The news that "80% to 90% of xiong'an new area will be prefabricated buildings in the future" makes prefabricated buildings the focus of public opinion.
Huang Hui, 79, once worked as the chief architect in the Design Institute of Beijing Housing and Construction Bureau, an important driving force of prefabricated buildings in Beijing in 1980s, and participated in the struggle to create the most glorious period of prefabricated buildings in China.
When talking about the development of prefabricated buildings, she came straight to the point: "We must build a complete industrial chain."
Assemble the house like having fun.
The so-called prefabricated building is a building assembled with prefabricated components at the construction site. Due to standardized design, factory production, assembly construction and information management, the accuracy of prefabricated components is particularly high. Assembly building construction is less restricted by climatic conditions and has a fast construction speed, which can save resources and energy, reduce construction pollution, save labor and improve building quality.
Prefabricated building was the initial mode of housing industrialization exploration in China.
"In the 1980s, we built a floor in seven days." Huang Hui recalled that at that time, under the system with the government as the main body, many provinces and cities across the country established various industrial production chains of housing. Although the degree of industrialization varies from place to place, the raw materials are different, and the sewing and joint practices are different, but the products are not very different. Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Sichuan, Hunan and Zhejiang all have their own product systems, and some residential quarters have also been built. The third component factory under Beijing Housing and Construction Corporation once became the most advanced enterprise in Asia in terms of production capacity and technology. According to incomplete statistics, about 6,543,800 square meters of multi-storey and high-rise residential buildings were built in the residential area under construction at that time, which basically had a complete professional design, production and construction entity and R&D platform. The early diplomatic apartments in Beijing adopted assembled integral reinforced concrete two-way frame structure.
"At that time, China's building standardization and industrialization had reached a considerable level, and compared with the development level of developed countries, the gap was very small. Especially in the prefabrication and installation of building components, it has reached a very high level. " Huang Hui said.
There is still a lack of research and development to adapt to local conditions.
However, from the late 1980s to the early 1990s, the prefabricated buildings in China suffered from "Waterloo"-the production line was quietly dismantled, and during the same period, the prefabricated houses in China disappeared almost instantly.
In addition to the impact of personalized, Europeanized and luxurious commercial housing market demand, an important reason is that technical quality problems such as residential waterproofing are gradually exposed. In Huang Hui's view, "perhaps, the lack of research on the seismic capacity of prefabricated buildings and the introduction of Soviet prefabricated buildings without localization are the root causes of death."
According to the data of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, at present, the proportion of prefabricated buildings in China is only 5%, and Germany and Singapore account for about 80%, especially Japan, an earthquake-prone country. After introducing technology from the Netherlands and other European countries, Maeda, Toyota and other large enterprises made great efforts to carry out secondary research and development to realize localization, put forward the slogan of "building houses like cars", vigorously trained skilled workers, refined products, and built enterprises as the main body.
After 2007, China started a new round of housing industrialization.
"Now the prefabricated construction market is in full bloom. Simple Lego bricks are not the whole of prefabricated building system. Technology has gradually shifted from simply imitating Japan to introducing digestion, absorption and innovation. " Tang Yujiao, head of the new house of Beijing Kaisheng Building Materials Engineering Co., Ltd. of China Building Materials Research Institute (hereinafter referred to as Building Materials Institute), told the reporter that the prefabricated building of Building Materials Institute-Youke House has gone abroad, and the territorial convenience of steel structure and the localization of plates are its major characteristics.
The STG staff dormitory in Algeria, located in the Sahara desert, is a demonstration site for the landing of excellent guest houses. The temperature in this area is as high as 50 degrees Celsius all the year round. The technical accumulation of Building Materials Institute for many years has laid a reliable foundation for the customization of prefabricated buildings. Compared with other buildings in the same field, this building has obvious thermal insulation effect. Facing the villa group project in Laos, in order to adapt to the local rainy and humid climate, technicians made adjustments in the ratio of plates.
2065438+February 6, 2006 "Opinions of the Central Committee of the State Council on Further Strengthening the Management of Urban Planning and Construction" proposed to develop new construction methods. Increase policy support, and strive to make the proportion of prefabricated buildings in new buildings reach 30% around 10. Actively and steadily promote steel structure buildings. Where conditions permit, promote the development of modern wooden structures.
2065438+March 2006, vigorously developing prefabricated buildings was first written into the government work report of the Prime Minister.
On September 27th of that year, the General Office of the State Council issued a guiding opinion on vigorously developing prefabricated buildings, proposing that the three major urban agglomerations of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta should be the key promotion areas, and other cities with a permanent population of more than 3 million should be the active promotion areas, and the rest should be encouraged to develop prefabricated buildings such as prefabricated concrete structures, steel structures and modern wood structures according to local conditions. At the same time, we will gradually improve laws and regulations, technical standards and supervision system, and promote the formation of a number of large-scale production enterprises for design, construction and parts, general contracting enterprises with modern assembly and construction levels, and corresponding specialized skill teams.
Industry revival calls for the whole industry chain
In Tang Yujiao's view, with the gradual advancement of China's prefabricated building industrial policy and residential industrial structure adjustment and reform, prefabricated buildings will usher in new development opportunities and face new challenges.
"If enterprises fight their own battles, fight for prices, ignore quality, do not take a long-term view, and buy and sell with one hammer, then this industry can neither develop healthily nor develop for a long time." Tang Yujiao believes that in addition to technological breakthroughs and the guidance of policies and regulations, the development of prefabricated houses also needs a supporting platform for industrial linkage. She introduced that as a new force in the market, Beijing Kaisheng Building Materials Engineering Co., Ltd. joined hands with the Building Materials Industry Productivity Promotion Center under the Building Materials Institute to actively organize alliances while making use of scientific research advantages to enhance the technical strength of small and medium-sized enterprises and gather upstream and downstream resource industry chains.
Tang Yujiao said that although the climate has not yet formed, although there is a shortage of high-quality skilled workers, although there is still much room for improvement in various professions and technologies, it is hoped that engineering cooperation and joint technology development will help industrial upgrading and development.
"In the 1980 s, the Beijing Municipal Government sent troops to set up the Beijing Housing Construction Corporation and established a complete industrial chain for housing industry construction." According to Huang Hui's analysis, since 1960s, the industrialization of large-scale reinforced concrete collective housing in many developed countries has been steadily rising, which is due to the scientific planning and operation process. "Now the development of prefabricated buildings in China also needs to analyze and study the procedures and all main parameters of the whole industrial chain, put forward the planning scheme, and determine the planning of the whole industrial chain through experiments, tests and demonstrations."
At present, in China, residence is the main application field of prefabricated buildings. In Huang Hui's view, as far as clients are concerned, the composition of users and the needs of the same user are changing at any time, just like the IT industry. However, the essence and production operation of residential and IT products are quite different. Residential buildings have high cost and long service life, so it is difficult to upgrade, update or even replace them at any time. "In planning, the reliability of investigation basis, the forward-looking goal and the scientific balance in short-term and long-term demand, cost, benefit and technical feasibility are the keys to success or failure."
All parties make joint efforts, restrict and supervise each other, so as to make new technologies more perfect and develop faster!