The military port in Lushunkou is closer to the top of the mountain (August 20, 2007, 6543815), and it takes one and a half months to circle the northeast. People, cars and dogs return to Yantai by sea. Because I arrived at Lushun Port from Dandong on the same day and returned to Yantai by ferry at night, I didn't take a careful picture of the war sites such as Highland 203. A few years ago, I pointed out in Weibo that the statement that "Japanese elites" glorified the Russo-Japanese War and the Kwantung Army was seriously inconsistent with historical facts. The Russo-Japanese War was purely a dog-eat-dog war between two imperialists for their own interests. No matter what the indirect result is, it will not be the conclusion that the "Japanese elite" is widely known on the Internet or the writer is full of absurd fantasies, saying that it is to protect China. The Kwantung Army was also formed after the Russo-Japanese War, with the purpose of maintaining the railway built by the victorious Russians in the war. However, I speak lightly, and no matter how much truth I tell, not many people are willing to believe it. Therefore, in order to let netizens understand and be fair, I adopted direct translation of the original works of Japanese historians. As a translator, I don't hold any views, but I just want to provide you with the description of Japanese historians, so that you have enough knowledge to distinguish the authenticity of online articles. Especially for some time, online articles about Japan's occupation of Northeast China and Kwantung Army are aimed at conveying correct knowledge, improving everyone's judgment and distinguishing the temptation of "Japan Connect". Netizens are cheated only because the real information is limited. If copyright is involved, it may be stopped at any time. Please know in advance. This article is divided into two parts, extracted and translated from the stories of modern Japanese history. This set of books was originally written by the author in 1968 to oppose the "Meiji Restoration Centennial Festival". Some Japanese historians whitewashed the Meiji Restoration and forged history. First, it was serialized in Newsweek, which had a large circulation in Japan in the 1960s, and then it was published in a single book at the request of readers. Among them, Shinmaru Yoshiichi is a famous Japanese authority on modern history research, and Ryotaro Nakamura is a writer. The combination of the two of them may be the collocation of the editorial department? To increase the readability of history? This is just my guess. However, Kenmaru Yoshiichi also clearly pointed out in the postscript that historical records cannot be played, so the historical events described in this book are absolutely credible and true. Historians also have a saying that the closer the historical materials are to historical events, the more reliable they are, so I chose the Russo-Japanese War written in this book in the 1960s. Last year, when I went to Japan, I bought a set of the first and second volumes of Japanese War History written by the old Japanese General Staff. After roughly checking the information, they are basically the same, but as far as the reading sense of ordinary people is concerned, the chapters in this set of books I translated are more readable. Recently, the translation was revised again, and the ambiguous sentences translated several years ago were corrected to make it more accurate. On the eve of World War I, 1. In a.d. 190 1 year, Yamagata Aritomo, a warlord, wrote a book "On the Eastern Alliance". According to the growing invasion of China by the great powers at that time, the Great Qing Dynasty was destined to be carved up. In the book, he believes that "it is better to form an alliance with Britain as soon as possible than to wait until Japan turns against Russia soon." "In Japan's military departments and bureaucrats, since the' Three Kingdoms Interference' threatened national politics, there has been a proposition to join forces with world powers in some way, including the theory of Japan-Britain alliance and the theory of forming a Japanese aggressor with the Russian empire. (Russia is called-dew country in Japanese) Ito Bowen is a Japanese-dew negotiator. Around the Boxer Rebellion, Russia began to move south. Under the influence of the Boxer Rebellion, the xenophobic movement in Manchuria gradually expanded. In the name of protecting Russian expatriates in China, Russia sent 6.5438+0.8 million troops to invade and basically occupied the whole territory of Manzhouli. At this time, in Blagoveshchensk (also known as the Blue Ocean Bubble Massacre in China) on the Amur River, there was a massacre that killed 5,000 non-combatants-ordinary people in China, regardless of gender, age and age (but according to domestic data, about 6-7,000 people died in the Blue Ocean Bubble Massacre). 1900, amur river's long and hateful atrocities were added to the 5,000 lives of innocent Qing people who died. Because they were blond in the Qing Dynasty, there were no suitable words to describe them. Should we ignore the savagery of barbarians? 