, Chen Sheng sent Zhou as a general, and the Western Expedition of the State of Qin. When Zhou arrived at the stage (now northeast of Lintong, Shaanxi, only a hundred miles away from Xianyang, the capital), he quickly ordered Shaofu to organize the torturers and slaves who built the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor into an army to fight. Due to the lack of combat experience, the rebel army went deep alone and suffered setbacks one after another. Zhou Wen committed suicide.
With the development of the anti-Qin war, the weaknesses and contradictions within the rebel army gradually emerged. Chen Sheng became proud, listened to rumors, killed old friends, became increasingly alienated from the uprising masses, and the generals sent to various places no longer obeyed his constraints. The fake Wang Guangwu who besieged Xingyang also disagreed with Tian Cang, the general of the rebel army. Tian Cang killed Guangwu under the wrong command of Chen Sheng, which led to the collapse of the whole army. Won Xingyang and pounced on Chen County. Chen Sheng was difficult to engage in war, so he broke through and fled to the city father (now northwest of Mengcheng, Anhui Province) and was killed by the traitor Zhuang Jia. Since then, although Chen Sheng's Cangtou Army led by Lv Chen recovered Chenjun twice and executed Zhuang Jia, the Zhang Chu regime no longer exists. Although Chen Sheng and the Uprising failed in less than a year, they ignited the fire against the Qin Dynasty all over the country and soon overthrew the rule of the Qin Dynasty.
Records in historical records
Chen She family
Chen Shengsheng, a native of Yangcheng, is involved in words. Wu Guangzhe, Yang Xiaren, is an uncle. When Chen She was young, he tried to plow with people's servants, and he was disappointed for a long time in his fallow ridge. He said, "If you have money, you will never forget each other." The servant smiled and replied, "If you are a servant, how can you be rich?" Chen She breathed a sigh of relief and said, "Well, sparrows know the ambition of swans!"
In July of the second year, 900 people entered Yuyang, osawa Township. Chen Sheng and Guangwu became captains of chariots. It will rain heavily, the road will be blocked, and the temperature has already been lost. When time is lost, the law will be cut. Chen Sheng and Guangwu said, "If you die today, you will die. How can you die if you wait to die? " Chen Sheng said: "Ku Jin suffers all over the world. I heard that II had a younger son, but it was not done properly. It was done by his son Fu Su. Fu Su admonished foreign generals with several words. If you are not guilty today, you will be killed by II. Many people have heard of their sages, but they don't know their death. Xiang Yan, the general of Chu, made many contributions and loved foot soldiers. The Chu people pitied him. Or think of death, or think of death. Today, I sincerely call myself Fu Su, Xiang Yan and sing for the world. I should respond more actively. " Guangwu thinks so. The soothsayer knew what this meant. He said, "Everything is difficult at the beginning, and you have merit. But the ghost of the first step? " Chen Sheng and Wu Guangxi thought of ghosts and said, "This teaches me to show my ears first." It is written in Dan Shu that "Chen Shengwang" was put in the belly of a fish. Strangely, a pawn bought fish to cook and got a book in the fish's stomach. There is a bonfire in the temple next to Wu. what does the fox say said, "Chu Xing, Chen!" All the soldiers are afraid at night. On the day of his death, stroke often talked, all referring to Chen Sheng.
Wu Guang loves his wife, and his foot soldiers are mostly users. Drunk the captain, so he said he wanted to die, angered the captain and humiliated him to anger his public. Weiguo kuan Wei Jianting, widely circulated, captured and killed the captain. Chen Sheng assisted him and killed two commanders. The summoner said, "If it rains, it's overdue. Cut it off. The first order was not to behead, but the dead man was dead. If a strong man dies, he will become famous, and princes will have descendants! " All the disciples said, "I respect your commands." Fu Su and Xiang Yan, two sons, are pretending to obey the people. To the right is called Dachu. Alliance altar, sacrifice to the captain. Bobby Chen became a general and Guangwu became a captain. Attack osawa Township, and then attack. In this case, Commander Ying Ge turned his soldiers to the east. Attack, hairpin, bitter, philosophical, qiaocheng, all fall. Line back, than to Chen, six or seven hundred by car, riding a thousand, tens of thousands of people died. When attacking Chen, Chen Shouling was not alone in guarding Cheng and the war. Fu Sheng and Shou Cheng died, but he entered Chen. A few days later, the monastery called three elders, heroes and everyone to the finance room. The three elders and all the heroes said, "The general is determined to win, and the attack is invincible. He has destroyed Qin and rebuilt Chu, so he deserves to be king." Chen Sheng was crowned king, posthumous title Zhang Chu. At this time, all the counties harmed by Qin officials were punished by their officers and killed in response.
3. Reasons for failure
The Zhang Chu regime established by Chen Sheng and Guangwu only existed for six months. Sima Qian once summed up the reasons for the failure of their uprising. Mao Zedong also pointed out that Chen Sheng and Guangwu made "two mistakes" when reading "Notes on Historical Records of Chen She's Family": First, they violated the promise of "never forgetting wealth" and killed their old partners, leading to betrayal; Second, the credit goes to Hu Wu, and the generals are unwilling to work for them because of improper rewards and punishments.