Summary of historical knowledge points of Jiangsu Education Edition in senior high school entrance examination
I. Division and reunification of the country
1, National Third Division:
(1) Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period. ② Three Kingdoms, Eastern Jin Dynasty, Southern and Northern Dynasties. (3) Five Dynasties, Liao, Song, Xia, Jin and Mongolia coexisted.
2. Several major unified dynasties:
(1) The Qin Dynasty was the first unified multi-ethnic feudal country in the history of China. (2) The Han Dynasty was the consolidation period of China's unified multi-ethnic country.
(3) The short-term unification of the Western Jin Dynasty. (4) During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, a unified multi-ethnic country tended to be prosperous and stable.
(5) Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties (early stage) is a period of further consolidation of a unified multi-ethnic country.
3. Understand:
(1) It is an inevitable trend of historical development to move from division to unity, and the development of a unified multi-ethnic country is the mainstream of history. The time of division is much shorter than that of reunification, and even in the period of division, the economic and cultural exchanges and integration between ethnic groups have not stopped, and division breeds the factor of reunification.
(2) National unity is an inevitable requirement of historical development, an objective need of the development of social productive forces, and an objective law that does not depend on the will of a few people.
(3) Achieving reunification in history still has certain reference significance for us to finally achieve national reunification today:
Develop economic strength and lay a solid foundation for reunification; Strive for political advantages and create favorable social and international conditions for reunification; Enhance military strength and provide a reliable guarantee for reunification.
Second, ancient ethnic relations.
1, Qin and Han dynasties? The period of establishment and consolidation of a unified multi-ethnic country
Qin: (1) North: counterattack the Huns, recover the Hetao area, and build the Great Wall of Wan Li to resist the Huns' attack.
(2) South: Send troops to unify the ethnic minority areas in southeast, lingnan and southwest.
(3) Significance: China is the first unified multi-ethnic feudal country in history.
Han: (1) Zhang Qian made two missions to the western regions to strengthen understanding and exchanges. (2) The Western Han Dynasty established the Western Regions Capital Protection Office, and Xinjiang was under the jurisdiction of the central government.
(3) The Silk Road opened up land and sea.
2. Three Kingdoms, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties? Period of great national integration
Emperor Xiaowen's reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty: moving the capital to Luoyang and carrying out the policy of sinicization promoted national integration.
3. Sui and Tang Dynasties? Unify the development period of multi-ethnic countries
Southwest: Tubo Tubo is the ancestor of Tibetans today. Princess Wencheng and Princess Jincheng are hidden, and the two sides are "one family".
4. Song and Yuan Dynasties? A period of further strengthening national integration
Genghis Khan established the Mongolian regime: Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty, unified the whole country and implemented the provincial system.
Mongolia, Khitan and Jurchen went south to the Central Plains and gradually merged. The formation of a new ethnic Hui nationality.
5. Ming and Qing dynasties? The further development period of a unified multi-ethnic country
(1) Tibet: Establish a system of conferring titles, 1727 Appoint ministers stationed in Tibet. (2) Xinjiang: put down the rebellion of large, small and Zhuo, and set up Ili.
Summary of historical knowledge points of Jiangsu Education Edition in senior high school entrance examination II
First, China ancient science and technology culture
1, four great inventions
Papermaking: The earliest paper made of hemp appeared in the Western Han Dynasty; Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which was called "Cai Hou Paper".
Printing: Sui and Tang dynasty engraving printing: Diamond Sutra; Movable type printing in Northern Song Dynasty: Bi Sheng invented clay type.
Gunpowder: there was a formula record in the middle of Tang dynasty, and it was used in the military at the end of Tang dynasty; During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, it was widely used in wars and introduced to Europe.
Compass: The earliest navigation instrument in the world was made during the Warring States Period and was used for navigation in the Northern Song Dynasty. The Southern Song Dynasty was widely used in navigation and introduced to Europe, which created conditions for opening up new sea routes.
Step 2 think
(1) Spring and Autumn Period: ① Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, put forward the theory of "benevolence" and advocated "loving others" and "governing the country by virtue". Confucius was also a great educator. He founded a private school, paying attention to "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" and asking students to "review the old and learn the new". Confucius' theory became the orthodox thought of feudal culture, which had a great influence on later generations. (2) Laozi, the founder of the Taoist school, believes that everything has opposites, and the opposing sides can be transformed into each other; Laozi is good at thinking from both positive and negative aspects.
Warring States: "A hundred schools of thought contend" (because it is in a period of great social change)
Mohism: The founder Mozi advocated "universal love" and "non-aggression".
