Because of this, in order to maintain the purity of Xia culture and political order, they moved out? Respect the king and oppose the foreign countries? Slogan, hope to rebuild order, * * * to resist foreign invasion.
Although the order at that time depended on the reorganization of the overlord, the pledge between countries was also an indispensable basis of mutual trust to stabilize the order. We have seen the frequency and importance of vows in the Spring and Autumn Period, and there are also many cases of alliances with other nationalities.
Although the oath played a certain role in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, in the troubled times of war, such binding force was still insufficient. What has Mencius thought of? The Spring and Autumn War is meaningless? Not to mention the Warring States period.
Then, even the Central Plains countries may not be able to keep their vows. Can Xia Guo's alliance with foreign countries keep each other at peace?
The superiority of China culture
The Xia people in the Central Plains want the border to be stable, so they need to form an alliance with the Rongdi tribe in order to survive peacefully. Such as the alliance between Lu and Rong Liqian in Tang Dynasty; Although Qi, Yu Xing and others yearned for peace in the form of an oath, it is doubtful whether they respected Xia Guo in the Central Plains.
Judging from the example of Lu Xianggong's decision to form an alliance with Rong in the fourth year, I am afraid this is a policy to protect the summer. Jin Hou originally thought? Let the emperor be greedy and have no relatives, why not cut it? However, after listening to Jiang Wei's advice, he accepted the alliance with Zhu Rong. After that, the state of Jin met princes in nine times in eight years, and both Rong Di and princes surrendered to the state of Jin, showing a state of peace.
Jiang Wei didn't put forward his own point of view from the perspective of Zhu Rong, but thought that it would be unwise to lose Zhu Xia (Chen Guo) if Zhu Rong was captured like an animal.
It can be seen that even if Zhu Xia is willing to form an alliance with these non-Chinese ethnic groups, his views on them may not always be positive.
Threatened by countries such as Rongdi, Qin Chu and wuyue, Huaxia proposed to seek mutual protection and cooperation? Huaxia? 、? Zhu Xia? Slogan. This is a manifestation of giving full play to one's own group consciousness against the aliens, and Zhu Xia gradually determined his own cultural consciousness by distinguishing the aliens.
Qi Huangong? Respect the king and oppose the foreign countries? The alliance will determine hegemony, which deepens the formation of China people's consciousness. Huaxia consciousness not only became the basis of Xia's identity, but also emphasized the superiority of culture: only barbarians would have behaviors that were not suitable for Xia culture.
Although Xia Dynasty was full of discrimination against neighboring barbarian countries, in order to protect the security of Huaxia nation, it was necessary to enter into an oath with non-Huaxia nations, and if necessary, Huaxia nation also needed to unite into an alliance to jointly fight against foreign enemies.
For a hegemonic country, not participating in the Covenant will not only be punished, but also be regarded as a barbarian. Qi died successfully, only in the Spring and Autumn Period? Martyr? Because Qi did not form an alliance and adopted barbarian rites, so the book said? Son? No, the title
In addition to observing the oath, the occasion of the oath should also abide by the rules and rituals, otherwise it will be regarded as a barbarian. For example, Qilu will be in the buccal valley. Originally, the kings of the two countries bowed down to the altar, but at this moment, the Qi people got up and shouted to hold Lu Jun hostage. Therefore, Confucius laughed at Qi and said: What's the use of two kings being in harmony with each other and being the people of the righteous emperor? ?
What's in China in the Central Plains? My family standard? Superiority is a psychological phenomenon of cultural identity, which may have little to do with facts. Before Fu Cha, the prince of Wu, came to attack the Imperial Pool of the Alliance, the border troops were in an emergency. The prince is worried about whether to join the alliance. Sun Luo suggested that the king of Wu must join the alliance and strive for the position of alliance leader. As long as the prince of Wu gathers morale, the state of Jin will let the state of Wu defeat the enemy without fighting.
It can be seen that Wu did not feel inferior when he met Kim, the representative of China. The identity of the State of Wu itself makes them fearless about the State of Jin, and this cohesion is backed by force.
However, Spring and Autumn Annals? Jin Hou and Woods of the gang are in Huangchi. ? Or do you have a demeaning view of Wu? As long as you have the noble morality of Chinese culture, the order of vows is not worth arguing about.
Similarly, in the Song League, Chu finally won the championship and took the lead in bleeding when concluding the oath, not because he agreed with Chu, but as Uncle Xiang said: the power of the husband is not in the first place. ? Based on its own sense of cultural superiority, Zhu Xia's alliance with other nationalities or even its second place will not affect their glory as a member of Chinese civilization.
