1892 65438+On February 4th, Hull was born in an officer's family,1975165438+1October 20th, and died in Madrid. /kloc-entered the infantry academy in 0/907. 19 12 went to Morocco to participate in the Spanish colonial war. 19 15 liter specialty. 1926 promoted to brigadier general. During the military dictatorship of J.A. primo de Rivera, he was the president of Zaragoza Military Academy. 193 1 After the establishment of the Second Republic of Spain, it was disqualified from active service. 1933, conservative forces controlled the Republic and were reused. 1934 promoted to major general. 1935 served as the army chief of staff. 1936 February, Spain held a general election, the Popular Front won, and Franco was transferred to the Canary Islands as a military officer. General Sanjul Huo, stationed in Morocco, led and launched a rebellion against the Spanish Republic. Later, San Jurco's plane crashed on the way from Portugal to Spain, and Franco took advantage of this unexpected opportunity to ascend to the throne of the rebel leader. With the support of Hitler in Germany and Mussolini in Italy, the people's anti-fascist struggle was suppressed. 1 936101month1,serving as the grand marshal of the armed forces. After nearly three years of civil war, on March 2 1 65438, Franco's army occupied Madrid, overthrew the government and established a dictatorship. Franco became head of state and abolished all other political parties. The Paek Party, a fascist political party, is the only legitimate political party. During the period of * * * *, the representative system was abolished and the decree that "all power belongs to the head of state" was promulgated. He monopolized the legislative, executive and judicial powers, appointed all cabinet ministers, all military officers, dignitaries and even bishops, and approved all laws and decrees. Arrest and shoot * * * producers and progressives, as well as a large number of Spaniards in exile in Europe and Latin America.
After the outbreak of World War II, Franco was faced with the choice of whether to participate in the war, which was also a severe test of his rule. Throughout World War II, Franco has been dealing with these two groups, steering the wind and taking advantage of the contradiction between Britain and the United States and Germany and Italy. In order to prevent Franco from approaching the Axis countries, Britain and France continued to help Spain economically in order to strive for Spain's neutrality in the war. Considering that Spain's national strength is not strong, Franco is also afraid that Germany and Italy will control himself. At the beginning of the war, he deliberately alienated the Axis countries. For example, in a grand military parade in Madrid, because Franco deliberately put the name of German Marshal Goering behind the French ambassador to Spain, Goering, who had already sent the baton and marshal's uniform to Madrid to show off, was humiliated and finally gave up attending the ceremony in Madrid. During World War II, Franco declared Spain a neutral country, separated from the warring parties, and sometimes close to Germany and Italy, and sometimes cheered for Britain and France. When Germany and Italy urged Spain to join the Axis War, Franco cautiously refused. He euphemistically wrote a long letter to German Foreign Minister ribbentrop, meaning that if Germany can produce a proof that Germany and Italy will win, Spain will immediately join the German-Italian Group.
However, in the first half of 1940, as Germany swept through western Europe and won again and again, Franco, who was keen on speculation, began to tilt his neutral stance, hoping to take the opportunity to recover Gibraltar, which had been controlled by the British for more than two centuries. In June, Franco suddenly sent troops to occupy Tangier. At that time, Tangier was an area ruled by Germany, Italy, Britain and France. Before Franco took this military action, he only informed Germany and Italy, but not Britain and France. Then Franco put forward the slogan of recovering Gibraltar.
194 1 In June, Hitler attacked the Soviet Union. Franco was carried away by Hitler's victory, expressed his full support for Hitler's actions, and asked Germany to allow the Spanish Phalangist volunteers to participate in the war against the Soviet Union in return for Germany's brotherly assistance to Spain from 65438 to 1939. At this point, Franco still has a way out. Externally, he just announced that Spain had changed from a neutral country to a non-belligerent country. For Germany, he stressed that "Spain's sending volunteers does not mean taking part in the war on Germany's side. In fact, Franco organized a "Blue Division" composed of Parker party member, put on German clothes and went to the Soviet Union to fight. By 1943, Franco immediately adjusted Spain's foreign policy, declared Spain neutral from a "non-belligerent country" and ordered the recall of the "Blue Division" fighting in the Soviet Union.
After World War II, Franco still pursued his reign of terror at home. Political parties other than the Phalangist Party, especially the party member Productive Party and the Socialist Party, were searched, imprisoned and even executed, and castrated and hanged (it was not cancelled until 1963). Franco's terrible tyrannical rule aroused strong dissatisfaction all over the world. 1946 12. The United Nations adopted a resolution recommending that all United Nations Member States recall their ambassadors from Spain, and decided not to accept Spain as a member of the United Nations in the future as long as the current system is maintained. Faced with this international isolation, Franco announced an isolated economic policy of closing the country to the outside world, launched a campaign against Jews and all foreigners at home, banned signs with foreign characters in public places, and encouraged the use of domestic products. 1947, Franco signed the Law on the Succession of Heads of State, declaring Spain a constitutional kingdom, which stipulated that Franco had the right to designate and recall the heir of the king.
In foreign policy, since the United States and the Soviet Union began to move towards the Cold War, Franco began to use the contradiction between the United States and the Soviet Union to promote the pro-American policy and expressed his willingness to provide military bases to the United States. From 65438 to 0953, Franco signed the Spanish-American Agreement with the United States. According to this agreement, Spain provided the United States with four military bases on land, sea and air. So as to obtain economic and technical assistance from the United States and break the United Nations sanctions against Spain. Relying on the strength and influence of the United States, Franco has a broader space for diplomatic activities. Franco has also been looking for opportunities to improve relations with Britain and France in order to strengthen his bargaining chip with the United States. 1963, the term of validity of the Spanish-American agreement 10 expires, and the extension clause shall be re-discussed as required. At this time, the relationship between the United States and France was very tense, and Franco took this opportunity to develop relations with France. The two sides have frequent foreign affairs activities, members have exchanged visits, issued joint communiques and signed agreements on joint air and sea exercises. The purpose of this is to prepare for the extension of the negotiations on the Spanish-American Agreement. Almost all of Spain's demands were reflected in the extension agreement signed by 1963. Through this agreement, Spain has received more than $4 billion in aid. Franco also used these dollars to buy advanced American weapons and arm the Spanish army. In the 1970s, Spain was one of the six countries that imported the most weapons in the world.
Franco maintained the last fascist dictatorship in the world for nearly 40 years. In addition to tyranny, he also took some flexible appeasement measures. After brutally suppressing the people's anti-dictatorship movement, he often made some concessions. For example, it is forbidden to dismiss regular workers, establish a more developed social insurance system, prohibit the expulsion of tenant farmers from land, reduce sentences or pardon political prisoners. Franco practiced the fascist dictatorship of combining hard and soft, which lasted until 1975, that is, 1654381October 20th. At the age of 83, Franco died of a recurrence of coronary heart disease. Franco was in pain when he died. His personal doctor had to put his finger down his throat and dig out the blood clot that choked him. He said to the doctor, "It's hard to die." After Franco's death, some people in China celebrated with champagne. The streets are empty and silent, and people's long-standing grievances are poured into this emptiness and tranquility. Albiti, one of the most famous contemporary poets in Spain, said: "The greatest executioner in Spanish history died, and the fire in hell killed him, which is not enough to avenge him." . However, the then American President Ford was saddened by his death and thought that Franco had experienced a meaningful era in Spanish history.