The catalogue basically introduces the historical background of cultural symbols, the revolutionary ideas behind the design scheme of Paris's iconic steel masterpieces, the fear of open selection without competition, joint venture construction, the groundbreaking of Paris's protest wave, the fact that the miracle pier of the Eiffel Tower has ended, the wonder of world public opinion on the tower, the overview of tower maintenance, painting history, iron revolving stairs, high-priced auction, "bomb fraud", travel guides, and the basic introduction of the historical background of architects' introduction of cultural symbols, and the design scheme of Paris's iconic steel masterpieces. Behind the story, revolutionary conception, open selection, no competition, joint venture construction, ground breaking, Paris protest wave, other fears, the end of the miracle pier of Eiffel Tower, facts about the tower, three watchtowers, amazing actions of world public opinion, overview of tower maintenance, painting history, iron spiral stairs, high-priced auction, "fraudulent" bombs, travel guides, and the introduction of architects.
Introduction to the beautiful Eiffel Tower (20 photos) Eiffel Tower [1-3] English name: Eiffel Tower
French name: Eiffel Tower
Nickname: Paris Tower
Designer: Ale Gustav Eiffel
Eiffel Tower Landscape Collection (20 photos) gustave eiffel
Architectural uses: dining room, sightseeing.
Construction site: Ares Square, Paris, France. Start time:1887 65438+1October 27th.
Completion time:1889 March 3 1.
Covering area: 6,543,800 square meters.
Building height: 324.93m.
Total building quality: about 1 1500 tons.
Building floor: 4th floor
Number of bulbs: 2
[4]0000
Number of rivets: 2.59 million
Structural form: steel frame hollow structure
Investor: French government.
Construction cost: 7.457 million francs. Edit this paragraph. The Eiffel Tower was built from 1887 and is divided into three parts.
The Eiffel Tower120th birthday lighting building is located at 57.6m,115.7m and 276. 1 m above the ground respectively. There are restaurants on the first and second floors, observation deck on the third floor, and 1765438+ from the tower foundation to the top of the tower.
Edit this cultural symbol 1889 May 15 Expo opening.
The Eiffel Tower was cut into a panoramic view. Gustave eiffel, the designer of the tower, personally raised the French flag to a height of 300 meters. Therefore, in order to commemorate his contribution to France and Paris, a bronze bust was specially built for him under the tower.
Until June 65438+10/October 65438+June 2004, in order to bid for the 20 12 Summer Olympic Games, the Paris Municipal Government of France specially introduced its preparations for the Olympic bid on the Eiffel Tower, which became a "natural advertisement" for the country's Olympic bid.
This metal building, which was completed for the World Expo, remained the tallest building in the world for 45 years until the emergence of Chrysler Building. It is connected and fixed by 2.5 million rivets. It is said that its pressure on the ground is only as great as that of a normal adult sitting in a chair. The four sides of the tower are engraved with the names of 72 scientists, all of whom are engaged in research to protect the tower from being destroyed.
The Eiffel Tower is one of the symbols of Paris and is loved by the French as the "Iron Lady". It is called the three famous western buildings together with the Empire State Building in new york and the Tokyo Tower.
Edit the historical background of this paragraph, 1889, the French Revolution100th anniversary, Paris.
