The Poor Man is the first novel published by Russian writer Dostoevsky (1821-kloc-0/881) in 1846, and it is also his famous work. It won the appreciation of belinsky, who called it "the first attempt of social novel".
Consciously describing the lower class people and daily life customs is one of the important characteristics of realistic literature in the19th century. Realism requires writers to reflect the objective reality and pay special attention to depicting the dark phenomenon of society, which is strongly critical or revealing. Russian naturalist writers formally put forward the slogan of writing "little people". They describe the tragic fate and inner pain of the little people in their works, making literature and art a "mirror of social loyalty". Samson Lin Wei in Pushkin's Postman and akaki Akakije Vichy in Nikolai Nikolai Gogol's Coat are typical "little people" images. Compared with these works, The Poor deepens the theme of "nobody" and has its own distinctive features.
First of all, Dostoevsky not only described and sympathized with the tragic experiences of the "little people", but also described their inner world and praised their noble sentiments. Macard Jewushkin, the hero of the work, is an old and ugly little official controlled by the two worlds of man and things. He has been living a lonely life to escape the cynical eyes of the secular world and live a boring life without joy. After learning that the heroine Valenka was unfortunately orphaned, he sold his clothes and treated her. He gave up better living conditions and moved to the yard where Warren was stuck. Because of lack of money, he had to build his own nest behind the partition in the kitchen and take on the responsibility of protecting Valenka from the wicked. Although his life is very poor, he worries about tea, sugar, bread and boots all the time, and sometimes he doesn't even have enough to eat, but he also saves the necessary expenses to help Valenka, buy her candy, underwear and flowers, and take her out to play and watch the play. He showed extraordinary generosity in extreme poverty. Although he is still in a humiliating position, he is still ridiculed and discriminated by his colleagues, so he is always on tenterhooks in the office. However, in his life, he began to have sunshine and life. He believes that taking care of Valenka "inspired his spirit as a father" and made him live a "good life and look forward". He and Valenka supported each other, frankly exchanged views on things around them and realized life. They love sunshine, love nature and yearn for a better life. Under the influence of utopian socialism, the author is determined to dig out the "big" things from the "small" characters, that is, although they are poor, humble and lack of material resources, they have rich spiritual wealth.
Secondly, in The Poor, Markard Jaushkin, like Samson Welling and akaki Akakije, has always been a small official, living a fixed and unchanging social life, but the heroine Valenka is not. Valenka's father used to be the housekeeper of a duke's manor in other provinces, so Valenka spent his childhood quietly and happily in the fresh and free pastoral scenery. However, the good times did not last long: after the Duke died, his heirs dismissed Valenka's father, and they had to move their family to Petersburg, which was cold, gloomy and "hostile". Since then, the family has lost its joy. "My mother drinks and swallows saliva all day, but my father is always angry." My father, who was heavily in debt because of bad business, couldn't stand that kind of fatigue, anxiety and frustration, couldn't afford to get sick and died suddenly. At that time, Valenka was only fourteen years old. After his father died, Valenka and his mother lived alone. Anna Fedoroff, a distant relative who lives as a pimp, has ulterior motives. She tricked the mother and daughter home with sweet words, hoping to embezzle a non-existent inheritance. After her hopes failed, she played practical jokes on the mother and daughter and bullied and insulted Valenka's mother in various ways, which led to her depression and death. The orphan Valenka left Anna and Fedoroff's home to escape from her landlord Baikoff, who had evil thoughts about her. She was poor, sick and had a hard life. It is this drastic change in life that makes Valenka fall into the plight of the urban poor, and establishes close relations with the poor petty official Makad Juushkin and the maid Fedora, and experiences the life of the poor personally, and looks at life and society with the eyes of the poor. The author is in a turbulent era, and his own life has been extremely unstable. His ups and downs brought him into contact with all kinds of people. Therefore, he wants to describe the turmoil of life through the fate of Valenka, showing that the social life in Russia is changing. Social changes will not only cause changes in people's psychology and personality, but also cause changes in their social essence. This creative technique is developed relative to static and fixed moral analysis and social type analysis of character characteristics.
