Meaning: China's modernization, also known as modernization, refers to the process from the middle of19th century, under the influence of various factors, China's ideology, economy and politics began to get rid of the feudal shackles and move towards the social form under the production of big machines, including economic industrialization. Political democratization and legalization; Modernization and ideological and cultural progress. Economic industrialization is the core, political modernization is the guarantee and ideological modernization is the premise. The contents of Senior Minister 1859 by Hong Rengan, a peasant class: strengthen centralization and oppose self-reliant factions; Learn from the west and set up modern industrial and mining enterprises and transportation industry; Reward technological inventions and establish new schools; Free trade, cultural exchange and equal foreign exchange. Evaluation: It has a distinctive color of capitalism, and it is the earliest proposition put forward by advanced intellectuals in China to develop capitalism in China. Landlord class 1. Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan (learning from foreigners to control foreigners) The resistance in the Opium War (1840 ~ 1842) 2. Westernization Movement (19, 1960s-90s) Center content: training equipment l to establish modern military industry "self-improvement": 1865 Li Hongzhang Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration (the largest) l to establish modern civil industry "seeking wealth": 1872 Li Hongzhang Shanghai Shipping Investment Promotion Bureau (the first) l to educate talents. 1863 Shanghai Guangdong pavilion l: the influence of three naval divisions: Beiyang, Nanyang and Fujian; Disadvantages: It is impossible to learn from China on the road of independence and prosperity; China's culture and westernization are active: 1) Modern scientific production technology was introduced, and technicians and some bureaucrats, landlords and businessmen were trained to invest in modern industry, which objectively stimulated the role of capitalism in China and took the first step of China's modernization. 2) Resisted the expansion of foreign economic forces. 3) Opened the gap in the reform of feudal education system. 3. New Deal in the Late Qing Dynasty 190 1 Content: Economy: Industry should be rewarded, so that provinces can set up chambers of commerce and Daqing Bank. Military: training the new army and destroying the old army. Culture and education: establish new schools, send overseas students and abolish the imperial examination system 1905. Custom: Marriage between Manchu and Han is allowed, and foot-binding by women is not encouraged. Evaluation: 1. The landlord class's self-help movement l The Qing government didn't really carry out reforms, but just put on a facade to maintain the mess. The launch of the diehard forces led by Empress Dowager Cixi, the teacher of the New Deal, was forced to save the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty and safeguard the interests of the great powers in China under the situation of the rising bourgeois revolution. It not only lacks patriotic enthusiasm, but also is reactionary and backward, which has played an objective role in promoting China's modernization. 2. Abolishing the imperial examination, promoting learning and other modern reform movements have played a considerable role in changing the social atmosphere. L compiled and trained new troops, but many new troops became an important force to overthrow the Qing Dynasty under the propaganda and encouragement of the bourgeois revolutionary party. L set up new schools and sent students to study abroad, but as a result, a large number of new intellectuals appeared, who played an important role in the bourgeois democratic revolution. L is conducive to promoting the development of capitalist economy. Bourgeois1.65438+70s, China's national capitalist economy came into being. At the end of 19, the national bourgeoisie began to enter the political arena. 2. Reformists: 1898 The Reform Movement of 1898: Abolish the idle overlapping institutions and the parasitic privileges of flag-bearers; Establish the General Administration of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, the Translation Bureau and the General Administration of Railways and Minerals; Allow subjects to write stories, abolish stereotyped writing, set up schools and reward scientific works and inventions. Influence: It played the role of ideological enlightenment in society and greatly promoted the spread of bourgeois revolutionary ideas. 3. Revolutionary faction: 19 1 1 Xinhai Revolution Content: Sun Yat-sen put forward the Three People's Principles and advocated overthrowing feudal monarchy by violence and establishing bourgeois democracy. Impact: 1. In 2000, the feudal autocratic monarchy system was ended, the concept of * * * was deeply rooted in people's hearts, and there was a trend of political democratization. 2. It caused the change of ideas, broke some feudal customs and habits, and promoted the development of ideological emancipation and life modernization in China. 3. The upsurge of entrepreneurship has arisen. 4. In the world, Europe still retains many monarchies, and Asia is still dominated by monarchies. However, China has established a * * * peace system, which has far-reaching influence. Golden Age 19 14 ~ 19 Background: 1. The Revolution of 1911 overthrew feudal autocracy and established the Republic of China, which created favorable conditions for the development of Chinese national capitalism in a difficult situation. Nanjing Provisional Government promulgated a series of policies and decrees to protect and reward industry and commerce. The Beiyang warlord government also made a series of statements to encourage the development of capitalism. 2. Many businessmen and capitalists set up various industrial groups in the hope of "saving the country through industry". 3. 19 15 The large-scale boycott of Japanese goods also supported the development of national capitalist industry and commerce. 4. After the outbreak of World War I, the European powers temporarily relaxed their control over the China market, which stimulated the rapid transfer of China's original commercial capital and private capital to industrial capital.