Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism is the opposite of Xue Xin's. It refers to the Confucian school developed by Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi and Zhu after the Song Dynasty in China. He thinks that reason is the origin of all things in the universe (from different angles, he has different names, such as heaven and Tao), and he is kind. He endowed people with kindness and made it a "ceremony". However, in all things in the world, people easily lose the natural nature of "reason".
This made Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism have a strong sense of autonomy, and formed a political idea that reason is above potential and Tao is above governance, which provided theoretical support for restraining monarchical power in the Song and Ming Dynasties and making China's politics move towards civilians and non-governmental participation in and discussion of state affairs.
Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism also made the logicality, abstraction and systematization of ethics and morality dominate "Heaven" and "Heaven", replacing the crude concepts of "Destiny" and personality spirit, which is a great leap forward for China and the world philosophy.
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After the development of the Song Dynasty, Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties was officially established as the official ideology in the Yuan Dynasty, and the idea of "the meaning of monarch and minister" was vigorously promoted by the government, which surpassed the "debate between China and foreign countries" and became the universal value of the society at that time. Widely accepted by intellectuals including Han nationality, a large number of "volunteers" gathered by Han landlords have also become the main force to suppress the Red Scarf Army.
The consumption of the Han nationality and the exclusion of the Han intellectuals in the Yuan Dynasty also made this group largely detached from the central government of the Yuan Dynasty, which made the ruling foundation of the Yuan Dynasty fragile and eventually collapsed. Famous Neo-Confucians in Yuan Dynasty: Wu Cheng, Xu Heng, Liu Yin, Yao Shu, Lian Xixian, Liu, Zhao Ling, Wang Kekuan, Hua, Wu Hai, Dai Liang, Liu Yin, Liang Yin, Su Tianjue, etc.
Besides Zhao Fu and Xu Heng, there were Wu Cheng, Liu Yin, Zheng Yu and Xu Qian, who played an important role in the spread and development of Neo-Confucianism in Yuan Dynasty. Due to the generosity of the Confucian scholars and gentry in the Yuan Dynasty, land annexation to farmers prevailed. In addition, Confucianism was recognized as a religion during the Western Expedition in the Yuan Dynasty, and Confucian scholars did not have to pay taxes, which won the memory of Neo-Confucianism in the Yuan Dynasty. Many celebrities died for the Yuan Dynasty, and even many Han celebrities followed Yuan Shundi to the northern grassland.
Zhu Yuanzhang is a civilian who wants to eat. Knowing the sufferings of farmers, they began to curb land annexation (the squire began to annex farmers' land on a large scale in the late Ming Dynasty). At the end of Qing Dynasty, Zhang Qigan compiled 800 poems of Yuan adherents, including more than 850 poems of Yuan adherents. Compared with the 700 Song adherents recorded in the Collection of Ancient and Modern Books, only a small proportion of them are Mongolian scholars, while there are many Han scholars, mainly concentrated in Huizhou, Fujian, Jiangxi, eastern Zhejiang and other places with prosperous literary style and land of plenty.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism