Direct cause: Humen destroyed opium.
Roots: British colonialism, in order to develop monopoly capitalism, opened the colonial market, dumped British industrial products and plundered cheap industrial raw materials from developing countries.
Course: The first stage: from the British blockade of the Pearl River Estuary to the signing of "Chuanbi Cao Yue" (1840).
The second stage: from the Qing government's declaration of war on Britain to the signing of the Guangzhou Peace Treaty.
The third stage: British invasion and expansion and the signing of treaty of nanking. (1842, the war is over)
Results: The defeat of the Qing government was the first unequal treaty in China's modern history.
Impact:
(1) Politically, after the Opium War, China's territorial, territorial, judicial, customs and trade sovereignty began to be seriously damaged, and it gradually became a semi-colony from an independent country.
② Economically: Before the Opium War, China was dominated by a self-sufficient natural economy. After the Opium War, with the dumping of products in China and the acquisition of agricultural and sideline products such as silk and tea in China, China was gradually involved in the world market. China's natural economy gradually disintegrated and began to enter a semi-feudal society. This has objectively promoted the development of China's commodity economy and contributed to the rise of China's national capitalism.
(3) Class relations: the huge expenses during the Opium War and the war reparations to Britain were eventually added to the people. At the same time, the extortion and exploitation of corrupt officials and local tyrants further intensified the already sharp class contradictions and promoted the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement.
④ Ideological and cultural aspects: After the Opium War, some intellectuals began to abandon old ideas, pay attention to the world, seek new knowledge, and seek ways to strengthen the country against aggression, thus sprouting a new ideological trend of learning from the West, which had a certain impact on feudal thoughts.
⑤ Social contradiction: With the change of social nature, the main contradiction in China society has changed from the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class to the contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation, feudalism and the masses of the people. China entered the period of anti-aggression and anti-feudalism in the old democratic revolution.
The Second Opium War (1856- 1860)
This is the first joint invasion of China by the British and French bourgeoisie. 1856 ~ 1860 (Xianfeng six to ten years), the war of aggression against China jointly launched by Britain and France with the support of Russia and the United States. It was named because its essence was the continuation and expansion of the Opium War, also known as the war between Britain and France.
background
After the First Opium War, western capitalist powers invaded China one after another. However, they are not satisfied with the privileges and benefits they have obtained, and deliberately step up their violation of China's sovereignty and economic plunder. 1854, the 12th anniversary of the signing of treaty of nanking. Britain misinterpreted the provisions of the Wang Xia Treaty 12 years later that trade and sea areas could be slightly changed, invoked the MFN clause, and demanded a comprehensive revision of the treaty of nanking from the Qing government. The main contents are as follows: trade throughout China, legalization of opium trade, exemption of import and export goods from customs duties, and the presence of foreign minister in Beijing. France and the United States also requested to amend the treaty respectively. The Qing government refused and the negotiations were fruitless. 1856, the Wang Xia treaty expired for 12 years. With the support of Britain and France, the United States once again asked for a comprehensive revision of the treaty, but it was still rejected by the Qing government. Therefore, the western powers are determined to launch a new war of aggression against China. It was the spring of 2008, and the Crimean War was over. With the victory of Britain and France, more troops were transferred to China. Russia was defeated and tried to make up for the loss by invading China. The United States actively expanded outward and adopted the policy of collaborating with Britain and France to invade China.
process
1856 10 British colonialists used the Yarrow Incident to make excuses for the war. Arrow is a China ship. It was registered with the British authorities in Hong Kong for smuggling, but it has expired. 10 10 On 8 October, the Guangdong navy arrested several pirates and suspected sailors aboard the Yarrow. This is purely an internal affair of China and has nothing to do with Britain. At the behest of the British Ambassador to China, the British acting consul in Guangzhou wrote to the Governor of Guangdong and Hong Kong, Ye, saying that the Arrow was a British ship, and fabricated a story that China soldiers insulted the British flag flying on the ship, demanding the release of the arrested persons and apologizing. At first, Ye Chenming argued, but later compromised and sent all the prisoners to the British consulate. 10 year 10 on 23rd, the British ship suddenly broke into the estuary of Humen and attacked the battery along the Pearl River, flagrantly provoking a war of aggression. Then, the British army shelled Guangzhou and once invaded the inner city. The local soldiers and civilians bravely resisted. Due to the shortage of troops, the British army was forced to withdraw from the Pearl River inland river in June 1857+ 10, waiting for reinforcements.
In order to expand the war of aggression, 1857, in March, the British government appointed former Canadian Governor Erkin as the plenipotentiary to lead a navy and army to China. At the same time, I ask the French government to send troops jointly. Earlier, France was negotiating with China on the basis of "Father Ma incident" (also known as "Xilin religious case"). The so-called "Father Ma incident" refers to a case in which a French Catholic priest, Male, illegally entered the mainland of China, and was executed in Xilin County, Guangxi in February 1856. This case is not closed yet. 1857, the French government used this as an excuse to invade China, appointed Gro as the plenipotentiary, and led troops to China to coordinate with the British army.
1857 65438+In February, more than 5,600 British and French invaders (including French troops 1000) gathered at the mouth of the Pearl River to prepare for a massive attack. American envoy Li Weilian and Russian envoy Pu Yating also arrived in Hongkong, conspiring with Britain and France to invade China. At that time, the Qing government was trying its best to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Nian Army uprising, and it was "difficult to pay" to adopt a policy of "focusing on soldiers" against foreign invaders. Ye faithfully carried out the policies of the Qing government and did not fight for them. 12 On February 28th, the British and French allied forces shelled Guangzhou and landed to attack the city. Du Tonglai Village, Qian Zong Deng Anbang and others led the troops to resist tenaciously and fell the next day. Bai Gui, the governor of Guangdong Province, and General Guangzhou surrendered in Fengtian. Driven by the enemy, they continued to hold their original posts under the supervision of the "Coalition Committee" headed by Parkes. Ye Chenming was captured by the invading army and later sent to Calcutta. During the occupation of Guangzhou by the invading army, the local people waged an indomitable anti-imperialist struggle. Yimin near Guangzhou set up Yingyong Bureau in Foshan Town, gathering tens of thousands of people to resist and destroy the enemy. Patriotic compatriots in Hong Kong and Macao also went on strike to protest.
After the fall of Guangzhou, the invaders of the four countries conspired to continue northward in order to pose a direct threat to the Qing government. 1858 in April, the ministers of Britain, France, Russia and the United States successively led ships to Dagukou and sent notes to the Qing government respectively, demanding the appointment of plenipotentiaries for negotiations. Russia and the United States also expressed their willingness to act as mediators. Emperor Xianfeng ordered the Qing army to fortify Tianjin and Dagu Lake, and at the same time sent Tan Tingxiang, governor of Zhili, as an imperial envoy to negotiate in Dagu Lake, and pinned his hopes on the so-called "mediation" of Russian and American envoys. The British and French aggressors did not have the sincerity to negotiate, but only used it to delay time and step up military preparations. On May 20th, British and French warships shelled Dagu Fort. The Qing army stationed in each battery fought back and launched a fierce battle with the enemy. However, Tan Ting and others had no fighting spirit, followed the wind, the battery facilities were rudimentary, and Otani fell. On the 26th, British and French forces invaded the suburbs of Tianjin and threatened to attack Beijing. The Qing government quickly sent Gui Liang, a university student, and Hua Shana, a senior official of the official department, as imperial envoys to Tianjin for peace talks. Under the intimidation of the British and French aggressors, Gui Liang and others concluded the Tianjin Treaty with Britain and France on June 26th and 27th respectively.
Article 56 of Sino-British Tianjin Treaty, with annex; The Sino-French Tianjin Treaty consists of 42 articles, with about 6 articles attached. The main contents are as follows: ① the minister is stationed in Beijing; Niuzhuang (later renamed Yingkou), Dengzhou (later renamed Yantai), Taiwan Province Province (later renamed Tainan), Danshui, Chaozhou (later renamed Shantou), Qiongzhou, Hankou, Jiujiang, Nanjing and Zhenjiang were turned into trading ports; (3) allowing foreign missionaries to enter the mainland to preach freely; (4) Foreigners should travel and trade in the Mainland; ⑤ Foreign merchant ships can sail in the Yangtze River port; ⑥ Revise the tariff and reduce the tonnage tax of merchant ships; All landowners to Britain four million and two thousand silver, two million and two thousand silver to France.
Prior to this, Russian and American envoys used the status of "transferor" to sign the Sino-Russian Tianjin Treaty 12 and the Sino-American Tianjin Treaty 30 with the Qing government in June 13 and June 18 respectively, and seized almost the same aggression privileges as those obtained by Britain and France except compensation. Paragraph 9 of the Sino-Russian Tianjin Treaty also specifically stipulates that the two countries will send personnel to explore the "previously undefined border" and "make sure to bring the border clearing into this peace treaty" so as to solve it in the future, thus laying the groundwork for China to be further plundered by Russia.
After the Tianjin Treaty was signed, the British and French allied forces withdrew from Tianjin, and the coastal roads went south one after another. Emperor Xianfeng was worried about the content of the treaty at this time, which made Gui Liang and others negotiate with the representatives of Britain and France to amend the Tianjin Treaty, cancel the terms of envoys' stay in Beijing, inland travel and Neijiang trade, and tried to prevent Britain and France from changing the treaty in Beijing. 165438+ 10. In October, Gui Liang and other representatives of Britain, France and the United States signed the Treaty on Trade Regulations, which legalized the so-called opium trade; Customs levies 100% tax on the hourly value of import and export goods; Foreign goods are transported and sold in the mainland, only paying 2.5% sub-tax, and all domestic taxes are exempted; Hire an Englishman to help with customs and taxes. However, Britain and France cannot change the terms of the Tianjin Treaty, but insist on changing the contract in Beijing.
The British and French governments were far from satisfied with the privileges seized from the Tianjin Treaty, and deliberately used the opportunity of exchanging contracts to provoke war again. 1In June, 859, British Minister Proust, French Minister Brun and American Minister John Eliott Ward, after rejecting Gui Liang's proposal to exchange contracts in Shanghai, respectively led their fleets to Dagukou in an attempt to deter the Qing government from exchanging the ratification documents of the Tianjin Treaty by force. The Qing government fortified Dagu and ordered Hengfu, the governor of Zhili, to send a note to the British and French envoys, specifying to land in Beitang and go to Beijing to change the contract via Tianjin. Their entourage shall not exceed 20 people and shall not carry weapons. The British and French envoys flatly rejected the arrangement of the Qing government and insisted on returning to Beijing by the fleet through Dagukou. 1858 After the British and French fleets retreated, the Qing government put Prince Horqin in charge of the defense of Dagu area. On June 25, the British and French allied forces suddenly attacked Dagu Fort. Under the command of monk Qin, the defenders fought bravely and the battle was extremely fierce. Shi Rongchun, the magistrate of Zhili, and Ruyuan, the deputy commander of the Drum Club, took the lead and were killed successively. As a result of fierce fighting, the British and French allied forces were defeated, losing many ships, killing more than 400 people, and the commander of the British fleet, Herb, was also seriously injured. In the battle, the American fleet helped the British and French troops retreat. In August, American special envoy John Eliott Ward went to Beijing from Beitang in disguise. After returning to Beitang, he exchanged the ratification of Tianjin Treaty with Hengfu, governor of Zhili. Prior to this, the Russian representative had changed the contract in Beijing.
News of the disastrous attack on Dagu by the British and French allied forces spread to Europe, and the ruling class in Britain and France set off an uproar of war, clamoring for "massive revenge" and "occupation of the capital" against China. 1February 860, the British and French imperialist authorities re-appointed Erkin and Gro as plenipotentiaries respectively, leading15,000 British troops and 7,000 French troops to expand the war of aggression against China. In April, the British and French allied forces occupied Zhoushan. In May and June, the British invaders occupied Dalian Bay, while the French invaders occupied Yantai and blocked the Bohai Bay as a forward base for attacking Dagukou. Russian special envoy ignatieff and American special envoy John Eliott Ward also arrived in Bohai Bay in July, and once again cooperated with Britain and France in the war of aggression against China in the name of "mediators". After the victory of Dagu Campaign, the Qing government dreamed of making peace with British and French imperialism. When the British and French warships approached Dagu Haikou, Emperor Xianfeng also instructed Sengqin and Hengfu not to "make peace after the war first" in order to avoid "the war will last until the end" and "the care bureau is always important", and sent Hengfu to negotiate with the British and French envoys. Former enemy commander-in-chief monk Lin Qinqin thought that the enemy was not good at land warfare, so he devoted himself to Dagu and gave up Beitang defense, giving the enemy an opportunity. Ignatieff provided Britain and France with unsuspecting information about Beitang.