Although Zhu Xia thinks he has a higher culture than the foreigners around him, it is not uncommon to betray the alliance. Faced with the chaotic situation, all countries have a strong desire to pursue prosperity and self-protection. Letter? With what? A gift? After all, moral constraints can't stop the later alliance from breaking the contract.
So in Zuozhuan, about? Two? There is a lot of discussion, mainly to show that both China and non-China countries have two hearts to participate in the alliance. Of course, not only in the alliance, but also the rebellion of ministers against the country and the king.
Attitudes of non-Chinese ethnic groups towards vows
After the rise of Qin, Chu, Wu and Yue, they naturally came into contact with Xia culture in the Central Plains by forming an alliance or fighting with Xia.
In war or diplomatic occasions, it can be found that non-Chinese people used the same way and language when communicating with Xia Dynasty. For example, in the minds of Chu people, Zhou Chenger and Wang Erwang are the objects they imitate, and they regard the success or failure of Shang and Zhou as the training criterion.
Intellectuals of Chu State are very proficient in Chinese etiquette, the most famous example of which is Ji Zha, the son of Wu State. His mission to Lu showed his mastery of China's rites and music, and all countries spoke to the king, especially giving swords to friends to sweep their graves.
All these examples show that in order to win the recognition of Chinese countries, non-Chinese ethnic groups may sometimes behave more culturally than Chinese? Huaxia? .
Judging from the ancestral legends of Qin, Chu, Wu and Yue, it is one of the ways to identify with each other that there is a * * * common ancestor origin for Huaxia and marginal aliens. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Qin, Chu, Wu, Yue, Quanrong and Miao were all descendants of the Yellow Emperor, and they shared a common ethnic origin with China. Regardless of whether these ancestral memories were created by themselves or imagined by China in the Central Plains, those ethnic groups that were originally regarded as barbarians by China clung to the same ancestral lineage. The Yellow Emperor became a member of China.
However, climbing is not a one-way street? Edge? Where to? Core? Imitation is also China's clinging to foreign culture. For example, Wang Wuling of Zhao? Khufu rides a horse and shoots? Although the reform is aimed at developing military power, it still has special significance, which also shows that strong military power in the Warring States period is the primary task of the monarch to govern the country. At this point, the quality of China culture seems less important.
From the perspective of alliances and vows, what are those in the eyes of summer? Barbarians? , there are few opportunities to participate in the alliance, but with their strong force and rise, they not only have the ability to convene the Xia League, but also compare themselves to be a glorious part of China.
If the prince of Wu wants to compete with the State of Jin for the position of the leader, the State of Jin will only put down its posture euphemistically because of the powerful force of the State of Wu, and when the alliance joins, the prince of Wu will be the first to kill blood, followed by the State of Jin, and finally the prince of Wu will be willing to worship Zhou Wang and unite with the State of Xia? Brotherland? Pacify Chu.
It can be seen that when Qin, Chu, Wu and Yue dominated the country, they all made an alliance with the brotherly countries and vowed to pretend to be brothers, taking it as their duty to protect Zhou Tianzi and He. However, with the gradual spread of fraud, the oath is completely non-binding.
For example, Chu wants to attack Zheng in the north. Zi thinks this is a violation of the Covenant and absolutely impossible, but Zi thinks that as long as attacking the enemy is profitable, who cares about the oath! Finally, do you understand? Inevitably? Evaluation; On the other hand, Qin Mugong, the Chu people, destroyed Jiang Guo, so Qin Mugong refused to give a banquet, so this gentleman sang poems in praise of Mu Gong.
The final comments of these two examples, seemingly contradictory, actually reflect that the oath of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period can no longer bind all countries.
Although countries claiming to be Chinese discriminate against non-Chinese people because of their cultural superiority, they must form an alliance with non-Chinese people under realistic consideration.
However, it cannot be concluded that China countries have regarded them as a part of China. Even though Qin, Chu, Wu and Yue, who are not Chinese, have claimed to be the overlord alliance, they have to emphasize from time to time that they and China are brotherly countries.
Of course, Chinese countries are happy to see the achievements of non-Chinese ethnic groups in learning Chinese culture, and also give positive praise. However, after a deep study, what China countries admire is actually a set of values based on China culture. Ironically, China countries with aristocratic culture often break their contracts.
Countries that were originally regarded as barbarians, such as Chu, Qin and wuyue, have all become powerful, posing a great threat to the Central Plains countries. Therefore, in the competition with each other, people no longer abide by the past etiquette norms, which also announced the arrival of a new era.