Looking at the Eiffel Tower in the northwest from the Mont panas Building, a large-scale international exposition was held to celebrate. The most striking exhibit at the World Expo is the Eiffel Tower. It became a symbol of the industrial revolution that swept the world at that time. The designer of the Eiffel Tower is French architect gustave eiffel. In his early years, he was a famous dry bridge expert. There are countless masterpieces in his life, all over the world, but it is this tower named after him that makes him famous all over the world. In his own words, the Eiffel Tower "drowned me, as if I had been building her all my life". At the beginning, although the French government decided to build the world's tallest tower in Paris, the funds provided were only 1/5 of the required cost. In order to realize his own design, Eiffel once mortgaged his construction engineering company and all his property to the bank as an engineering investment. 1887 65438+1On October 28th, the Eiffel Tower was officially started. 250 workers work 8 hours a day in winter and 0/3 hours a day in summer. Finally, on March 3 1, 65438,0889, the steel tower was completed. The Eiffel Tower is made up of many scattered pieces-it looks like a pile of model components. However, these fragments are not plastic, but metal, and there are 18038 pieces, weighing 10000 tons. During the construction, 7 million holes were drilled and 2.5 million rivets were used. Because every part of the tower is strictly numbered in advance, there will be no mistakes in assembly. The construction was carried out completely according to the design, and there was no change in the middle, which showed that the design was reasonable and the calculation was accurate. According to statistics, only the design of the tower
There are more than 5,300 sketches looking up at the Eiffel Tower from Ares Square, including 1700 full drawings. The completed Eiffel Tower is 300 meters high, and it will be the tallest building in the world until 1930. Today, radio and television antennas are added to the tower, and its total height has reached 320 meters. Standing on the tower, the whole Paris is at your feet. Tourists from all over the world come to visit every day. By 1988, "Iron Lady" has welcomed 654.38+23 million tourists from five continents. 1989 March 3 1, Eiffel Tower 100 years old. To this end, the Paris Tower Management Company specially held a grand commemorative event, recreating the historical scene that Eiffel led everyone to the summit a hundred years ago: "Eiffel" wore a black dress, wore a wide-brimmed hat and held the national flag, and 30 "celebrities" and "construction workers" climbed the stairs with the grand drum music. When he put the tricolor flag on the top of the tower, the 2 1 salute rang, pigeons flew around the tower, and colorful balloons floated in the blue sky. On the fence of the platform on the second floor of the tower, a colorful banner of "Celebrating the Tower 100" written in words from all over the world is hung. Countless tourists eagerly witnessed this spectacular scene. The Eiffel Tower has experienced a hundred years of wind and rain. After the overhaul in the early 1980s, it still stands on the banks of the Seine. This is the pride of all French people. The Eiffel Tower covers an area of one hectare and stands in the Ares Square on the Seine River in the center of Paris. Except for four legs made of reinforced concrete, the whole tower body is made of steel, and the total weight of the tower is 7000 tons. The tower is divided into three floors, the first floor is 57 meters high, the second floor is 1 15 meters, and the third floor is 274 meters. Except for the third platform, there is no gap, and all other parts are empty. There are 17 1 1 steps from the tower foundation to the top of the tower. Now the elevator is installed, which is very convenient. There are bars and restaurants on each floor for tourists to rest and enjoy the unique panoramic view of Paris: whenever the sky is clear in Wan Li, you can see the scenery as far as 70 kilometers. Mr. Eiffel, the designer of the Eiffel Tower, once said when delivering the drawings: "Only suitable paint can guarantee the life of this metal building." This sentence is very suitable for the maintenance of "Iron Lady". Is it also more suitable for people's emotional maintenance today: meticulous care, good beginning and good end, this is the great beauty of the world?
The Eiffel Tower, the symbol of Paris, is very famous in Paris, France.
The Eiffel Tower is located at the northern end of Mars Square on the south bank of the Seine River. 18871October 26th,1May 5th, 889, with a history of more than 100 years. Like Notre Dame, Louvre, Arc de Triomphe and Champs Elysé es, the Paris Tower is a landmark building in Paris.
If Notre Dame de Paris is a symbol of ancient Paris, then the Eiffel Tower is a symbol of modern Paris.
1889 coincides with the 0/00th anniversary of the French Revolution. The French government decided to hold an unprecedented World Expo in Paris to show the achievements of industrial technology and culture, and to build a monument symbolizing the French Revolution and Paris. The Preparatory Committee had hoped to build a classical memorial group with statues, monuments, gardens and temples, but in more than 700 applications, it chose the design of Gustav Eiffel, a bridge engineer: a giant tower symbolizing machine civilization that can be seen everywhere in Paris.
