1at the end of 928, after raising the flag in the northeast, Zhang Xueliang was compiled into the northeast border guards and incorporated into the Nanjing government army system, with a strength of about 300,000 to 400,000. Its commander-in-chief, Zhang Xueliang, is the commander-in-chief of the Northeast Frontier Defense of the National Government and the deputy commander-in-chief of the national army, navy and air force.
193 1 After the September 18th Incident launched by the Japanese Kwantung Army in, Zhang Xueliang did not resist Chiang Kai-shek (Zhang Xueliang didn't say it was Chiang Kai-shek's non-resistance policy, but he didn't resist himself). "He tried his best to avoid conflicts. The Northeast Army surrendered the three rich provinces and reluctantly retreated to Shanhaiguan, writing a shameful page in history.
Gu Weijun, Foreign Minister of Chiang Kai-shek's government, said in his memoirs that the nationwide wave of opposition to Chiang Kai-shek's indifferent attitude towards Japan after 9. 18 forced Chiang Kai-shek to step down in June 5438+02, saying, "Those months were a period of great turmoil and even chaos.
This naturally led to the collapse of Chiang Kai-shek's government. The chairman (that is, Chiang Kai-shek-author's note) found his situation very difficult. As early as the summer before the Shenyang Incident, he held an enlarged meeting in Lushan to discuss the demands put forward at that time, especially the demands put forward by the Zhong Group in the northeast to take a tough attitude towards Japan and directly oppose the aggressive policy. The chairman is a realistic politician; He felt obliged to negotiate with Japan. "
Seeing that Lu's tomb in his hometown was trampled on, his parents and sisters were humiliated miserably, and the vast number of soldiers were indignant and demanded "go back to their hometown!" " "Recover lost ground!" Some patriotic officers and men who did not enter the customs rose up to resist, such as the famous Jiangqiao Anti-Japanese War, the Twin Cities Blockade War and the Harbin Defence War, which dealt a blow to the arrogance of the invading army and promoted the rapid rise of the Northeast Anti-Japanese Volunteers.
On September 27th 193 1 exiled celebrities and patriots from all walks of life in Northeast China rushed to Beiping to call for the establishment of the Northeast People's Anti-Japanese Salvation Association and vigorously carry out the work of supporting the volunteers. At the beginning of 1933, the situation took a turn for the worse, the Japanese army marched in, Shanhaiguan fell, and the defenders of Jehol and Chahar were defeated.
In March, in the angry condemnation of the people all over the country, Chiang Kai-shek completely passed on the crime of losing land to Zhang Xueliang, forcing Zhang to resign and go abroad. According to Zhang Xueliang's departure, the Northeast Army assembled in North China and planned to return to China.
In June 5438+the following year 10, Zhang Xueliang returned to China. In March, he became the deputy commander of the "suppression general" in Hubei, Henan and Anhui, and some of the Northeast Army went south to "suppress * * *". 1In the autumn of 935, the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants successfully arrived in northern Shaanxi. Chiang Kai-shek set up the northwest "suppression general" in Xi' an, appointed Zhang Xueliang as the deputy commander, and transferred the Northeast Army into Shaanxi and Gansu. At this time, the Northeast Army had about160,000 troops, of which four fifths were driven into Shaanxi and Gansu to participate in the "suppression of * * *".
In response to the Red Army, Chiang Kai-shek not only failed to supplement the Northeast Army, but also reduced the number and salary of the Northeast Army. The harsh reality forced Zhang Xueliang and his men to ponder. The Red Army lost to the Northeast Army, so it sang "My home is on the Songhua River in Northeast China". Thousands of northeast officers and men burst into tears and shouted two slogans. We are all from China. Go home!
The officers and men are tired of the civil war, and the call for stopping the civil war and uniting against Japan is growing; Zhang Xueliang also felt that if he continued, the whole army would be wiped out and there was no hope of going home, and he began to explore a new way out.
In February 65438, Zhang Xueliang went to Nanjing for a meeting and secretly transferred to Shanghai to meet Du Zhongyuan, Du Li and other patriots. DuLi and Zhang Xueliang bluntly said that the best way out for the Northeast Army is to stop the civil war and unite all patriotic forces to resist Japan. Later, he introduced the secret of * * * * party member Liu Ding to work in Zhang Xueliang's office.
