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The first chapter is the news communication activities in ancient China.

1. The truly newsworthy information dissemination appeared after the formation of language.

2. The spread of writing as mass news began in Qin Dynasty. The media that the Qin Dynasty released news to the whole country was the imperial edict. The Han dynasty inherited the tradition of the Qin dynasty, and the court also released official news to local governments in the form of letters.

3. The word "news" first appeared in the early Tang Dynasty, and Sun Chuxuan lamented that "there is no book in the world to spread news widely".

4. The most important feudal official newspaper is Bao Chao. It is the earliest feudal official newspaper in China. Kaiyuan Miscellaneous Newspaper is also the earliest feudal official newspaper in China.

Besides Bao Chao, there are also "performances in the yard" in the emerging media. The auditorium is the Beijing office of local administrative agencies. When the Han Dynasty was first built, it was called Fu.

6. In addition to Bao Chao and Jin Ju, the official news media in the Tang Dynasty also included imperial edicts, expositions and commentaries.

7. In the Song Dynasty, a fairly complete manuscript review system was formed. The "fixed edition" system is the earliest news censorship system in China, and it also serves for centralization. The biggest feature of the official newspaper in Song Dynasty is that it was directly edited and distributed by the central government.

8. In the Song Dynasty, the feudal official newspaper was also called Bao Chao besides Yuan Bao of Jin Opera and Dibao.

9. The news media in Song Dynasty included both legal newspapers and illegal tabloids. Tabloid was produced in the Northern Song Dynasty and was popular in the Southern Song Dynasty. 165438+In the 20th century, China already had printed news. In the Southern Song Dynasty, people began to call this illegal news "tabloid". There are also a group of reporters in the tabloids who specialize in "making a living by asking about such things". At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhao Sheng said in A Guide to the Ruling and Opposition that "the so-called spying, provincial spying and official spying are all folk tabloids …", which is the earliest record of linking newspapers and news.

10, the Yuan Dynasty cancelled the auditorium, and there was no feudal official newspaper at the central level, so the treasure system was interrupted.

1 1. The main contents of Dibao in the Ming Dynasty include imperial development such as imperial edicts and chapters, but there was a significant development in form, that is, movable type printing began. Movable type printing is a great innovation of official newspaper business in Ming Dynasty.

12,1in the middle of the 6th century, the Ming government allowed people to run their own newspapers, reprint the manuscripts of local newspapers and sell them publicly, which was called Beijing Daily.

Chapter II News Sources; Origin; Features (2004); Definition (02)

What is information communication? Spiritual communication includes the exchange of knowledge, emotion and will, which is commonly called information exchange.

Why is it that getting news is the first information demand for human beings to know the world?

The recent changes in human living environment and social history are related to the vital interests of groups and individuals, and to the present situation and future destiny of human society. Information about the state of affairs and the current situation is the first information demand for human beings to understand the century. In ancient times, human beings should not only deal with natural disasters, but also guard against sudden attacks by wild animals and military attacks by hostile tribes. Once the information exchange is backward, the whole tribe will fall into disaster. Therefore, human society has attached great importance to the capture and transmission of news information since ancient times, and the social behavior of news dissemination has emerged and lasted for a long time.

Why is ancient news in a state of mixed information such as history and intelligence?

In the content of the statement, news information is similar to historical information. For example, in the Xia Dynasty in China more than 5,000 years ago, historians recorded news events at that time in history, which can be said to be a mixture of history and news. In the way of communication, news information and intelligence information are the same. It can be said that news information is mixed with historical and intelligence information. "Fire alarm" is a mixture of intelligence and news.

Why are the theory of fact origin and the theory of news choice not contradictory?

Why is it not contradictory to implement the theory of origin and the theory of news selection?

News is the reflection of objective things in the mind of the subject of communication, but this reflection is not a mirror-like passive reflection, but an active reflection of consciously approaching and entering objective things; It is not a naturalistic reflection that everything is recorded and spread, but a dynamic reflection with orientation and choice. The premise of making a choice is to compare and evaluate everything, and then decide what to report, what to report more and what to report less, and what to report first and then what to report. This is the initiative and tendency of the communication subject to reflect objective things. This is complementary to the fundamental view of seeking truth from facts.