Romantic Parisians gave this tower a beautiful name-"Shepherd in the Cloud". Named after the designer and famous French architectural engineer Eiffel, a bust bronze statue of Eiffel was made under the tower.
This steel masterpiece tower is a hollow steel structure with a height of 324 meters.
The scene that brought people psychological shock weighed 9000 tons. There are three platforms at an altitude of 57 meters, 1 15 meters and 274 meters for sightseeing. The fourth platform is at an altitude of 300 meters and has a weather station. There is an antenna on it, which is the Paris TV Center. There are elevators and 17 1 1 steps from the ground to the top of the tower.
The tower adopts staggered structure, supported by four thick iron columns on concrete and cement foundation, at an angle of 75 degrees with the ground, and there are four hydraulic elevators (now elevators) inside. It used more than 65,438+0,500 giant prefabricated beams, 654,38+0.5 million rivets and 654,38+0.2 million steel castings, weighing 7,000 tons. It took 250 workers 65,438+0.7 months to build, and the cost was 7.4 million gold francs. Every seven years, every time. This giant shows the great power of industrial production in the early stage of capitalism. It is not so much architecture as assembly. In the process of design, decomposition, parts production, assembly and arrangement, a set of scientific, economical and effective methods are summarized, and at the same time, the whimsical romantic interest, artistic taste, innovative courage and sense of humor of the French are also displayed.
Just like the Statue of Liberty, which crossed the Atlantic and settled in new york after the victory of World War II, the Eiffel Tower seeks harmony in disharmony, and it is impossible to find possibility in it. Its significance to the Art Nouveau movement must not be far-fetched, but just a big curve from the spire to the bottom of the tower, or some cast iron patterns on the tower: the tower, just like Art Nouveau, represents that Europe is in a specific period of transition from classical tradition to modernism.
In recent years, the Paris municipal government has overhauled the tower. From the Christmas of 1985, the tower was illuminated by iodine tungsten lamp, and the tower was golden yellow at night, which not only saved electricity, but also made it more beautiful.
Editing this design of 1889 coincides with the anniversary of the French Revolution 100.
Alexander gustave eiffel hopes to impress the world by hosting the World Expo, especially after the unprecedented success of hosting the World Expo in 185 1 London.
The French have always wanted to build an Expo building beyond the "Crystal Palace" in Britain. 1886, they began to hold a design competition to solicit proposals, with the aim of "creating a work that can symbolize the scientific and technological achievements of19th century". The number of entries reached 700, and the last one was the design scheme of building 1000-foot-high iron tower submitted by architect Eiffel.
53-year-old Alexander gustave eiffel was a famous architect in Europe at that time, and he can be found in the list of designers of the most famous buildings in the second half of19th century. Eiffel suggested that the French authorities build an iron tower twice the height of the tallest building in the world at that time-pyramid of khufu, Cologne Cathedral and Ulm Cathedral, and submitted the drawings and calculation results to the General Committee of Expo 1889 in June, 1887, and won the bid on1October 8.
However, when people in the cultural circles in Paris heard about this plan, they immediately sent a letter of protest: "... it's time to make clear what they are pursuing and imagine this strange and ridiculous tower." It stands like a huge black factory chimney over Paris. This behemoth will cover Notre Dame de Paris, the Palace for the Disabled, the Arc de Triomphe and other famous buildings. This ugly pillar riveted with steel will cast a disgusting shadow on this ancient city with a breath of hundreds of years ... "
The design of the Eiffel Tower appeared in a period of change. The Eiffel Tower is a modernist work, which opposes the classical dome model. /kloc-Paris in the 0/9th century is still imitating the style of Renaissance classicism, which is reflected in the fashion of restoring the dome in architecture, and the tower designed by Eiffel is anti-traditional. The iron tower is a steel structure building. As the "Crystal Palace" is the first large-scale building made of glass, steel and wood in history, it has created the source of modern architecture, and no city building can compare with it.