At the same time, in 1935, the central government held the Wayaobao meeting, which established the anti-Japanese national United front policy. According to the situation of the Northeast Army, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China put the United front work of this army on the important agenda.
1936 65438+125 October,,, Peng, and others jointly issued a letter to all soldiers of the Northeast Army, demanding that the Red Army voluntarily join forces with the Northeast Army in the war of resistance. On April 9th, Zhou Enlai and Zhang Xueliang held joint talks in Yan 'an to resist Japan and save the nation. The Northeast Army established the anti-Japanese direction of unity, which laid the most important cornerstone for the formation of the anti-Japanese national United front situation in northwest China.
In June, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China established the Northeast Army Working Committee, with Zhou Enlai as secretary and Ye Jianying as member. On the 20th, Zhou Enlai personally presided over the drafting of the Central Committee's Guiding Principles on the Work of the Northeast Army, pointing out that "it is our basic policy to strive for the Northeast Army to come to the anti-Japanese front". Under the guidance of this policy, the broad masses of soldiers and civilians in the Shaanxi-Gansu base area actively carried out the struggle for the Northeast Army.
After the Yan 'an talks, Zhang Xueliang went all out to prepare for the war against Japan, not only making a truce with the Red Army, but also making friends with Yang Hucheng's 17th Route Army (in Shaanxi but Gansu). In June, Zhang Xueliang ordered the establishment of Xijing People's Daily to publicize the Anti-Japanese War to officers and soldiers and the public. /kloc-in June of 0/5, JASON ZHANG jointly established the "Chang 'an Officers Training Corps" in Wangqu Town to instill anti-Japanese thoughts in middle and senior officers.
On 22nd, Zhang delivered a speech entitled "The only way out for China is to resist Japan", pointing out that "Anti-Japanese is the greatest mission of the Northeast Army", taking "bringing all the forces of the whole (people's) nation to the anti-Japanese front to fight for a long time" as his own responsibility, and calling on all the soldiers of the army to "rather die than surrender!"
Zhang Xueliang's anti-Japanese determination and confidence have played a great role in improving the thinking and unified understanding of the whole army. At the beginning of September, in order to replenish fresh blood for the army, Zhang Xueliang accepted the suggestion of the * * * production party, recruited more than 300 progressive youths and students from Peiping and Tianjin (many of them were party member, league members and pioneers from * * *), and started the school corps.
In the same month, the Anti-Japanese Comrades Association, the core anti-Japanese organization headed by Zhang Xueliang, was secretly established in the Northeast Army. During this period, Zhang Xueliang also sent representatives to Shanxi, Suiyuan, Hebei, Guangdong, Guangxi, Xinjiang and other places one after another to contact with local strength groups and brew a joint war of resistance; At the same time, he took advantage of various opportunities to remonstrate with Chiang Kai-shek and asked him to change the reactionary national policy of "settling in the busy outside".
After the Northeast Army entered but so do dungans, many * * * party member secretly entered the army, trying to help the troops embark on the anti-Japanese front. 1936 At the end of June, under the leadership of the Central North Bureau, the Northeast Army Working Committee was established in the underground party member of Northeast Army.
Since then, the underground party work of the Northeast Army has become more active. Whether it is the headquarters, various units, officers' training corps, student corps, newspapers and communication brigades, there are * * * party member in it to publicize the truth of resisting Japan and saving the nation and unite and educate the broad masses of officers and men.
From August 30th to the beginning of 10, Zhu Lizhi and Ye Jianying went to Xi 'an successively to discuss with Zhang Xueliang the joint anti-Japanese plan of the Northeast Army, the 17th Route Army and the Red Army, so as to further promote the anti-Japanese work of the Northeast Army.
Under the guidance of the anti-Japanese national United front policy, the Northeast Army and the underground party organizations in the northwest region cooperated with each other, constantly setting off a new upsurge of anti-Japanese and national salvation. Progressive newspapers such as Xijing People's Daily, Eastnet and Northwest Culture Daily became the mouthpiece of anti-Japanese, and national salvation groups such as Northwest Anti-Japanese Salvation Federation and Northeast People's Salvation Association were established one after another, and jointly held the commemoration meeting and memorial meeting of the 185th anniversary.
