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Zhou Dunyi (10 17- 1073) is the founder of China's neo-Confucianism, and his neo-Confucianism plays a connecting role in the history of China's philosophy. Zhou Dunyi loved reading since childhood and was quite famous in his hometown. People say that he is "ambitious, knowledgeable, practical and has the demeanor of the ancients." His knowledge and tolerance also moved many people to follow him, the most famous of which were two brothers, Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao, who later became famous Neo-Confucianism in the Southern Song Dynasty.
In 1072, Zhou Dunyi came to Jiangxi and founded Lianxi Academy. From then on, I began to give lectures and educate people. He named the stream in front of the academy "Lianxi" and called himself "Mr. Lianxi". Because I love lotus all my life, I built a lotus hall in the academy, and carved a pool in front of the hall, named "Lotus Pool", and pinned my lifelong ambition on the noble lotus. After giving lectures and studying, Mr. Wang often walks in front of the main hall to admire the lotus. Later, he wrote a poem "Love Lotus", whose famous sentence "Out of the mud but not stained, clear but not demon, straight but not creeping, fragrant far and clear, graceful and pure, far but not ridiculous" became a swan song, and it is still widely circulated today.
It can be written from "I love lotus flowers from mud but not dirty, clear but not evil" (I only love lotus flowers from mud but not dirty, clear water but not charming), which explains the truth that "those who are close to ink are not black"
The ancients said that "the phoenix head and leopard tail" meant that the beginning should be written with grace and color. Just like the head of the phoenix, some people say that "a good beginning is half the battle", which shows the importance of beginning. Due to the limitation of time and space, the beginning of the composition in the examination room is concise, vivid and beautiful. The following methods can be considered.
1. Cut to the chase. The so-called "straight to the point" is a figurative statement, which refers to a straightforward way of writing articles. For example, "Talking about backbone" shows the point at the beginning: "We China people have backbone." "Praise of Poplar" touched on the theme at the beginning: "Poplar is really extraordinary, I praise Poplar!" This method should be the first choice for writing in the examination room.
2. The background is gradient. For example, "Kong Ji Ji Ji" begins: "The big square counter in the street ... can warm wine at any time". "Under the scorching sun and heavy rain" begins: "June 15, it's crazy!" These beginnings explain the time, place, festival, climate or the background and environment of the topic.
3. Ask questions. Flashback the result of things first, set suspense, or set questions to break the theme first and cause explanation or discussion. For example, Colorful Flowers begins with a question: "Why do flowers have all kinds of beautiful and bright colors?" The purpose of this opening method is to set suspense, attract readers' attention, stimulate readers' interest, increase the faltering of the article and show the beauty of the layout of the article. This opening technique appears frequently in the composition of the senior high school entrance examination.
4. Famous sayings and epigrams. Quoting epigrams, famous sayings, poems or proverbs at the beginning can attract readers and help highlight the center. For example, Cheng Yi's words were quoted at the beginning of Doubt and Learning: "Scholars must doubt first". This opening method is also an easy method for general candidates to master and use. The well-known epigram opening can often enhance the momentum of the opening, making people feel abrupt, eventful and lofty. Of course, the quotation should be as accurate as possible to avoid intellectual errors.
5. Excellent metaphor. Metaphor is used at the beginning to arouse the reader's interest in the thing or truth to be explained. For example, "China Stone Arch Bridge" begins: "The bridge opening of the stone arch bridge bends like a rainbow." Ma Shuo begins: "There is Bole in the world, and then there is a swift horse." Taking the story of Bole and Maxima as a metaphor leads to the central argument. Since it is a metaphor, we should pay attention to the similarity between "other things" and this topic, and we can't force it.
Generally speaking, the common mistakes at the end of students' compositions are: ① gild the lily. That is to say, the full text is over, which should be thought-provoking, but the author is still not at ease, determined to shake a few words, explain the whereabouts of people who don't need to be explained one by one, and pierce the meaning that could have been realized. Empty slogans. Finally, in order to show his position and attitude, he shouted something irrelevant to the content of the article, which was a big theme. 3 sloppily. The meaning of the ending is clear, but it is too late to finish, which conflicts with the theme of the article.
From this point of view, the ending of the senior high school entrance examination composition is particularly important. How to write a good ending and improve the quality of exam composition? The following are the commonly used ending techniques for senior high school entrance examination compositions.