5 1, the essence of the principle of news authenticity? What is the connotation and essence of news truthfulness?

The connotation and essence of news authenticity lies in reporting news based on facts. Adhering to the principle of authenticity means that news communicators should be consistent with objective facts and proceed from objective reality when reporting news.

To analyze facts, reflect things and report things, we should start from the facts that objectively exist in the material world, describe the facts dialectically and historically, and truthfully reflect the original appearance of objective things.

In a word, the essence of the principle of news authenticity is to proceed from reality, adhere to the materialist reflection theory, and truthfully reflect the original appearance of objective things with dialectical materialism and historical materialism.

52. What are the ways to prevent and overcome news inaccuracy?

(1) Adhere to the Marxist ideological line and carry forward the work style of in-depth investigation and research.

(2) Adhere to materialist dialectics, keep a cool head and prevent one-sidedness.

Obviously, with one-sidedness, we will definitely look at the problem, or affirm everything, or deny everything, which is very harmful to the correct understanding of things. To prevent and overcome the one-sided phenomenon in news reports, we should keep a cool head and master dialectics.

(3) Improve laws and regulations and treat the symptoms according to law.

(4) Strictly abide by rules and regulations and plug inaccurate loopholes.

Rules and regulations should be strictly enforced to plug all kinds of loopholes that lead to inaccurate news. From writing, editing, reviewing manuscripts to typesetting, printing and transmission, strict responsibility system should be established.

(5) improve the quality of the team and promote professional ethics.

(6) Consciously accept the supervision of the masses and correct mistakes in time.

53. How to understand the truth is the unique advantage of news?

Truth plays a decisive role in the existence and influence of news, which makes it an important goal pursued by news reports, and authenticity naturally becomes the basic principle advocated and followed by all media.

The famous American newspaper reporter Pulitzer issued the epigram of "accurate, accurate and accurate again".

Marx put forward that "truthfulness" and "purity" are the essence of the newspaper when editing Rheinische Zeitung.

Lenin: We should tell the truth, because this is our strength.

Mao Zedong has always stressed that producers should tell the truth and newspapers should tell the truth.

Liu Shaoqi pointed out in his speech to the North China press corps that journalism "must be true first".

During the period of 1947, in view of some inaccurate reports and erroneous tendencies in the propaganda of land reform in some newspapers in the liberated areas at that time, the press in the liberated areas launched a campaign against "Airbus" (the name of the reporter who made up news in the former Soviet drama Frontline, which later became synonymous with false reports).

1958 is a bragging movement, which spread all over the party and prevailed throughout the country (during the Great Leap Forward).

54. What are the basic requirements (general requirements) of news authenticity? (√)

The basic requirement of news authenticity is that all news reports must reflect and report things completely according to the true colors of objective things. The general requirements of news authenticity are:

(1) The specific facts are true and accurate.

First of all, the basic elements of news are accurate. Time, place, people, etc. Which aspects should be analyzed when applying). Secondly, the materials quoted in the news are accurate.

(2) The general facts are true and objective.

55. Why is it that adhering to the principle of authenticity is the requirement of the principle of party spirit? (Require more authenticity of socialist news) (√)

(1) Adhering to the principle of authenticity is the requirement of the principle of party spirit.

Supporting the principle of authenticity, from the ideological line, is mainly reflected in: A should have the determination and courage to uphold the truth. B has the style and action of seeking truth from facts, investigation and research.

(2) Adhering to the principle of authenticity is the requirement of Marxist world outlook and methodology.

News reports should not only report the superficial and real phenomena of things, but also reflect the internal quality and laws of things as comprehensively and profoundly as possible, that is, strive to grasp the reported things as a whole, macroscopically and essentially. This is not only the meaning of "overall truth" and "macro truth", but also the meaning of "essential truth".

56. How to understand "essential truth"? ★

In news reports, we should not only make the specific facts completely true, but also try to reflect the inherent nature of things and try to make the news true in essence.

The so-called essential truth is simply that news reports should reflect the internal quality and laws of things.

57. What are the different forms and degrees of class expression of different news media?

The class nature of commercial media whose main purpose is to make profits is reflected by safeguarding the economic interests of the bourgeoisie represented by its founders and operators.