1903 became popular in Japan, and it also played a role in inciting tough public opinion against Russia. Russia has not given up its ambitions for North Korea. Its goal is to obtain the ownership of mining gold and cutting down forests along the Yalu River, so that soldiers can dress up as workers and non-commissioned officers can dress up as shop assistants or supervisors, and these people can be sent to North Korea continuously. For this kind of behavior of Russia, Britain and Germany put forward * * *, but because France is an ally of Russia, France is silent. Russia not only did not withdraw its troops, but also made every effort to legalize the existing occupation contract with Russia (1900165438+10). Russia, in North Korea, not only obtained the Yalu River forest harvesting right, but also obtained Incheon, Zhennanpu, Yuanshan and other important places, nibbling at North Korea bit by bit. In this way, around Manchuria, the opposition between Russia and Japan and Britain became more and more profound. Especially for Japan, Russia's occupation of North Korea is absolutely intolerable. The occupation of Manchuria is tolerable, but only North Korea is absolutely unforgivable. Japan makes no secret of its true intentions. Young generals in the military department are calling Ito, who advocates Japan-Russia consultation theory, a wimp. In the face of North Korea, Russia has put its claws into it, and we are still indifferent. What's this called? In this way, Japan will lose its hard-won foothold and be kicked out of the mainland. It's time to make up your mind against Russia. If it is not this day, what is the significance of our efforts since the intervention of the three countries? " In this way, the army began to prepare for the war against Russia. 2. Kyotaro-UK Alliance1901June, the first Japanese cabinet was established. Gui is a general of Changzhou brand valve department. As the name implies, he is the successor. As a Japan-Britain alliance, Gui ordered the envoy to Britain to plan the Japan-Britain alliance. During the Boxer Rebellion, Britain realized that Japan's military power had played a great role in the aggression in East Asia. Britain, on the one hand, was unable to send a powerful army to East Asia because of the Boer War in Africa and the consumption of national strength. At this time, Russia gradually occupied Manchuria, intending to revise the Russian-Qing secret treaty in an attempt to seize Manchuria and turn itself into a protectorate of the Great Qing Dynasty. It can also be said that Britain's policy of aggression against China frequently encountered major crises. Therefore, it is better for Britain to win over Japan as a partner, and it is better to imagine Japan hitting Russia. Therefore, in the face of Japanese planning, I readily agreed. The Guangxi cabinet is also very happy, and has been secretly entering formal negotiations since August. However, Britain thinks it is a bit difficult to meet our requirements, and the negotiations have not made any progress. Soon, Ito Bowen decided to travel far. Ito's idea runs counter to Yamagata and Kwai's theory of Japan-Britain alliance. His understanding is that although the Japan-Britain alliance is necessary, Japan has no confidence in winning the war with Russia. In order to solve the North Korean problem, we should negotiate directly with Russia, and it is most important to conclude some kind of agreement. Therefore, the viewpoint of "Manchuria-DPRK exchange theory" appeared, that is, the position that "Manchuria can be ignored and North Korea must belong to Japan". Ito 190 1 September, attending the centennial celebration of Yale University for the first time, was awarded the honorary doctorate. After that, he got up from Paris and went to St. Petersburg, Russia, squinting at the Sino-Japanese alliance in London. Russia knows nothing about Japan-Britain negotiations and warmly welcomes Ito to visit. Nicholas II awarded Ito the highest medal shining with diamonds. Japanese-Russian consultations were also held between Ito and Foreign Minister Rumstov, but this consultation ended without results. On the other hand, when Britain learned the information of Ito's negotiations with Russia, it suddenly became nervous. Then he hurried back to the policy of concluding the Japan-Britain alliance, and the negotiations progressed rapidly and smoothly. Moreover, the Treaty of Japan-Britain Alliance was formally signed on June 30th, 1902. The full text of the treaty consists of six articles, but the main contents are as follows. (a) to ensure the independence and territorial security of Qinghe South Korea. (two) in case of infringement of the rights and interests of other countries, take necessary measures to protect the interests of the countries concerned. (3) For this reason, when there is a war with other countries, one party should remain neutral, but when a third country participates in the war, it should also participate in the war out of aid. However, in this treaty, Japan did not expect to gain special status in North Korea, and Britain did not accept the request of recognizing freedom of movement. At this time, Ito, who failed in the Japan-Russia negotiations, stopped in London on his way back from St. Petersburg and returned to Japan after giving great help to the Japan-Britain alliance again. Ito's starting point of Japan-Russia negotiations is also based on Japan's strength, that is, delaying the war as much as possible. Therefore, in fact, it is only the time difference between early and late, and there is no substantive difference between the