1. Natural bunching. No matter what style of article, after expressing the content, it naturally closes the full text, instead of designing profound philosophical sentences and carving rich symbolic forms. This ending is called "natural ending". For example, at the end of My Uncle Yule, "When we come back, we will take the St. Marlowe boat to avoid meeting him again." And Mr. Fujino's ending all adopt this method.
2. End-to-end echo. The end should echo the beginning, write a sentence that echoes the beginning, and don't simply repeat it. This way of ending is a common way of ending all kinds of articles. This method can arouse readers' psychological aesthetic feeling and produce a feeling of rounded head and tail. For example, "Back" begins with "I haven't seen my father for more than two years, and what I can't forget most is his back". At the end, it says, "I don't know when I will see him again." Another example is "Praise of Poplar", which begins with "Poplar is really extraordinary, I praise Poplar." At the end, it said, "... I want to praise Bai Shu loudly. "
3. Zhang Xianzhi's style chess pieces. This way of ending is to express the theme clearly in concise language at the end of the article. For example, at the end of Jujube Kernel, it reads: "Changing the nation does not mean changing the national feelings. No nation is so attached to its homeland as we are." At the end of "Remember a Spinning Wheel", I wrote: "It is a pleasure to struggle with difficulties. -Remember a spinning wheel. "
4. Famous sayings and epigrams. It often appears at the end of essays, narratives and essays. In a few words, it expresses profound and thought-provoking philosophical or warning content, which is deeply imprinted in readers' hearts and has the effect of "endless words and endless meanings". At the end of "Pear Blossoms on the Postal Road", I wrote: "I can't help but think of a sentence' Pears on the Postal Road are everywhere'."
5. Lyric argument. Ending an article with lyrical comments can express the feelings of the author, arouse the emotional waves of readers and arouse their voices, which has a strong artistic appeal. For example, at the end of "Flower Market", I wrote: "I think: Hope doesn't matter, it doesn't matter, just like the road on the ground; In fact, there is no road on the ground. If there are more people walking, it will become a road. "
Leave a Beautiful Back —— Examples of wonderful methods at the end of composition in examination room
Regarding the beginning and end of the composition, the ancients have long said that "the limelight is a leopard's tail." The writing time in the examination room is short and the grading requirements are high. It is necessary to impress the marking teacher in a limited time and get an ideal evaluation, especially at the beginning and end. Some people say that the beginning of the composition in the examination room should be like "Erguotou", and tears will flow out from the entrance, which shows that the beginning of the composition should leave a deep impression on people. In my opinion, the end of the composition should be like "Biluochun", with lingering fragrance and endless aftertaste. Wonderful oral administration can certainly make people shine at the moment and yearn for it; The wonderful ending can also make people can't help but cover up and amaze. What are the common problems at the end of students' compositions in the examination room? First of all, it has a head and no tail. Due to the lack of overall conception, the ending is like a "semi-finished" project, which is unclear, ambiguous and inadequate. But anticlimactic. Some students often have a sense of success after completing the main part, so they end up hastily, so that the ending is dull and monotonous. The third is to gild the lily. Or moaning without illness, or artificially inflating, insisting on adding a "bright tail" to the article, making the ending that should be a bright spot become a "black spot" of the article, making the marking teacher sigh. Students should pay attention to two points at the end of the composition in the examination room: First, they should have a strong central meaning, that is, don't forget to serve the performance center. If the main part of the composition is "off topic", it must be remedied at the end. Second, to be refined, stop when it is time. It should help readers understand the content of the article more deeply and thoroughly, and help readers further understand the central meaning of the article, which is thought-provoking, thought-provoking, amazing and unforgettable. Here are seven common ways to finish writing in the examination room.
The first is the natural beam collection method. This method is often used in narrative, and the operation method is: it ends naturally with the end of the event. The advantage of this method is neatness and no nonsense. For example, the article "God's Answer" ends like this:
The ghost was silent. He is not everywhere, but has nothing. Family, friendship and love … are all accompanied by honesty. He is a dirty ghost and can only go to hell! "Go to hell!" God said and floated away.
The second is to summarize the method of doing the problem. This method is the crowning touch. For example, at the end of Honest Wandering:
On the way back, time pointed to the "happiness", "status" and "competition" that fell into the water and said meaningfully: "Without honesty, happiness will not last long, status is false, and competition will inevitably fail."