The class nature of political media aimed at pursuing political interests is manifested in openly and directly safeguarding the political interests and demands of the class or political party represented by its founders.

There is also a media that integrates government and enterprise, which has the dual identity of enterprise and political public opinion organ. They always regard economic interests and political interests as their dual goals.

58. What is the fundamental difference between the party spirit of proletarian news and that of bourgeois news?

(1) On the one hand, bourgeois news has a distinct political tendency, on the other hand, it is under the guise of "super-partisanship", which is its outstanding feature in the principle of party spirit.

(2) proletarian news clearly shows that it is necessary to truly reflect and represent the interests and will of the proletariat and the broad masses of the people, work hard to realize the political program and goals of the proletariat and its political parties, and reflect a clear party spirit stance.

The nature and task of proletarian and socialist journalism determines that it must strictly abide by the principle of party spirit, act in accordance with the principle of party spirit at any time, anywhere and everything in news propaganda, and resolutely fight against all acts that violate the principle of party spirit.

On the issue of party spirit principle, public statement, strict observance and consistent implementation are the distinctive features of proletarian news. This is also a remarkable symbol that distinguishes it from bourgeois news.

43. Briefly describe the socialist journalism?

(1) The emergence and development of proletarian journalism.

Proletarian journalism came into being at the beginning of19th century, and went through: a) the stage of workers' newspapers and periodicals before the emergence of proletarian revolutionary parties; Revolutionary newspaper stage under the guidance of scientific socialism theory; The stage of political newspapers and periodicals directly serving the seizure of political power; The mass media stage of building a new society.

(2) The essence and characteristics of socialist journalism.

Socialist news is the reflection of the economic foundation with public ownership as the main body in the ideological field of superstructure through news means. Its characteristics are: a news assets are public, and journalism is owned by the whole people; Adhere to the fundamental principle of serving socialism and the people; C. develop commerce and competition under the unified leadership of the party and the government; D. Adhere to the guiding principles of Marxism and publicize the collectivist and materialistic world outlook, outlook on life and values; E. Give priority to social benefits and adhere to the unity of social benefits and economic benefits.

(3) The tortuous road of socialist journalism.

After the October Revolution, the earliest socialist journalism in the world was established in the former Soviet Union. Socialist journalism in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe has made positive contributions to promoting Marxism and social progress, leaving valuable experience in both positive and negative aspects of news propaganda. However, due to historical reasons, there are also many shortcomings in the practice of news in these countries: a) the media structure and communication content are monotonous, which can not meet the diverse needs of society and people; B the propaganda content has long been centered on class struggle, but it has not completed the transfer centered on economic construction; Attached to the simple planned economy, the operating mechanism and management system are rigid; D is used to blunt indoctrination, lacking vitality, vitality and creativity; E the legal system of news is not perfect, and it is not good at using laws to protect press freedom and limit its abuse; Lack of the voice of the masses has failed to give full play to the role of news communication in promoting democracy and supervision by public opinion. By the end of 1980s and the beginning of 1990s, most of the media in these countries were gradually privatized, foreign news monopoly groups stepped up their penetration, and their communication policies and contents were rapidly "westernized". China's socialist journalism gradually got rid of the "Left" shackles and embarked on the road of healthy development.

44. What's the difference between socialist news and capitalist news? ★

(1) Capitalist journalism practices private assets and socialist practice public assets. (2) The guiding ideology is different. Capital: individualism. Society: collectivism and * * * productism. (3) Capital: disorderly competition. Society: cooperation and competition under unified leadership. (4) Capital: Make money first. Society: always put social benefits first.

45. Briefly describe the content that China's socialist journalism adheres to the unity of social benefits and economic benefits, and always puts social benefits first?

A. A considerable part of the functions and activities of journalism have been industrialized. As a tool of public opinion, news must put social effects first. The social benefit of news is a comprehensive index, but the core requirement is to realize the correct public opinion orientation.

46. Briefly describe the contents of improving the art of news propaganda and adhering to and realizing the correct orientation of public opinion in China's socialist journalism?