(2) Confucianism: Mencius, the representative figure, put forward the "war of nonsense in the Spring and Autumn Period" and advocated "benevolent governance" to govern the country. He also advocated the sustainable utilization of natural resources.
(3) Taoism: The representative figure is Zhuangzi, who advocates "governing by doing nothing".
Legalist: Han Feizi is a representative figure who advocates reform and the rule of law; The proposal of establishing a feudal country with autocratic monarchy and centralized power won the appreciation of the monarch of Qin State.
3. History
Historical Records: written by Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty, the first biography of China.
Zi Tong Zhi Jian: written by Sima Guang in the Northern Song Dynasty, is the first chronological general history of China.
4. Literature
Qu Yuan: He was designated as a world cultural celebrity by the World Peace Council, and his masterpiece Li Sao. Tang poetry: Li Bai, Du Fu and Bai Juyi.
Song Ci: Su Shi, Li Qingzhao, Xin Qiji Yuan Qu: Guan Hanqing, Dou E, Yuan Zhen, Ming and Qing Novels: Four Classical Novels.
5. Writing and calligraphy
Evolution of characters:
Oracle Bone Inscriptions? Shang dynasty (the written history of our country began in Shang dynasty)
Jin Wen? The words carved on bronzes in Shang and Zhou Dynasties are also called "inscriptions". Big seal? Late western Zhou dynasty
Xiao zhuan? Qin Shihuang unified the writing, which is the national standard writing; Later, the official script with simpler strokes was popularized.
Calligraphy: Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the masterpiece Preface to Lanting, has the reputation of "the best calligraphy in the world" and is called "the sage of calligraphy" by later generations.
6. Medicine
Bian Que (Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period)? Chinese medicine has always used "four diagnoses".
Hua tuo (eastern Han dynasty)? It is a pioneering work in the history of world medicine to make general anesthetic into "Ma Fei San". He also compiled a set of medical gymnastics "Five Birds Play".
Zhang Zhongjing (Eastern Han Dynasty)? Treatise on febrile diseases was called "medical sage" by later buddhas.
7. Astronomy and Mathematics
Zhang Heng (Eastern Han Dynasty)? The invention of seismograph is recognized as the earliest seismograph in the world.
Zu Chongzhi (Southern Dynasties)? For the first time in the world, the value of pi is calculated to the seventh place after the decimal point, which is nearly a thousand years ahead of the world.
8. Art
Music: The bells of Warring States unearthed in Suixian County, Hubei Province, reflect the height of the development of ancient music in China.
Grottoes art: Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi, Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan, and Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, Gansu, are the largest art treasures in the world.
Art: The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival by Zhang Zeduan in the Northern Song Dynasty is an immortal work in the art history of China.
9, scientific and technological works
(1) The Book of Qi Yao Min: written by Jia Sixie in the Northern Dynasties. It is China's first complete book on agricultural science and occupies an important position in the world agricultural history.
(2) Compendium of Materia Medica, a summative pharmaceutical masterpiece written by Li Shizhen, a medical scientist in Ming Dynasty.
(3) Song, an outstanding scientist in the late Ming Dynasty, summed up the production technology of agriculture and handicrafts in his book "Heavenly Creations". Foreign scholars call it "China17th century craft encyclopedia".
(4) At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi introduced the European water conservancy technical book "Agricultural Administration" for his theory and scientific method of agricultural production.
Summary of historical knowledge points of Jiangsu Education Edition in senior high school entrance examination III
Five wars of aggression against China
1, Opium War: 1840.6? 1842.8, treaty of nanking was signed, and China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
2. The Second Opium War: 156.38+00? 1860. 10, the signing of the Beijing treaty, etc. , further deepened the degree of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China.
3. The Sino-Japanese War: 1894? 1895, with the signing of treaty of shimonoseki, the degree of semi-colonization in China has greatly deepened.
4. Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China: 1900? 190 1 With the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty", China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
5. Japanese fascist war of aggression against China (War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, China);
① 193 1? 1937, the September 18th Incident broke out 193 1 year, and Japan launched a partial war of aggression against China.
② 1937? 1945, July 7th Incident broke out 1937, Japan launched a full-scale war of aggression against China.
Second, the classification of unequal treaties in modern China.
1, cede land:
(1) Britain divided Hong Kong Island through treaty of nanking. (2) Russia cut off more than 654.38+05,000 square kilometers of land through the "Love Faint Treaty" and "Beijing Treaty". (3) The Japanese cut off Taiwan Province Province and Penghu Islands through treaty of shimonoseki.
2. Compensation
① treaty of nanking paid 2 1 ten thousand yuan; (2) treaty of shimonoseki paid 200 million taels of silver; ③ The Xin Chou Treaty paid 450 million taels of silver.