The third is lyrical argument. That is, on the basis of narration, highlight the center with lyrical and argumentative ways, so that people can understand your writing intention and give people a clear understanding. Such as the end of the article "Long Sword and Short Sword":
We can't choose between long swords and daggers; We can't choose between cleverness and stupidity. All we can choose is to hold the sword in our hands and move on, move on, move on. ...
The fourth is to use question syntax skillfully. In other words, on the basis of the above, use questions to collect the full text to express feelings and deepen the center. Such as the end of the article "Father":
I know, I am soaked with my father's sweat. Father, how can I express my eternal guilt and love for you?
The fifth is the head-tail reference method. This is the usual way to end the composition in the examination room. This method can make the structure of the article complete, but it is easy to be dull and belongs to a relatively "safe" writing method. Such as the beginning and end of "This is how I see life":
The vast world and changing time and space naturally make life so beautiful. As natural pets, we all have our own lives. However, how do people who call themselves "the spirit of all things" view life? (start)
This is the way I look at life. (End)
The sixth is to borrow famous sentences. Borrowing famous sentences can not only make the article concise, but also add literary grace. You can quote directly or copy skillfully. For example, an article entitled "In the Mood for Love" quoted Mr. Liang Qichao's "On young chinese" at the end:
When the red sun was born, its road was bright. When a river comes down, it pours into Wang Yang. Being a general has great achievements, great achievements. I am a red sun, a river and a sword! This is my mood for love!
Seventh, the meaning is still unfinished. This ending leaves room for thinking, and it can get the effect of "reverberation around the beam for three days". For example, an article about "reverse thinking" is called "Ten minus one equals ...", and it ends like this:
Ten minus one equals nine. Ten minus one is not nine. Ten MINUS one equals ...
The above are some commonly used ending methods of composition in examination room, but the so-called "writing is not fixed" and "clever use of one thought" cannot be rigidly adhered to in practical application. As long as students practice more, practice makes perfect. Let our exam composition leave a beautiful back for the marking teacher and let this back bring you the joy of success.
In recent years, college entrance examination compositions have all appeared in the form of "topic compositions". Topic composition is a kind of composition proposition form that stipulates a relatively wide writing range to inspire students to think, activate students' association and imagination, not restrict or minimize stylistic restrictions, and give students more freedom of choice. It is widely praised for its openness of proposition, divergence of thinking, relevance of content, diversity of style and diversity of evaluation criteria. Based on my own experience in guiding students' composition in recent years, the author talks about four points that are really not new but very useful.
First, write down the genre you are best at.
Dialectically speaking, everything is a double-edged sword. The same is true of the topic composition. Topic composition downplays stylistic requirements and relaxes stylistic restrictions until stylistic restrictions are unlimited. Narrative, expository, argumentative and practical articles can all be written, and you can choose novels, essays, poems, plays, essays, fables, stories, fairy tales, diaries and so on. But it is also this kind of looseness that may make candidates make up their minds at once. What genre should I write? It's like shopping in a small shop in the country, with a single variety. Buy whatever you want and go straight to the point. Today's topic composition is like going to the Wal-Mart supermarket in the city. Faced with all kinds of goods in it, I really can't decide which one I want for a while. There is a principle here, that is, write the genre you are most familiar with. Just like in martial arts novels, even if the chivalrous men are proficient in all 18 martial arts, they still use their own housekeeping skills at the critical moment. I usually keep a diary and write an argumentative paper, so I don't have to spend too much time thinking about it. The college entrance examination is a contest of quality, ability and time. First of all, clarifying this principle will undoubtedly win us relatively ample time to do more important things such as conception and writing.
Second, choose an attractive topic.
To tell the truth, the college entrance examination is also an eye-catching battle. Especially the composition. The composition review of the college entrance examination is dominated by the emotional factors of the marking teacher. Some teachers in the school who have participated in marking the college entrance examination said that it is impossible to read every composition so carefully by changing hundreds of compositions a day. If you get good grades in those subjects, you will undoubtedly get a better impression and your score will naturally be higher. For example, meeting a neat and handsome person with a unique personality on the street will be very pleasing to the eye. When you see a unique topic, your eyes are bound to shine. How to choose a more eye-catching topic? Generally speaking, we can make a fuss about the flexible use of rhetoric. Common examples are metaphor, exaggeration, quotation, comparison, rhetorical question, rhetorical question, address, antithesis and so on. For example, in the college entrance examination in 2000, there were excellent topics such as "Life is also an answer sheet" and "Looking at the peak across the ridge". It must be noted that there is no need to make an eye-catching title. For example, the "symbolic method" and "mathematical method" that many people admire are a bit mysterious.