A correct understanding includes the following aspects: First, vigorously publicize Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and especially Deng Xiaoping Theory. B by reporting facts and evaluating facts, the focus and topic of public opinion reflecting public opinion and social development are formed. Grasp the strength of news propaganda.

47. Briefly describe the content of China's socialist journalism that adheres to propaganda and actively carries out news criticism?

Adhere to positive publicity, that is, give positive reports on the positive aspects of social life, and occupy the leading position of news communication content. Actively carrying out news criticism is to expose and criticize the diaspora corruption in social life through news reports. The two complement each other. Only by giving priority to positive publicity can we correctly reflect social reality, sing the main theme, stimulate people's fighting spirit and effectively guide public opinion; Only by actively carrying out news criticism can we carry forward democracy and realize supervision by public opinion.

48. Is it of journalistic significance to Socialism with Chinese characteristics?

Socialist news with China characteristics is different from capitalist news and news of other socialist countries. It adheres to the basic principles of socialism, and has established the media structure, management system and operation mechanism that are in line with China's special national conditions. It inherits the fine tradition of China's revolutionary newspapers and periodicals, draws lessons from the beneficial experience of foreign countries, introduces contemporary communication technology, adapts to the needs of socialist modernization, and forms a media pattern, operating mechanism and communication style with its own national characteristics.

49. What are the local characteristics of journalism in China? (discussion, point-by-point test)

(1) Adhere to and carry forward the unique political and ideological advantages of China's journalism.

(2) A multi-level, multi-category and diversified news pattern with party newspapers at all levels and other media led by the party as the main body has been formed.

(3) Be the mouthpiece of the party and the government emotionally, be the mouthpiece of the people emotionally, and adhere to the principle of being responsible to the party and the people.

As early as 1945, Liu Shaoqi clearly pointed out: the interests of the overwhelming majority of the people. Is the highest standard of truth. ...

(4) adhere to the basic principle of serving socialism and the people, which not only meets the needs of the masses, but also guides them to move forward.

Socialism must practice the purpose of serving the people wholeheartedly, while serving the fundamental interests of the people must adhere to the socialist direction. The two are internally consistent and unified. Comrade * * once pointed out: "Socialist journalism ... should serve socialism and the people."

(5) Adhere to the unity of social benefits and economic benefits, and always put social benefits first.

(six) improve the art of news propaganda, adhere to and achieve the correct direction of public opinion.

(7) stress party spirit, take the overall situation into consideration, and adhere to the principle of "politicians running newspapers".

Mao Zedong: Politicians run newspapers.

Since the news media should be run as an enterprise, its leaders and managers should have the courage and talent of modern entrepreneurs to control the market, but the news media, as the mouthpiece, requires its leaders and managers to stress party spirit, first of all, to have the mind and vision of politicians.

(8) Sing the main theme, advocate diversity, and be close to the times and the masses from content to communication style.

(9) Insist on following the propaganda and actively carry out news criticism.

(10) Implement the Party's mass line and adhere to the policy of "the whole Party runs newspapers and the masses run newspapers".

(1 1) has formed a popular expression and national style in China.

50. Why is truth the basic condition of existence? ★

Truth is the life of news. Truth is the basic condition for news to exist.

Facts are primary, news is secondary. All news reports must truthfully report the truth and objectively reflect the true colors of things.

Truth is the basic condition for the existence of news and the unique advantage of news. If news loses its authenticity, it will lose people's trust and lose the conditions to play its function and role.

3 1, what is the formation process of public opinion? ★★

Whether it is right or wrong public opinion, there is a process of formation, persistence and regression. This process can be divided into three stages: one is to understand the situation, the other is to exchange and confront various opinions, and the third is to promote the transformation of things and the fading of specific public opinion.

32. Briefly describe Milton's views on freedom of the press?

/kloc-in the autumn of 0/644, john milton, a famous poet and politician, delivered a speech in Congress, attacking the autocratic rule of the government and demanding that people be given freedom of speech and publication. The pamphlet of this speech was published as a book entitled "On Freedom of the Press". Milton became the first politician to put forward the slogan of freedom of the press, and Britain became the birthplace of bourgeois freedom of the press, which had a great influence on the bourgeois anti-feudal struggle all over the world. The main point is: (1) The theoretical basis of press freedom is the bourgeois theory of natural human rights. (2) The main viewpoints of press freedom are "open opinion market" and "self-correction process". (3) The key to freedom of the press is to oppose government intervention.