3. Open trade ports
(1) The treaty of nanking stipulates five trading ports: Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai.
② treaty of shimonoseki opened Shashi, Chongqing (the westernmost point), Suzhou and Hangzhou as commercial ports.
4. Seize the privileges of China.
① "treaty of nanking": stipulated the tariff right of agreement. ② "treaty of shimonoseki": Japan first obtained the privilege of opening a factory.
(3) The Treaty of Xin and Chou: The great powers completely controlled China's politics, economy, military affairs and diplomacy.
5. Treaties with outstanding characteristics
① treaty of nanking: China began to lose its tariff sovereignty. (2) The Love-Lost Treaty: The most land was ceded (more than 600,000 square kilometers).
(3) "treaty of shimonoseki": The opening of a factory can best reflect the capital export characteristics of capitalist countries entering the imperialist stage.
4 "Xin Chou Treaty": the most compensation; It shows that the Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China.
Third, the crime of foreign powers invading China.
1, robbed Beijing twice:
During the Second Opium War, the British and French allied forces looted and burned Yuanmingyuan at 1860.
(2) During Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China, Eight-Nation Alliance occupied Beijing on 1900, burning, killing and looting.
2. Suppress the people's revolution in China;
(1) set up a "foreign gun team" (wall) to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement; (2) Forming Eight-Nation Alliance to suppress the Boxer Rebellion;
3. Create a massacre:
(1) During the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, Japan made the Lushun Massacre of 1894;
② During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, the Japanese army made the Nanjing Massacre at 1937.
4. Manufacturing events: 193 1 year and 9 years? 18th Incident (Shenyang); 1937 (Beijing Lugou Bridge) July 7th Incident; 1937 8? 313 event.
Fourth, people's resistance.
1, the people's struggle
(1) From 185 1 to 1864, the anti-feudal and anti-aggression Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement led by Hong Xiuquan.
② From 1899 to 1900, the anti-imperialist patriotic boxer movement.
(3) 193 1 year and 9 years? After the 18th Incident, the Northeast People organized the Anti-Japanese Volunteers to fight against the Japanese invasion (Yang Jingyu).
2. The heroic struggle of patriotic officers and soldiers
(1) Anti-smoking Campaign: 1839 The destruction of opium by Lin Zexu and Humen shows the strong will of the Chinese nation against foreign aggression and is a great starting point for the people of China to fight against aggression. (2) Opium War: Guan Tianpei died heroically in Humen. (3) Border Crisis: Left to recover Xinjiang except Yili. (4) Sino-Japanese War in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895: In the Yellow Sea War, Deng Shichang fought bravely and sank with the ship. (5) 1936, Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng launched the Xi 'an Incident (6) 1937, and the defenders of Lugouqiao (the first 29 army) fought bravely against the Japanese attack. (7)1In September, 937, the Eighth Route Army 1 15 Division fought bravely against the Japanese in the Battle of Pingxingguan. (8)1in the spring of 938, the China army fought fiercely with the Japanese army in Taierzhuang, Shandong.
(9) Since August 1940, the Eighth Route Army has launched a Hundred Regiments War under the command of Peng.
3. Student physical education
19 19, the may 4th patriotic movement was a thoroughly anti-imperialist and anti-feudal patriotic movement and the beginning of China's new-democratic revolution.
Summary of historical knowledge points of Jiangsu Education Edition in senior high school entrance examination IV
The exploration of modern China people.
1, Westernization Movement (Westernization school of landlord class, self-help movement of feudal rulers)
Background: After the Second Opium War, the internal affairs and diplomacy of the Qing Dynasty were difficult. ② Representative figures: Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo, Zhang Zhidong, etc.
Objective: To learn advanced western technology and maintain the rule of Qing Dynasty. Advocacy (slogan): Learn from foreigners and learn their skills (strive for self-improvement and seek wealth).
⑤ Westernization activities: establishing military industry; Establish civilian industry; Prepare for the navy; Establish a new school.
⑥ Bankruptcy: During the Sino-Japanese War, beiyang fleet was completely annihilated. ⑦ Reasons for failure: The foundation of feudal system was not touched.
⑧ Evaluation: It did not make China embark on the road of prosperity, but objectively promoted the emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism and opened the way for China's modernization.
2. Reform (bourgeois reformists, bourgeois reform movement)
① Background: The aggravation of national crisis; The initial development of national capitalism. ② Representatives: Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Tan Sitong, etc.
③ Proposition: learn from the West, implement constitutional monarchy, carry out bourgeois reform movement and save the national crisis.