1 In August, the British and French allied forces landed in Beitang without any resistance. 14, Tanggu was captured. Then the land and water cooperated to attack the fortress on the north bank of Dagu. Under the command of Le Shan, the governor of Zhili, the Qing army guarding Taiwan fought bravely. However, the Qing government did not have the determination to resist Japan, and Emperor Xianfeng ordered Sengqin to leave the camp and retreat. The Qing army fled Dagu and retreated to Tongzhou (now Tongxian County, Beijing) via Tianjin. On August 2 1, Dagu fell. The invading army entered and occupied Tianjin on the 24th. The Qing government urgently sent Gui Liang to Tianjin to make peace. Britain and France proposed that in addition to fully accepting the Tianjin Treaty, Tianjin should be opened as a trading port, compensation should be increased, and thousands of troops from various countries should be sent to Beijing to exchange contracts. The Qing government refused and the negotiations broke down. The invading army invaded Beijing from Tianjin.
The Qing government sent Zai Yuan, Prince of Harmony, and Yin Mu, Minister of War, instead of Gui Liang, to make peace in Tongzhou. The negotiations broke down again because of the dispute between the two sides. /kloc-in September of 0/8, the British and French invaders captured Tongzhou. On 2 1 day, the Qing army and the British and French allied forces launched a fierce battle at Baliqiao, and the commander-in-chief monk Qin and others took the lead in fleeing. The invading army burned and looted all the way, plundering the precious cultural relics, gold and silver jewelry in Yuanmingyuan, which was operated by the Qing court for a long time, and completely burned the buildings in the park. 101On October 24th and 25th, Yixin exchanged the ratification documents of Tianjin Treaty with Erjin and Ge Luo respectively, and concluded the unequal Beijing Treaty between China, Britain and France.
The main contents of the Beijing Treaty between China, Britain and France include: ① opening Tianjin as a commercial port; (2) Allow Britain and France to recruit Chinese workers to go abroad; (3) ceding Kowloon to Britain; (4) Return the previously confiscated Catholic assets. The French side also added to the Chinese contract without authorization: "and served as a French missionary, renting and buying fields in various provinces and building their own houses"; (5) The so-called military compensation in Britain and France has been raised to 8 million and 2 million respectively, with a pension of 502,000 in Britain and 202,000 in France.
Russia has made great contributions to the "mediation", forcing Yixin to conclude the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty in June +065438+10/October 14, 5438, occupying about 400,000 square kilometers of China territory east of the Wusuli River, creating a treaty basis for further plundering the western territory of China. 1864, Russia forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-Russian Northwest Border Treaty. It also divided and occupied more than 440,000 square kilometers of China territory east of Balakash Pool.
At this point, the second opium war ended.
affect
It made China lose more sovereignty and territory, and took another step towards semi-colonial road.
Among them, the legalization of opium trade, Chinese workers going abroad and allowing foreigners to preach in the mainland have intensified social contradictions in China;
After the Second Opium War, foreign imperialist aggression forces entered Chinese mainland from the southeast coast and expanded day by day.
The foreign minister in Beijing strengthened his influence and control over the Qing government.
The degree of semi-colonization of China society has greatly deepened.
The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China began in the 1970s, and the major capitalist countries in the world successively transitioned to the stage of imperialism (that is, in terms of aggression mode, commodities were mainly exported during the Opium War, and capital was exported after the 1970s). However, Japan, which embarked on the capitalist road after the Meiji Restoration, attempted to invade China as a springboard to further invade China. The Sino-Japanese War broke out.
Sino-Japanese War (1894— 1895) and treaty of shimonoseki (1895).
1. Background of the Sino-Japanese War
(1) Long-planned: Japan has long planned to invade South Korea, which is an established national policy of Japan. As early as the Meiji Restoration, Japan established "military power" and expansion as the highest national policy, and actively expanded its army to prepare for war. Before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Japan had built a modern navy and army. When Japan made all preparations to launch a war of aggression, it tried its best to create an excuse to launch a war. To this end, Japanese Foreign Minister Luo Zongguang secretly ordered the ambassador to the DPRK: "Promoting the Sino-Japanese conflict is an urgent task at present and can be implemented by any means." Therefore, North Korea became an ideal springboard for invading China.