1887 65438+1On October 28th, the construction of the Eiffel Tower officially broke ground. It took a year and a half to build the pedestal and more than eight months to install the tower. It was all completed on March 3 1889. * * * 50 architects and designers drew 5300 blueprints. Eiffel's calculations are extremely accurate. The factory in Levallois-Paley has produced 65,438+02,000 parts with different specifications. None of them need to be modified during installation, and almost no accidents occurred during the two years of construction.
For the 25 million visitors to the 1889 Paris World Expo, the Eiffel Tower, with a height of 300 meters, has become the most attractive wonder of the world, which embodies the achievements of architectural technology and the boldest and most advanced architectural engineering art of the whole century ... Four elevators with a passenger capacity of 100 people send thousands of tourists to the altitude of1kloc every day. The iron tower made the Expo a great commercial success, so that the next year 13 Industrial Expo was still held in Paris. It is found that the best way to understand the urban layout is to climb the tower and overlook it.
Until the1930s, the Eiffel Tower was the tallest building in the world, and it is still a world-famous city landmark and symbol. Since the completion of the Eiffel Tower, cities all over the world are competing to build it. As the commanding height and landmark of the city, the Eiffel Tower once evolved into a growing trend. We can see towering TV towers, sightseeing towers and tourist towers in almost any city. As the famous motto of the World Expo says, "Everything starts with the World Expo", the World Expo has gathered the most advanced achievements of civilization, the latest products and ideas of all times. The Crystal Palace and the Eiffel Tower, which were born in the World Expo, are the first in history, and the modern architectural trend they lead is still enduring. I believe that in the new century, the World Expo will bring more creativity and surprises to people.
It may be hard for those who edit the story behind this paragraph to believe that when the idea of the Eiffel Tower was put forward in the late 1800 s, many Parisians and even many French people did not agree. The following story is about the Eiffel Tower, which is one of the most representative buildings on earth.
Revolutionary conception 1885, French officials began to plan to hold a big exposition in 1889 to celebrate the victory of the French revolution 100 anniversary. They hope to build a monument that can represent the honor of France.
At that time, the Washington Monument had just been built. This 557-foot-high monument became the tallest building in the world at that time. The French hope to surpass this record and build a 1000 foot tower in the center of Paris. Now, what needs to be done is to find the design and architect of this tower.
Open Selection1886 On May 2nd, the French government announced a design competition, inviting French engineers and architects to study the possibility of erecting an iron tower with a pedestal of 125m2 and a height of 300m in Champ de Mars.
No matter what ideas participants put forward, their designs must meet the following two conditions:
1. This building can be used to raise funds. In other words, it must be able to attract enough tourists to buy tickets and the funds obtained can maintain the building itself.
This is a temporary building, which can be easily demolished after the World Expo.
There is no competition. Before the May 18 deadline, more than 100 design drafts participated in the competition. that
Most of the designs of the Eiffel Tower are very traditional, while others are very strange. It was proposed to build a huge guillotine; It is planned to erect 1000-foot sprinkler to irrigate the whole Paris in dry season; It is also suggested to install a huge electric light at the top of the tower, which can illuminate the whole Paris for eight times to facilitate reading newspapers.
In fact, none of these suggestions were adopted. When the news of the competition was announced, 53-year-old architectural engineer Alexander gustave eiffel began to consider building a great French building with metal.
A few weeks ago, he met a man named Edward Lockroy.
Gustave eiffel, the designer of the Eiffel Tower, is a French minister. He submitted his own design plan-a tower. Eiffel produced 5329 mechanical drawings to describe 18038 different parts to be used. Rockroy was fascinated by the design of Eiffel. He secretly manipulated the design contest to win the design of Eiffel.
Joint venture construction 1887 1. /kloc-in October, Eiffel signed contracts with the French government and the Paris municipal government. Eiffel's engineering company will pay $654.38+$300,000 from the total construction budget of $654.38+$600,000. In exchange, Eiffel will get all kinds of income from the tower during the World Expo and in the next 20 years. At this time, the government has agreed to keep the tower after the World Expo. Then, all the ownership will be transferred to the Paris city government, and the government can tear down the tower if it wants.