④ Process: writing letters on the bus (the prelude to the Reform Movement), establishing a powerful society (marking the formation of political groups of the Reform Movement), promulgating the "Imperial Decree for the Establishment of the Country" (the beginning of the Reform Movement) and 1898 coup (the failure of the Reform Movement).
⑤ Reasons for failure: divorced from the weaknesses of the masses and the bourgeoisie ⑤ Significance and enlightenment: it played an enlightening role in society, was conducive to the spread of bourgeois ideology and culture, and played a patriotic and progressive role. However, the bourgeois constitutional monarchy is not feasible in China.
3. Xinhai Revolution (bourgeois revolutionaries, anti-imperialist and anti-feudal bourgeois democratic revolution)
Background: International (the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty" further deepened the national crisis) and domestic (the rapid development of national capitalism).
② Representative figures: Sun Yat-sen, etc.
(3) Proposition: Taking nationality, civil rights, democracy and the Three People's Principles as the program, trying to establish a bourgeois republic in China by revolutionary means.
(4) Revolutionary activities: the establishment of Zhong Xing Association; Establish China League (the first unified bourgeois party in China) and put forward a relatively complete bourgeois revolutionary program? Three People's Principles; Wuchang Uprising; Establish the Republic of China; Promulgate the "Provisional Covenant Law".
⑤ Failure sign: Yuan Shikai became the interim president of the Republic of China; Reasons for failure: subjectivity is the weakness and compromise of the bourgeoisie; Objectivity is the joint strangulation of Chinese and foreign reactionary forces.
Enlightenment: The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended the feudal autocratic monarchy system in China for more than 2,000 years, and made democracy and ideas deeply rooted in people's hearts. However, the achievements of the Revolution of 1911 were stolen by Yuan Shikai and did not change the nature of a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The failure of the Revolution of 1911 proved that the bourgeois plan of the Republic of * * * didn't work in China at that time.
4. New Culture Movement (radical bourgeois intellectuals, unprecedented ideological emancipation movement)
① Background: Politics (imperialism stepped up its invasion of China, warlords scuffled), economy (further development of capitalist economy), ideology (sharp conflict between democracy and ideology and respecting Confucius) ② Representative figures: Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Hu Shi, Lu Xun, etc. ③ Propose: Put forward the slogan of "democracy" and "science" ④ Start logo: 1965433.
⑤ Content: Early stage: four propositions and four objections, and later stage: propagating Marxism.
Significance: This is an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement in the history of our country. It inspires people to pursue democracy and science, explores the road of saving the country and the people, and creates conditions for the spread of Marxism in China.
Second, different classes and strata put forward plans and ideas for saving the country.
1, landlord class
(1) The germination of new thoughts
Lin Zexu was the first person to "see the world with his eyes open", and Wei Yuan put forward the idea of "learning from foreigners" in the Atlas of Sea Countries. Wei Yuan believes that only by imitating the West and carrying out reforms can we save the country. Zhang Jian proposed "saving the country through industry".
(2) Westernization of the landlord class
Represented by Yi Xin, Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang, "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth" learned from the West, which safeguarded the Qing Dynasty, objectively stimulated the emergence and development of capitalism in China and paved the way for China's modernization.
2. The bourgeoisie
(1) bourgeois reform thought
Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and other bourgeois reformers opposed autocracy (maintaining the Qing Dynasty) and advocated that western learning advocated civil rights and developed capitalism.
(B) the bourgeois revolutionary thought
Sun Yat-sen and other bourgeois revolutionaries advocated overthrowing the rule of the Qing Dynasty by violence, put forward the Three People's Principles and established a bourgeois republic, thus taking China to the capitalist road.
(3) bourgeois radicals
Advocating democracy and science is essentially a struggle between bourgeois culture and feudal culture, which has impacted feudal ideological and moral culture and opened the floodgate of ideological emancipation.
3, the peasant class
(1) The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement led by Hong Xiuquan (2) The Boxer Movement to fight against foreign aggression (Eight-Nation Alliance)
Thirdly, it summarizes the feelings of studying China's modern history:
1. The modern history of China is a humiliating history of foreign powers invading China. It warns us that we will be beaten if we fall behind, and young students will not forget the national humiliation and revitalize China.
2. The modern history of China is a history of people's struggle, which tells us that the Chinese nation is a nation that strives for self-improvement and is not afraid of violence, and the people of China have an indomitable spirit of struggle; 3. The modern history of China is a history of national exploration. Because of their class limitations, the landlord class, the peasant class and the bourgeoisie cannot put forward a scientific revolutionary program and change the nature of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Only the * * * party can save China, and only socialism can save China.