(2) Dongxue Party Uprising-Opportunity:1In the spring of 894, Dongxue Party Uprising broke out in North Korea. The King of Korea was very alarmed and asked the suzerain-China and the Qing government to send troops to help suppress it. The Japanese invaders also sent troops into Korea on the grounds of protecting Japanese nationals living in Korea. To create trouble for launching a war of aggression, war is imminent.
(3) China's attitude: It coincides with the 60th birthday celebration of Empress Dowager Cixi and does not want to be disappointed by the war; And Li Hongzhang also wants to avoid the war and protect the ship (he has painstakingly managed beiyang fleet for nearly 20 years). In a word, China is passive. This attitude is extremely harmful, because it will lead to the Qing government not actively preparing for war.
In this case, in July of 1894, the Japanese army attacked China's troop carrier in the waters near Toyoshima, North Korea, which started the war. In August, the Qing government was forced to declare war on Japan. That year was the Sino-Japanese War, so it was called the Sino-Japanese War.
2. Important battles
From the analysis of the background of the war just now, it can be seen that the Japanese side has been planning for a long time and is actively preparing for war, while the Qing government has not actively prepared for war. Avoid war in wartime for peace, avoid war for protecting ships, and passively resist. This led directly to the withdrawal of China's troops.
The war lasted less than a year, and there were mainly four battles-two marines and two naval battles. Land war-battles in Pyongyang and Liaodong. In the battle of Pyongyang, China ran 500 miles across the Yalu River, and Pyongyang fell. In the Liaodong Campaign, Japan landed from Huayuankou, quickly occupied Dalian and Lushun, and carried out a terrible massacre in Lushun. Naval Battle-Battle of the Yellow Sea and Battle of Weihai. In the naval battle of the Yellow Sea, under the condition of equal strength between China and Japan, beiyang fleet voluntarily retreated to Ahava Port out of the policy of avoiding the war and protecting the ship and compromising and surrendering, and lost the right to control the sea in the Yellow Sea, which made it in a passive position in future battles. In the battle of Weihai, beiyang fleet was completely annihilated, China was defeated, and the war ended with the signing of1treaty of shimonoseki in April, 895.
3. The signing of treaty of shimonoseki and its influence.
We can analyze the harm and influence of treaty of shimonoseki by analyzing its contents.
(1) Land cession: Taiwan Province Province, Penghu Islands and their affiliated islands were ceded, which destroyed the territorial integrity of China; Taiwan Province Province was separated from the embrace of the motherland for 50 years, and it was not until 1945 that the Japanese defeated Taiwan Province Province that they returned to the embrace of the motherland. Even Japan, which has just embarked on the capitalist road, can get land from China, not to mention other western countries whose strength is far above Japan. So the ceded land greatly stimulated the appetite of the great powers to carve up China. Therefore, after the signing of treaty of shimonoseki, the great powers set off a frenzy to carve up China and divide their own "spheres of influence" in China.
(2) Indemnity: 220 million silver was paid to the Japanese military, which is the largest amount of compensation since treaty of nanking, equivalent to the fiscal revenue of the Qing government for three years, which is undoubtedly a very big financial burden. In order to pay reparations, the Qing government stepped up its search for domestic people and borrowed foreign debts. The reason why big countries agree to borrow foreign debts is that it attaches many political terms, such as taking government tariffs as collateral, which enables big countries to control China's economic lifeline. In addition, the original treaty included the cession of Liaodong Peninsula, but due to the triple interference of Russia, Germany and France, Japan was forced to agree to return Liaodong Peninsula to China, but extorted 30 million yuan from the Qing government in exchange.
(3) Open trade: open Suzhou and Hangzhou, which is the richest area in China; In addition, Shashi and Chongqing were opened, belonging to the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River. As a result, the aggressive forces of the great powers went further into the inland of China, and China lost its inland navigation rights and opened two new inland navigation routes, further deepening the semi-colonization of China.