Japanese and British allies in the gamble of this Russo-Japanese war. The publication of the Treaty of Japan-Britain Alliance was held in Tokyo and London on February 1 1 respectively, but it really surprised the world diplomatic community. The year-long negotiations finally paid off. Because the Russian ambassador in London knew nothing about it, he was punished by the czar. Most Japanese nationals, led by Japan, seem to have gained millions of strength because of the conclusion of the Japan-Britain alliance, and they are extremely excited. In fact, Britain only regards Japan as the "Far East Gendarmerie" to protect its own interests, but Japanese nationals do not seem to realize this. 3. The imperialist Japanese-British allied forces undoubtedly gave the Russian empire a great impact. Japan and Britain formed an alliance. In order to counter this, Russia and France also announced that "the Russian-French alliance also applies to the Far East". However, France has no intention of going to war with Britain. The Japan-Britain alliance strengthened Japan's position, so Japan was not afraid of interference from other countries and demanded that Russia withdraw its troops from Manchuria. Britain also made the same request to Russia. Two months after the conclusion of the Japan-Britain alliance, Russia and the Qing Dynasty concluded a treaty to withdraw troops from Manchuria. Return Manchuria to the Qing state and withdraw troops three times in half a year. The first withdrawal was in June 1902. Due to the conclusion of the Japan-Britain alliance, the situation in the Far East seems to have eased. However, this situation is only a flash in the pan. At the same time, Russian Interior Minister Plebai put forward a tough stance that "the Far East issue cannot be decided by a diplomat's pen, but must be solved by a gun and a sword". Also, at the cabinet meeting, it was put forward that "Manchuria must be merged with Russia in the future, otherwise it will become our vassal state completely". The time limit for the second withdrawal is April of the following year 1903. But it is not so much the retreat of Russian troops as the strengthening of troops in Fengtian (Shenyang) and Yingkou. Also, Russian troops invaded North Korea and established a military base at Longyanpu in the lower reaches of the Yalu River (what's more, the Dong Qing Railway was completed in July, the Governor of the Far East appointed it in August, and the Lushun Fortress began to be reinforced). These facts fully show the characteristics of Russian imperialism. In fact, the monopoly capital at this time is still weak. First, the army occupied the territory of other countries, and then attempted to enter and leave the capital. At this point, Japanese imperialism and Russian imperialism are very similar. As early as 1900, 1 1 year, Qiu Shui published "On the Exclusion of Imperialism" in Wan Chao Newspaper, which made a fierce criticism on Japan's becoming an imperialist country. He argued that "it is extremely chilling to advance for the country." Later, the following spring, the famous "Monster Imperialism in the 20th Century" was published. Regardless of the content, it is 16 years earlier than Lenin's On Imperialism, and it is also the earliest work criticizing imperialism in the world. Xing De believes that the two countries, like Japan and Russia, have typical imperialist characteristics, that is, they have to rely on military power to supplement their monopoly capital and invade other countries. It is also known as "military imperialism" and "imperialism that is strong outside and weak inside". 4. It was in this situation that the United Temple Conference was held. On April 1903, 1 1, four people met at Yunji Temple in Litiankou, Jing Zuo District, east of Kyoto. Although this buddhist nun is a villa in a single county, it is also a beautiful and famous garden with sparse introduction. Shan county is a veteran politician and has a deep relationship with the chaebol. Besides Wu Wei 'an, there are famous gardens such as Toona Hill in Tokyo and Gu Xi 'an in Odahara. There are two buildings, Hehe and Westernization, in the Wujing Temple, from which all kinds of discussions about Russia's basic policies before and after the Russo-Japanese War came. As mentioned above, Ito Bowen belongs to the Japanese-Russian negotiators, prime ministers such as Japan and Guangxi. , and belongs to the Japanese-British alliance theorists. Earlier, after the signing of the Japan-Britain Alliance (190265438+1October), Ito hid his views. Therefore, Russia's basic policy has made a new decision. The following four points confirm this result. (1) In view of Russia's failure to withdraw from Manchuria, Japan proposed * * *. (2) Take the Manchuria negotiation as an opportunity to solve the North Korean issue. (3) On the North Korea issue, Russia should be forced to recognize Japan's superior right and never give in. (4) On the Manchuria issue, Japan recognized Russia's superior rights and fundamentally solved the Korean issue. When we get here, we must understand that it is necessary for Japan to protect the rights and interests of North Korea, in other words, not to reach out to North Korea. Equivalent to this, anywhere in Manchuria and Russia. "If there is no progress in the negotiations, what should be done if North Korea's rights and interests are violated? To this end, there is no choice but to go to war with Russia. For this, the four also reached a consensus. In the following 10 months, Premier Gui and Foreign Minister Takamura began to fully negotiate with Russia, and the exchange of letters and diplomatic mediation continued repeatedly. However, Russia does not recognize Japan's special rights and interests in North Korea, and Japan has always insisted. For this reason, the Japan-Russia negotiations are idling. By the end of the year, the Japanese-Russian negotiations ran aground and became clear. Japan, which laid down the fundamental policy in Wuwei Temple, can only say that it won time if it took 10 months. 