Third, writing has substance-the requirement of never being out of date.
There is a common phenomenon in exam-oriented composition, that is, the content is empty, general and meaningless. This requires us to be conscientious people and collect materials well, instead of cooking without rice. The vagueness of the exam-oriented composition may not be due to the author's lack of preparation or material accumulation, but in this particular situation, when he is nervous, he "speaks a thousand words" and doesn't know where to start, so "where to think, the pen is there", which seems messy and vague. Or I don't know how the scattered materials are connected. It is necessary to make articles, especially exam-oriented articles, have real content and give people a heavy feeling. We can try these efforts. The examples should be specific. For example, some students often like to say "I have such a neighbor", "One of my deskmates …" or "One of my friends …", which gives people a vague and unreliable feeling. Time, place, people and events, we'd better quote them as concretely as possible. Examples should be typical and appropriate, rather than grasping eyebrows and beards, and trivial matters should be rambled. It should have the characteristics of the times, be ideological, enlightening and educational, and lead out what can explain the problem. Quote famous sayings and aphorisms appropriately. Sometimes writing a thousand words is not as good as a famous aphorism. Famous sayings are the summary of all the life wisdom experiences of ancient sages and sages, and the rich legacy left by history after the baptism of time and space, which is very convincing.
Fourth, innovate and March to the level of development.
In the past two years, the composition proposition of college entrance examination has also increased the examination of innovation ability, and in 2000, "innovation" was specially set up in the development level of scoring standards. Innovation has become an important indicator of getting high marks in college entrance examination compositions. The training methods of imitation and writing are similar to imitation and bionics in painting. Copying and sketching are the basic skills that must be mastered in learning painting, and copying and writing are also the basic skills that writers must master.
First, the only way for composition training
Imitation training extends the tentacles of composition training to reading, while writing training extends the tentacles of composition training to life.
He Qifang said in the article "Talking about the Difficulties of Writing": "The article has a dilemma. First, the content is completely correct, and second, the expression can attract readers. " Imitation mainly solves the expression form of writing, and writing mainly solves the content of writing. The forms of expression include language expression, article structure arrangement, expression techniques, expression skills and so on. The content of expression mainly refers to the structural materials of the article, the ideas contained in the article and so on.
The middle school Chinese syllabus points out: "Composition teaching is an important part of Chinese teaching, and composition is an important measure to measure students' Chinese level, which should be highly valued. "To achieve this training goal, we must pay attention to the combination of reading and writing. Mr. Ye Shengtao said: "Reading is absorption, and writing is pouring out. "So, composition teaching should pay attention to the after-school training of model essay.
"Chinese Syllabus" also points out: "Writing should pay attention to connecting students' life, thoughts and learning reality, and cultivate a good style of writing with strong practicality, pertinence and significance." "Pay attention to guide students to observe things and collect accumulated materials. We should inspire them to think about why, why and how to write before writing. It is necessary to guide students to practice writing frequently after class, and write down what they see, hear, think and feel at any time to improve their writing ability. "According to the teaching requirements of the syllabus, teachers should guide students to go deep into life and cultivate them to learn the methods and skills of writing.
The current Chinese textbooks for middle schools are arranged according to the unit teaching system, with reading training ahead and writing training behind. The design of teaching material unit arrangement system is to imitate learning model essay to read articles, model essay's language structure layout, expression methods and expression skills, and then students can write articles with fluent sentences and beautiful quality according to their own experience and the reproduction of their own life accumulation. This requires teachers to adopt the training method of combining imitation and writing to train students' compositions.
The research on writing shows that the structure of writing ability includes "learning and reference ability", "observation and thinking ability", "material accumulation ability" and "language expression ability". The formation of "learning reference ability" and "language expression ability" is mainly trained through imitation.
Reading, including in-class reading and out-of-class reading, is very important for improving writing level. The ancients said, "Reading is like breaking ten thousand volumes, and writing is like being a god." Ba Jin also said: "If you read more and get familiar with it, you will often be able to recite it smoothly, and you will gradually realize their benefits and the tone of the article." A lot of study and reference and imitation training are planned, which is the basis of writing a good composition.