answer
6 1. 183.233.* Second floor
The third feature of The Poor Man, which is different from the works with the theme of "nobody" such as The Postman and The Coat, is that it not only describes the tragic fate of a nobody, but also outlines all aspects of the social tragedy of urban civilians groaning, shouting and screaming from the depths of their souls through the living conditions witnessed by the hero and heroine: Theresa, a maid who is regarded as a "rag" and Lisa, Valenka's cousin who is tortured all day. In this group of people, the most tragic figure is gorshkov, the neighbor of Markard Jaushkin. Gorshkov, a former official, was framed by unscrupulous businessmen and suffered injustice. He was expelled from public office on the grounds of "fraud". From then on, he not only lost his source of livelihood, but also dragged out an ignoble existence under the shadow of shame, bearing heavy mental shackles and living a hard life. In the days when he is expected to be cleared by the court, his wife is seriously ill, his children starve to death, and the whole family faces despair; However, after clearing his innocence and recovering his property, he went crazy because of too much stimulation, and the tragic experience was embarrassing. However, on the other hand, although these poor people live a miserable and mediocre life, they maintain noble sentiments and always safeguard human dignity when they groan heartbreakingly. Markard Jia Bushkin neither covets fame and wealth, nor plays tricks; He follows the rules and is conscientious in his work, earning his own "ordinary bread" through labor and cherishing the virtues of citizens. Pokrovski, a college student, is kind-hearted and loves reading. Gorshkov, who was dismissed, regarded fame as more important than money, while several women did not bow to power and tried their best to maintain their noble moral concepts. In that social environment where "the poor are not even as good as a rag", no one can get the slightest respect from others; However, the poor are also human beings. They have their own feelings, their sense of shame, their old feelings and their dignity. Between the lines, we can feel the theme of Dostoevsky's works: safeguarding the dignity of the poor.
In The Poor, the author not only provides the typical characteristics of the "poor" group, but also describes all aspects of the circle opposite to this group: the ruthless usurer Markov, Anna Fedoroff, who has nothing to do but live a luxurious life, the morally corrupt landlord, the snobbish landlady Baikoff, and the hooligans and old villains who pester Valenka. Especially through what the protagonist saw and heard in Fontaine River Street and Pea Street, the author made a sharp contrast between the rich and the poor, and emphasized the social opposition between the gluttonous and the destitute, which is of profound significance to expose. Although, when Maikade Zhu Bushkin made a fool of himself in front of the adults, the adults moved into compassion and gave him one hundred rubles, which eased his urgent need, but this personal kindness could not change the situation of Maikade Zhu Bushkin and Valenka at all. In the end, Valenka was forced to fight against her fate and decided to marry Baikoff, a landlord far from Petersburg. This decision completely destroyed the spirit of Jewushkin. In the unforgettable tears, the hero and heroine bid farewell to the poor but warm years in the past, and fell into a more melancholy today, facing a hopeless tomorrow. The tragic ending forces people to think: what is the root of the misery of the poor? !
It is worth mentioning that the work "The Poor" adopts the form of communication between the two protagonists. In this way, they can fully open their inner world, open their hearts, and elaborate on what they have seen and heard, their feelings, and their views on people and things around them. While lamenting their own fate, they also act as observers and even judges of social reality, thus making the image of the protagonist more full. Compared with The Postman and The Coat, which describe the tragic fate of the characters in the third person, that is, from the perspective of a bystander, it seems that readers are not exposed to the author's understanding and experience in this work, but have a direct dialogue with the protagonist, go deep into their hearts, listen to their opinions, and look at things with their eyes, so they feel real. On the other hand, the form of communication creates a condition for the hero to use a language and tone that conforms to his identity, education level and personality characteristics, and this language and tone fully shows the relationship between the hero and heroine, with special intimacy and lyricism.
It is not difficult to see that it is these characteristics that make Dostoevsky's first novel "The Poor Man" a masterpiece to deepen the theme of "nobody" in Russian literature.