(4) Setting up factories: The Japanese were allowed to set up factories in China, which confirmed the legitimacy of the export of imperialist capital from the treaty, which was unprecedented. Opening the factory to the sales market will undoubtedly greatly reduce the transportation cost of industrial products. In addition, foreign businessmen set up factories in China to manufacture goods without paying import taxes, inland transportation taxes and domestic taxes; However, the industrial products made in China were exploited by exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous fees, which destroyed national industries and seriously hindered the development of national industries in China.
Treaty of shimonoseki reflects the imperialist capital export and the aggressive demand of dividing up the world. The powers set off a frenzy to carve up China. The degree of semi-colonization of China society has greatly deepened.
4. The fighting spirit of the soldiers and civilians in China.
In the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, China's soldiers and civilians also showed the spirit of being fearless in times of crisis, risking their lives and forgetting their lives, bravely killing the enemy and fighting bravely. For example, in the battle of Pyongyang, Zuo Guibao, a Hui general of the Qing army, vowed to live and die with Pyongyang. After the gunner was killed, he personally lit the cannon and bombarded the Japanese army, and was finally killed by the cannon. In the Yellow Sea naval battle, Zhiyuan and Jingyuan led the officers and men of Deng Shichang and Lin Yongsheng to fight bravely and sank with the ship. When Taiwan Province Province became a Japanese colony, the soldiers and civilians of Taiwan Province Province also wrote an epic and glorious page for defending the sacred territory of the motherland. At the head of the national disaster, Xu Xiang, a righteous man in Taiwan Province Province, stepped forward and shouted, "The imperial court is unable to defend our Taiwan Province, but it is our people who may defend our Taiwan Province? Unity is a city where mountains can move and the sea can dry up. May my blood run out with me and my head break with me. I know I can't do anything in the end? " It shows the tenacious will and high patriotism to safeguard the territorial integrity of the motherland.
Allied invasion of China (1900) and the treaty of Xin Chou (190 1)
1. The Boxer Rebellion and Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China (Battle of boxer)
Boxer Movement: With the signing of treaty of shimonoseki, the great powers set off a frenzy to carve up China, and the anti-imperialist struggle of the people of China became increasingly high with the deepening of the national crisis. Shandong in China has become the sphere of influence of Britain, Germany and Japan, so Shandong has become the most acute contradiction between China people and foreign powers. Therefore, the Boxer Rebellion, with the anti-imperialist as its main goal, was first launched from Shandong, with the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries". Because the Boxer Rebellion had a broad mass base and was once supported by the Qing government, it developed rapidly in Zhili and Beijing and Tianjin, reaching its climax in the spring and summer of 1900.
Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China: 1900.6 Britain, the United States, Russia, Japan, France, Germany and Italy launched a war of aggression against China on the pretext of suppressing the Boxer Rebellion. Foreign powers repeatedly coerced the Qing government to suppress it. The allied forces led by British vice admiral Seymour invaded Beijing from Tianjin in the north, but suffered heavy losses in Langfang and returned to Tianjin. Later, in Tianjin, he was also bravely resisted by the Boxer Rebellion and the Qing army. After the allied forces strengthened their strength, they occupied Tianjin in July and set up the Dutong yamen in Tianjin. Later, in August of 1900, the Boxer Rebellion was jointly suppressed by Eight-Nation Alliance and the Qing government, and finally ended in failure. The headquarters of German commander Vadexi is located in the Forbidden City in Beijing.
2. The signing of the Xin Chou Treaty
(1) Indemnity: 450 million taels of silver, paid off in 39 years, with principal and interest of 980 million taels. Because this is the Boxer Rebellion and compensation, it is called "boxer indemnity". Huge compensation is an unprecedented large-scale extortion of China by the powers; In order to pay this huge compensation, the Qing government stepped up its search for the people, making their lives poorer and their social economy more depressed. The Qing government had to pay a large amount of foreign debts, and used China's customs duties and salt taxes as collateral, which made China's tax revenue controlled by foreign countries to a greater extent. Moreover, because prepayment was not allowed, China's economic lifeline was in the hands of foreign powers for a long time.
(2) "Embassy boundary": It is located in Dongjiaominxiang, Beijing, and China people are not allowed to live in the boundary, and countries send troops to guard it. This is actually not in line with the provisions of international law. According to international practice, the embassy should be protected by the country where the embassy is located. Therefore, the embassy circle has become a "country within a country", which is the base camp of imperialist planning to invade China. The foreign invaders controlled the Beijing-Tianjin area, making the Qing government completely under the control of foreign troops, so that the invaders could directly send troops to suppress the anti-imperialist struggle of the people of China.