Mr. Lu Xun said in Reading Miscellaneous Talks: "Read this book with your own eyes." Mr. Lao She also said: "You should carefully observe the character and characteristics of Lao Wang or Lao Li around you and record them at any time ... Remember them every day and get into the habit of writing them down when there is a gust of wind and a shower." Without this accumulation, there would be no rich writing. " After all, the storage of information in the brain is limited. Only by recording the results of observation and thinking and turning ideas into words can we enrich our writing materials, which requires learners to learn writing skills. The development of writing skills is from accumulation to imitation to creation. Like painting, copy first, then sketch. Finally, when it comes to creation, writing must start from imitation-writing-creation.
Imitation, that is, writing according to the model essay you have read. This is necessary for beginners to write, and it can help students acquire initial writing knowledge and patterns.
(A) the imitation of the article structure:
1. This article tries to imitate this layout. Comrade Wu Han's "Talking about Bones" begins with an argument, and then proves the central argument with three concrete examples: "Wen Tianxiang refuses to be generous to senior officials", "The poor in Qi don't eat what they get" and "Wen Yiduo would rather die than surrender". At the end of the article, the full text is summarized. This structure can guide students to imitate writing and master the basic writing methods of argumentative writing.
2. Imitate structural clues. "A Precious Shirt" adopts a single-line structure, that is, when you see a shirt, you think of the past (the cause of things and the end of development). Lu Xun's novel Medicine adopts a double-line structure, namely, the clue of Yu Xia and the clue of Hua Laoshuan buying medicine. The clue structure method of these articles can guide students to imitate and write coherent articles.
3. Imitate the methods at the beginning and end of the article. For example, opening methods such as "far-in method" and "straight-in method", such as "ending with narrative events", "pointing out the theme through discussion" and "ending in an implicit way", can guide students to imitate exercises.
(two) the abbreviation of the original content:
In the famous writer Bing Xin's Spring of the Nile, there is such a description: "On both sides of the river, on the long poles of the spires of several tall buildings, flags are fluttering in the wind and heading west, and the east wind is blowing everywhere." It is to copy a description in the forty-ninth article of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms: "Near midnight, I suddenly heard the wind and the flag was spinning. When I went out to check the account, the banner floated in the northwest and the southeast wind suddenly rose. "
Students can reorganize in their own language according to the text. Such as landscape writing, portrait description and so on.
(3) Imitation of language:
Two poems in Lin Bu's "Xiaomei in the Mountain Garden" in Song Dynasty: "The shadows are shallow, and the fragrance floats at dusk." It is a poem that imitates the Five Dynasties' "Bamboo shadows are shallow, Gui Xiang floats on the moon at dusk".
Scenery description, character description, psychological description and action description in the text can make students do imitation exercises.
(4) Imitation of expression methods and skills:
After studying the symbolic techniques used in Mao Dun's Praise of Poplar and Tao Zhu's Style of Pine, teachers can write similar topics, such as Praise of Plum Blossoms and Style of Candles, for students to imitate. Expression skills such as "suspense method", "coincidence method", "jumping method" and "blank method" can also make students imitate and practice repeatedly.
Collecting and writing is to observe and accumulate writing materials in a colorful life.
Write about your life. Students themselves are different from other individuals in social groups, and what makes them different is good writing materials. One's own personality, one's own life, one's own ideological changes and so on. They are all recorded in the form of diaries and can be used as writing materials.
Write about the lives of people around you. Everyone has his own living environment, his school, his class, his family, his classmates, teachers and relatives around him can all be the objects of writing. Students have rich perceptual knowledge of people they are familiar with, guide students to be conscientious, observe their every move, and smile and pick up a fragment of their life, a spray, as writing material.
Go deep into the vast world of society to collect and write. Teachers systematically guide students to go deep into factories, rural mines and military shopping malls, write about the boiling life of workers, peasants and soldiers and shop assistants, write about heroes and model figures, visit writers, actors and painters, and appreciate the beauty of nature. After each interview, timely guide students to organize their writing records into articles and recommend them for publication, which can arouse students' strong interest.
Imitation writing training method is an effective composition training method, which avoids the blindness and randomness of composition teaching, trains according to the scientific sequence created by imitation, gradually gets rid of the traces of imitation, jumps out of the circle of imitation and writes innovative articles.