2. The meaning of "learning from foreigners for self-improvement" is not only to learn western military science and technology, introduce western machine technicians, and learn western skills to control the educational model and content of foreigners, but also to manage the economy and so on.
3, the embodiment of the ideological system is obvious, the suppression of foreigners is only manifested in the writing system, and self-improvement is more comprehensive. Obviously, the degree of difference is that controlling foreigners is only a weapon, and self-improvement needs all-round development. Their fundamental purpose is to get rid of the status quo of the Qing Dynasty.
"Learning from foreigners" comes from Wei Yuan's Hai Guo Zhi: "What is a book?" It is said that "attacking, paying for, Shi Yang and conquering the foreign countries" is a summary of the theme of the Westernization Movement, and it can also be said that it was put forward by Yixin.
1860 65438+February Zeng Guofan said that at present, foreign forces can help suppress grain transportation and reduce temporary worries; In the future, you can learn foreign technology, build processing ships, and receive permanent benefits. In the second year, he gave full play to the above viewpoints and advocated buying foreign naval guns, visiting skilled craftsmen, practicing first, and then trying to build them. However, in a year or two, the steamboat will become the people's thing, and then it can be suppressed (referring to the Taiping Army) and distorted (distorting the army), which is the first priority when saving ("
1862 After Li Hongzhang arrived in Shanghai, he got help from foreign invaders, trained foreign artillery teams and set up foreign artillery bureaus. In his view, the Qing army often fought several times more battles than foreign enemies, but it still could not win. The reason is that weapons are not good and guns are overused. If firearms can compete with the West, then "it is more than enough to draw China, and there is no shortage of foreign enemies." Volume 3). Seeing that Zeng and Li were learning to make foreign naval guns, they decided to send someone to learn. He said in the throne that governing the country should be self-reliant, self-reliance should be based on training, and training should be based on making tools. "I can stand on my own feet and live in peace" (the beginning and end of preparing for foreign affairs).
Wei Yuan:?
Wei Yuan (1794— 1857), a native of Shaoyang, Hunan, was a Daoguang Jinshi. Famous thinker in Qing Dynasty. At the end of Jiaqing, he studied Gongyangxue from Liu in the capital, and later he was as famous as Gong Zizhen, the representative of practical science, who was also called Gong Wei at that time. During the period of 1825- 1826, he was hired by He Changling, the political envoy of Jiangsu Province, to edit the Collection of Emperors in Past Dynasties and participate in the discussion on grain and water conservancy. Later, he served as cabinet secretary, reading various classics and documents extensively, and knowing more about social reality. During the Opium War, he served as the governor of the two rivers in Yuqian shogunate, participated in the anti-British movement in eastern Zhejiang, hated current events and wrote Wu Shengji. On the basis of Lin Zexu's entrustment, he added the historical and geographical information of the western regions "Sizhou Zhi" compiled by Lin Zexu to the "National Chart Zhi".
In this book, Wei Yuan advocates "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", and explicitly proposes to learn from the West. He suggested making guns, ships and other "people-friendly" machine industrial products, strengthening coastal defense and resisting foreign aggression, and demanded the reform of grain transportation to reduce taxes and give consideration to the interests of businessmen. His thought had a certain influence on modern reform thought and political reform. 1853, when the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom troops attacked Jiangnan and approached Yangzhou, Wei Yuan organized landlord forces to confront them. 1857, died in Hangzhou. In addition to the above works, Wei Yuan also wrote Collection of Gu Weitang, Newly Edited History of Yuan Dynasty, Original Meaning of Laozi, Poetry of Gu Wei, Book of Gu Wei, etc.
Atlas of the sea:?
Wei Yuan's Chart in Qing Dynasty. 184 1 year (twenty-one year of Daoguang), the author was entrusted by Lin Zexu in Zhenjiang, and compiled a book according to the translation of Sizhou Zhi and Chinese and foreign documents shortly after the conclusion of treaty of nanking. 1842, 50 volumes, 1847, 60 volumes, 1852 (in the second year of Xianfeng), published by Yangzhou.
This book systematically introduces the knowledge of foreign history, geography and science and technology, denounces the capitulators' "invincible foreign soldiers" and the die-hards' traitorous theory of strengthening ships and guns as "strange skills and cunning", puts forward good opinions on the strategies of combat, defense and diplomacy, advocates learning from advanced western technologies, and puts forward the famous proposition of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners". After the publication of this book, it had a great influence, which prompted people to broaden their horizons and know the world, and also had some enlightenment to the later bourgeois reformists. After its publication, this book was quickly introduced to Japan, which also had a certain impact on Japan's reform movement.
References:
Link to the webpage of "Learn from foreigners and manage foreigners-Douding". com "
Tell you a different "Westernization Movement"-Sticking Learning Web Links
Introduction to Westernization Movement What is the historical background of Westernization Movement? –Links to historical new knowledge web sites