During the period of 1927- 1928, farmers were not in a hurry to sell grain, resulting in a shortage of grain. Stalin believed that the cause of the crisis was the deliberate destruction of the rich peasants. He ignored the opposition of Bukharin and others, on the one hand, he used special means to crack down on rich peasants and forced them to sell surplus grain at the prescribed price; On the other hand, implement the policy of agricultural collectivization. 1927 12. Stalin put forward the slogan of "eliminating the rich peasants", ordered them to confiscate their property and exile them, and prohibited them from joining collective communes. Due to the lack of an accurate definition of the concept of "rich peasants", at the beginning of collectivization, the "rich peasants" in China only accounted for less than 3% of the total number of peasants, but in the end they were deprived of 6%-8% of the total number of peasants, and some middle peasants and poor peasants were also deprived of them. 1929, 165438+ 10. In October, the Central Plenary Session of the Soviet Union passed a resolution and began comprehensive collectivization. Since then, the scale of collective farms has increased at an alarming rate (within two months, the proportion of collective farms has increased from 15% to 59.3%). In the process of implementation, the bottom executors often use threats, intimidation and other means to force farmers to join cooperatives. 1On March 2, 930, Stalin published an article "Get carried away" in Pravda, criticizing the excessive behavior that violated the principle of farmers' voluntariness in the overall collectivization movement, which triggered a wave of large-scale withdrawal from cooperatives. 1June, 930, the proportion of collective farms has dropped from 60% to 23.4%. Stalin had to change his attitude again at the 16th Congress of the Soviet Union held in June, praising the achievements of collectivization as a whole and criticizing the opponents as "people who collude with the enemy", which once again set off the climax of collectivization movement. By the end of 1933, only 0.2% of farmers had not joined the collective farms, which basically achieved the goal of collectivization. The policy of agricultural collectivization has aroused the dissatisfaction of many farmers, who slaughtered and sold their livestock before joining the cooperative. By 1933, the total livestock in the Soviet Union had lost nearly 50%. Some farmers destroy tools and burn grain in despair, and often participate in sabotage activities such as arson and assassination. Overall collectivization has not brought obvious improvement to agricultural production efficiency. During the period of 1932- 1934, a severe famine occurred in the Soviet Union, and the total agricultural output value decreased by 23%. Moreover, after the collectivization of 1936- 1940, the total agricultural output value only stays at the level of 1924- 1928.

During the agricultural collectivization in the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1934, the total grain output decreased by 7.8%, while the state acquisition in the same period increased the number of children affected by the great famine in Ukraine by 150%, which directly led to severe famines in Ukraine, the North Caucasus, Volga, Kazakhstan and Siberia. The death toll from this famine was about 6 million-10/00000, of which the great famine in Ukraine was the most serious (2.5-5 million people starved to death). In order to control the transfer of farmers to overcrowded cities, the government restored the internal passport system in the czar era and declared it illegal for farmers to stay in towns without permission. During this period, tens of thousands of peasant riots broke out in various parts of China, and the Soviet authorities had to use the regular army to suppress the peasants in the name of fighting bandits. 1947 After the end of World War II, there was another great famine in the Soviet Union, and about100-150,000 people were killed.

The process in which the Soviet Union transformed individual small-scale peasant economy into socialist collective economy through cooperatives. After the victory of the October Revolution in Russia, Lenin, according to the opinions of K, Marx, F and Engels, said that small farmers should not be forcibly deprived, but that the private production and private possession of individual farmers should be transformed into cooperative production and possession through demonstration and social assistance, and a plan for socialist transformation in rural areas and the absorption of farmers to participate in socialist construction through cooperatives was formulated. 19 18 1 The decree of "Land Socialism" passed in June 2000 put forward the task of developing agricultural collective economy. 1923, 1 In June, Lenin published On the Cooperative System, which theoretically demonstrated the nature of cooperatives and pointed out the ways to transform the small-scale peasant economy. At the beginning of the initial form of collective farm, there were three forms of collective farm in the Soviet Union: ① Agricultural commune. Both means of production and means of subsistence are public, and "distribution according to needs" is actually an average distribution. (2) * * * farming society. Members work together in sowing, intertillage and harvesting, and the means of production (except land) are still privately owned by members. ③ Agricultural labor combination. The basic means of production are collectively owned (the land is owned by the state, but allocated to the agricultural labor combination for permanent use). Members who join the labor combination engage in collective labor and implement distribution according to work. At the same time, farmers are allowed to keep a certain number of gardens next to their houses and run household sideline businesses. But until the eve of the all-round collectivization movement, collective agriculture in the Soviet Union was still rare. According to statistics, in July of 1929, there were 57,000 collective farms of various forms in the Soviet Union, and only 3.9% of the farmers participated. In various forms, * * * farming cooperatives account for 60.2%, agricultural labor unions account for 33.6%, and agricultural communes account for 6.2%. Overall collectivization In the late 1920s, with the implementation of the socialist industrialization policy, the Soviet Union carried out large-scale economic construction, the industry developed rapidly, and the urban population surged. The scattered and backward small-scale peasant economy based on individual labor became increasingly unsuitable for the needs of industrial development. After 1926, there was a food crisis. In order to solve this contradiction, 1927 held on February 2, the 15th Congress of the League made a resolution to develop agricultural collectivization as soon as possible. 1929 165438+ October League * * * (Bolshevik) The Central Committee decided to speed up the agricultural collectivization and put forward the task of overall collectivization to the states. Subsequently, the time limit of collectivization was set for each region: the main grain producing areas (North Caucasus, middle and lower reaches of Volga River) were required to be basically completed in the spring of 193 1 year; Other grain-producing areas (Ukraine, central black soil region, Siberia, Urals, Kazakhstan) require that 1932 be basically completed in spring; Other regions (Central Black Land Belt, Belarus, Central Asia, South Caucasus) require/kloc-0 to be basically completed before the end of 933. So the speed of collectivization has been greatly accelerated. During the period of 1929, farmers who participated in collective farms accounted for 7.6% of the total number of farmers, 1930 accounted for 23.6%, 193 1 52.7% and 1932 accounted for 61.5. In 1934, the Soviet Union announced the basic realization of agricultural collectivization. The people's commune in China is similar to it.