The cause of resisting Japan and saving the nation has closely linked the Northeast Army, the 17th Route Army and people from all walks of life. Encouraged by patriotic enthusiasm, the soldiers decided to devote themselves to War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. 165438+1On October 27th, Zhang Xueliang wrote to Chiang Kai-shek, earnestly asking for help. Refused, at the same time, ordered to step up the suppression of the national salvation movement, and planned to mobilize about 30 divisions of their own troops to enter Shaanxi and Gansu, plotting to wipe out the Red Army and force Zhang and Yang to submit.
On February 4, 65438, Chiang Kai-shek came to An, threatening Zhang and Yang to "suppress * * *", otherwise the two armies would be driven out of Shaanxi but Gansu. Jiang's perverse behavior made Zhang, Yang and others unbearable, and finally triggered an security incident that shocked the world. The peaceful settlement of this incident has played an important historical role in promoting the second cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party and uniting against Japan.
Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng, as well as officers and men of the Northeast Army and the 17th Route Army, made important contributions to the anti-Japanese cause of China people. Later, Zhang Xueliang was placed under house arrest by Chiang Kai-shek, and the Northeast Army was downsized and moved to Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu. Zhang Xueliang is still obsessed with War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. He wrote to the generals of the Northeast Army many times and encouraged his subordinates: "We must arm our blood (Northeast Army) and give it to the elders in the Northeast ... in order to show my skill in the anti-Japanese battlefield."
After the July 7th Incident broke out, the Northeast Army and various ministries of the national army quickly rushed to various anti-Japanese battlefields, among which the 49th Army, the 57th Army and the 67th Army fought bloody battles in the Battle of Songhu and the Battle of Nanjing, and suffered heavy sacrifices. The 51st Army took part in the great campaign to defend Huaihe River and Xuzhou (including Taierzhuang Campaign), and then advanced into southern Shandong with the 57th Army. Fifty armies moved to Hebei, Henan, Hubei and Hunan, and then entered Myanmar and Vietnam to resist Japan.
In the fierce battle, Wu Keren, Zhu Hongxun, Wu Tonggang, Liu Guiwu, Fang Shuhong, Huang Dexing, Liu Qiwen, Hu Xianmei and countless officers and men, including many party member, died for their country.
After Zhang Xueliang was detained, the Northeast Army suffered great losses and was divided and disintegrated under Chiang Kai-shek's policy of eliminating dissidents. The broad masses of officers and men have realized that with the help of the * * * production party, they gradually broke away from the control of the Nanjing government and embarked on the road of independent guerrilla warfare. 1937 10, Lv Zhengcao, the head of the 69 1 regiment of the 53rd Army, raised the anti-Japanese banner in central Hebei, which was adapted by a small bridge and the troops developed rapidly. Later, it was incorporated into the third column of the Eighth Route Army and established the Jizhong Military Region.
1In August, 942, 57th Army11division commander Chang Enduo and Sulu War Zone Secretary and Administrative Director Guo Weicheng led the division to hold the August 3rd Uprising.
China * * * Shandong Branch heard the news and immediately sent secret party member Wanyi (brigade commander of the 333rd brigade of the division) and Wang Zhengan back to the army. The new11division elected Wan Yi as its teacher (Chang Enduo died of illness), and later it was the coastal detachment of the Eighth Route Army.
1August, 945, under the command of Commander-in-Chief Zhu De, Lv Zhengcao, Wan Yi, Zhang Xuesi and others led their troops into the Northeast, realizing the long-cherished wish of General Zhang Xueliang and the people of Northeast China to recover their homeland. The Northeast Army went to the anti-Japanese battlefield and experienced a painful and tortuous road. They contributed to the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression with their own blood and lives.
Extended data:
Time background
After World War I, Japan's expansion in China was restrained by the British and American powers, and China's Northern Expedition weakened Japan's interests in China, prompting the Japanese government to adjust its China policy and accelerate the pace of annexing Northeast China.
In the early 1930s, the world economic crisis broke out, and Japan's economy suffered heavy losses and fell into extreme difficulties, which led to a political crisis. In the case of domestic troubles and foreign invasion, the Japanese fascist forces decided to break through the shackles of the Washington system on Japan, and while Britain and the United States were busy coping with the crisis and Chiang Kai-shek's large-scale "suppression", they seized the Northeast to get rid of the predicament and attempted to compete for the world.
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia-September 18th Incident
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