(3) Punishment of officials in the Boxer Movement and the people of China: Punishment of officials who "opposed" the foreign powers in the Boxer Movement should never be used; The people of China are forbidden to form or join anti-imperialist organizations forever. In this way, the Qing government further became an accomplice of imperialism.
(4) Demolition of the fort near Beijing and Tianjin: The demolition of the fort from Beijing to Dagu greatly weakened the Qing government's ability to defend against the enemies of Beijing and Tianjin. Not only that, but also countries are allowed to send troops to strategic locations along the Jingshan Railway. In this way, the vast area from Beijing and Tianjin to Shanhaiguan was placed under the armed control of the great powers.
(5) Establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs: The Prime Minister's Office established in 1860s was changed to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which was the first of the six departments. This is more convenient for the Qing government to implement a traitorous foreign policy according to the will of foreign invaders.
The Xin Chou Treaty is a serious unequal treaty imposed on China by imperialism. In addition to extorting money from China, the great powers re-established the Qing government headed by Empress Dowager Cixi and continued to act as their agents in China. Since then, the Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China. The signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty" marks the complete establishment of the ruling order of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China and the complete formation of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China.
3. The significance of the Boxer Movement
When we study Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China, we can see that the Boxer Rebellion experienced the process from "extermination" by the Qing government to "appeasement" and then to "extermination", and finally failed under the joint suppression of Chinese and foreign reactionary forces. However, the Boxer Movement showed the great strength of the people of China as never before, and shattered the arrogant attempt of the imperialist powers to carve up China. At that time, the commander-in-chief of Eight-Nation Alliance, Wadesi, had to admit that Europe, America and Japan didn't have the brains and strength to rule a quarter of the world, and dividing up the facts was the best policy.
At the same time, due to Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China and the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty", the people of China became more aware of the fact that the Qing government was a running dog of the imperialist powers, and their hopes for the Qing government were dashed, so they came up with the idea of complete revolution. In this way, it can be said that it dealt a heavy blow to the reactionary rule of the Qing government and accelerated its demise.
Summary: Since the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, great powers began to carve up China. By 1900, when Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China, the imperialist dream of carving up China was shattered by the people of China. After Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China, the foreign powers forced the Qing government to sign the "Xin Chou Treaty", and China society completely fell into the abyss of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. But they tamed the Qing government and made it a tool to invade China. In this way, the imperialist powers jointly slaughtered China.
War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression
Japan is a country where two industrial revolutions took place almost simultaneously. After the Meiji Restoration, Japan quickly embarked on the road of developing capitalism. However, the development of any capitalist country inevitably requires two things-market and raw materials; However, Japan has a small territory, a small market and limited resources, and there is a strong contradiction between Japan's development needs and reality. To this end, Japan regards foreign aggression and expansion as its basic national policy, with China bearing the brunt. 1929- 1933 A worldwide economic crisis broke out. Unlike the United States, Japan did not get rid of the crisis through reform, but embarked on the fascist road of foreign aggression and expansion. The September 18th Incident was a concrete manifestation of Japanese aggression against China in order to get rid of the economic crisis. Let's learn something about War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression from the local war of resistance.
Second, after that
(1) local resistance.
1, September 18th Incident 193 1.9.438+08
2.Xi Event 1936. 12.6438+02
(2) The resistance of the whole nation.
1, lugouqiao incident 1937.7.7
2. Nanjing Massacre 1937.438+02
3. Heroic resistance
4. In * * * VII 1945.4
War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory is of great historical significance:
This is the first completely victorious national liberation war of China people against imperialist aggression in more than 100 years.
B. The national humiliation in modern times has been wiped out, which is the turning point of the Chinese nation from decline to rejuvenation.
C China and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression are an important part of the world anti-fascist war and have made great contributions to the victory of the world anti-fascist war.
This unit mainly tells the story of China people War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression from September 193 1 year to August 1945. This is the first time that China people have won a complete victory against foreign invasion in China 100 years. This war is a national war of resistance based on the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, with the extensive participation of all walks of life, people of all ethnic groups, patriots from all walks of life and overseas Chinese. China War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression was an important part of the Second World War.