Unlike other public monuments, the Eiffel Tower was designed to make money from the beginning. If you want to take the elevator or stairs to the first floor platform, you need to pay 2 francs; If you want to go all the way to the top floor, you need to pay 5 francs (it will be cheaper on Sunday). This is just the beginning. The first floor platform also plans to open restaurants, cafes and shops. The second floor platform plans to open a post office, a telephone office, a bakery and a gallery. This tower is designed to accommodate 104 16 paying tourists.
On June 26th, 65438, ground was broken. At this time, time is running out, only two years before the opening of China International Import Expo(CIIE). The Eiffel Tower must be built at a faster speed. You know, the Washington Monument, half the height of the Eiffel Tower, took 36 years to build.
A 65,438+0,000-foot-tall building will lower the sky in Paris and suppress other landmark buildings in the city, such as Notre Dame, Louvre and Arc de Triomphe ....................................................................................................................... They claimed that Eiffel's candlestick would damage the reputation and image of Paris. However, Eiffel and the municipal government ignored this protest, and the construction work continued unaffected.
Other fear towers and other critics. A French math professor predicted that the building would collapse when it reached 748 feet. There are also "experts" who say that the light from the tower will kill all the fish in the Seine.
The Paris edition of The New York Herald claimed that the tower was changing the climate, while the Morning Post reported in its headline that the tower was "sinking". However, the construction of the tower never stopped, and a feeling of awe began to replace fear.
The miracle of the Eiffel Tower Generally speaking, buildings are upgraded on the basis of studying previous works. For example, if you want to build a building with 10 floors, you'd better study the eighth and ninth floors first. For Eiffel, it is not so lucky. No building can reach the height of this tower before.
In order to complete the construction of the tower, Eiffel designed many creative technologies:
Unlike other large-scale construction projects at that time, Eiffel made all the components in his workshop in advance. In other words, when these components are sent to the construction site, they can be installed quickly.
● Make rivet holes in advance with a tolerance of one tenth of a millimeter, so that 20 riveting teams can assemble 1650 rivets every day.
● Each part of the tower does not exceed 3 tons, which makes small cranes widely used.
At the beginning of the project, the tower pier actually had four construction sites.
Each is a leg of an iron tower or tower pier. These piers will meet after 180 feet. When these piers meet, they must be able to reach a perfect level, which will serve as the foundation for the remaining 800 feet. If the tower pier is slightly wrong, it will tilt the whole tower.
Eiffel knew that he couldn't guarantee the perfect level of the tower piers after construction, so he installed a temporary hydraulic pump at the bottom of each tower pier. In this way, with the progress of the project, he can make fine adjustments by slightly raising or lowering the tower pier. After the overall adjustment is completed, workers will embed iron wedges in the tower pier to permanently fix the tower pier.
Later it turned out that Eiffel had nothing to worry about. Even if it reaches the height of 180 feet, the maximum error of the four towers is not 2.5 inches. Four piers are simply adjusted and fixed. To this day, the tower is still intact.
The end of the Eiffel Tower is a miracle, not only because of its unique design, but also because its construction speed is faster than expected and its cost is less than expected. The World Expo is scheduled to start on May 6th, and the tower will be completed on March 3rd1.
Eiffel and his company made money back at a record rate. During the first half of the World Expo, the tower made a profit of $6,543,800+0.4 million, while the initial estimated cost was only $6,543,800+0.6 million. Together with the government subsidy of $300,000, the investment was fully recovered before the end of the World Expo. This tower is very spectacular and has been appreciated by many original critics. Among them was the then French Prime Minister Tilard, who initially opposed the project, but after the project ended, he awarded the Legion of Honor to Eiffel. This tower has become a symbol of the highest technology in France and also a symbol of France.
Of course, not everyone will change their attitude. Guy de Maupassant (Mo Bosang), a novelist who is famous for The Necklace, is said to often eat on the second floor of the tower. His reason is that this is the only place where the tower cannot be seen. And in Mo Bosang's novels, many characters don't like iron.
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