5. All kinds of people who encouraged the war appeared among the people, and groups clamoring for war between Japan and Russia also appeared and began to move around. The first to bear the brunt was the National Alliance, which was organized by Jin Mo and Toushan Man, and once again formed the Anti-Russian Comrades' Association (1901August). They insisted on solving the Manchurian problem by war under the slogan of "it has been a long time, and the expansion of the army has been realized." However, after the Japanese-Qing War (Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895), despite all efforts to expand the army, the military still lacked confidence in winning the war against Russia. Lieutenant General Kodama Gentaro, Deputy Secretary of State, said, "There is a 40% to 60% certainty. If 60% is the success or failure of winning four, then there needs to be a mediator! " ! "Yamamoto Gonnohyō e marine corps also chimed in" "is to eliminate all the Russian navy, the Japanese navy is bound to wreck more than half". However, the Russian Comrades' Association did not withdraw its troops, because Russia has reached the second withdrawal period. 1April, 903, Kanda Jinhui Pavilion held a meeting. At the meeting, the following resolution was made and submitted: "It is the unshirkable responsibility of the Japanese Empire to force Russia to withdraw its troops from Manchuria and maintain peace in the East. We hope that * * * will take action as soon as possible. During this period, the phrase "strive for permanent peace in the East" became a buzzword and was frequently talked about. Kim Mo Ye began to teach at Imperial University in Tokyo. He advocated "hoping to arouse public opinion about Russia's tyranny." So, in June 1903, 10, scholars submitted a proposal to * * *, which caused ripples in Japan and abroad. At this time, the signers are Hirohito Tomitomo, Masahiro Fukui, Tsuwei Hiroshi, Kanei Nakamura, Kipingji, Onotsuka and Zuo Wei, Gao Qiao, all of whom are called "Seven Doctors". Here, Hirohito Junshui's performance is the most eye-catching. He put it this way: "If Russia is allowed to occupy Manchuria, the next target is North Korea, which is an obvious reality. If North Korea is within Russia's sphere of influence, what will happen next? If the Manchuria problem is not solved, North Korea will be in danger. If North Korea is in danger, how can we defend Japan? "Then, he advocated" "to seize the east of Lake Baikal in Siberia!" So it is also called "Dr. Baikal". In this way, the Russian gay association, seven doctors, etc. , hold lectures, go around lobbying * * * and elders, and at that time set off a wave of war against Russia. The newspaper also reported extensively on the activities of this war faction and added an editorial entitled "War with Russia", which also aroused readers' emotions. Lu Jienan's Japanese newspaper and Taguchi's Tokyo Economic Journal are Depth Charge, and almost all newspapers and periodicals are advocating the main battle theory except Wan Chao Newspaper. Taguchi is considered as a representative of petty-bourgeois ideology. In the trade and business circles, there are also people who make particularly bellicose remarks. For example, Zenjiro Hori, as a feather export industry, advocates that "Manchuria should be owned by Japan" and that "if we seize Manchuria from Russia, the area of Japan will quadruple immediately. If Fengren immigrates here to engage in agriculture and develop mines at the same time, it can actually become the source of Japan's prosperity. We used to own Manchuria. Don't use North Korea as an excuse. We should understand. " (Originally in classical Chinese) (Oriental Economic News1August 903 15) Most people are eagerly looking forward to war. Baelz, Emperor Meiji's personal doctor, described this in his diary: "(1903) On September 25th (under Tokyo Palace), he met a Japanese in a suit on a bus to the Palace. Through talking, I learned that people's feelings for Russia have intensified beyond control. He is worried that if * * * does not comply with public opinion and declares war, I am afraid that civil strife will soon occur. " "In fact, even the position of the emperor will be in jeopardy." These people are extremely optimistic about the war ... "(Diary of Baltz) The expectation of the war in the hearts of the people implies the expression of life hardship and dissatisfaction with the status quo. This is a hotbed of xenophobia. According to the survey conducted by Gennosuke in Hengshan Mountain, most craftsmen believe that "waging war is a good opportunity to save years of economic depression". The theory of non-war and war-weariness will be discussed later.