33. What amendments did the social responsibility theory make to the old view of freedom of the press?

Milton's freedom of the press has a strong consciousness and revolutionary role in resisting feudal autocracy, but it also has obvious fantasy elements. The slogan of freedom of the press mainly laid the ideological foundation in17th century, put it into practice in18th century and reached its peak in19th century. The theory of social responsibility corrects the old concept of freedom of the press and gives a new explanation to the slogan of freedom of the press. He believes that freedom of the press is conditional, and those who enjoy the right to freedom should bear moral responsibility to society. Publishers should pursue positive freedom and expand and develop the right of press freedom on the premise of preventing abuse of freedom; The theory of social responsibility also advocates that the government should control and intervene the communication behavior. Obviously, this is the development and progress of bourgeois press freedom.

34. Marxist view of freedom of the press? (Can also be divided into short answers) ★

Marxist concept of freedom of the press is the most scientific concept of freedom of the press in the contemporary era, which includes the following points:

(1) There is no abstract freedom of the press, only concrete freedom of the press, only the freedom of the ruling class in class society.

There is no abstract freedom of the press, only concrete freedom of the press, that is to say, in a society where class and class struggle still exist, there is only class freedom of the press, and there is no freedom of the press beyond class. Generally speaking, freedom of the press is the privilege of the ruling class. A class without money and power has no freedom of the press. Moreover, in the social and international environment of class opposition, if there is press freedom of one class, there is no press freedom of another class.

(2) There is no absolute freedom of the press, only relative freedom of the press. The press freedom of the bourgeoisie and the press freedom of the proletariat are products under certain historical conditions, and they are not eternal things.

Freedom of the press is the degree to which news can be disseminated and accepted without restriction, but there is no unrestricted subjective will and behavior in the world. The freedom of the press that can be realized in a specific historical period is determined by the local social conditions at that time; Economic prosperity and political democracy are the basis and guarantee for realizing press freedom, while technological progress and cultural development are the means and conditions for realizing press freedom.

(3) Freedom of the press is both an end and a means.

Judging from the social development goal in a certain historical period, it is a goal to achieve a certain degree of freedom of the press in various ways. However, as a part of the superstructure, political concepts and behaviors such as democracy and freedom are ultimately the reflection of the economic foundation and the tools and means to maintain the economic and political system.

35, freedom of the press and the abuse of media power, roughly the following situations?

(1) News reports intentionally or unintentionally deviate from the truth, or violate policies, regulations and social ethics, resulting in the violation of civil rights and the destruction of social order. (2) news organizations exceed their functions and powers, directly deal with social problems instead of state power departments, or illegally interfere in the decision-making process and judicial procedures. (3) abusing the power and convenience of the news media to seek improper rights and interests for the media or others. No matter in capitalist society or socialist society, they all advocate using certain means to limit the abuse of media power; There is no unrestricted freedom of the press and media power in the world.

36. What is the relationship between news laws and regulations, news policies and news ethics?

News laws and regulations, news policies and news ethics are all codes of conduct to control news dissemination. The fundamental news policy directly reflects the political views and consistent opinions of the ruling class, and is the soul of news laws and regulations and news ethics, which run through the fundamental spirit of news policy; News policy can play the role of law, and stable policies can be transformed into legal provisions, but this does not mean that dysprosium policies are laws, and news policies can replace news laws and regulations.

News laws and regulations and news ethics are born under the guidance of news policy, and their class interests are the same. The two subjects are different. News laws and regulations are formulated by state power institutions, and news ethics are formulated by non-power institutions such as associations. Their forms of expression are different, the norms of professional ethics are more general and abstract, and news laws and regulations are more strict and specific. These two methods of coercion are different. Violation of news ethics will be morally condemned, and violation of news law will be punished by law in addition to moral condemnation.

37. What is the meaning and essence of freedom of the press? ★

Freedom of the press refers to the extent to which the activities of spreading news and receiving news are unrestricted. It includes two aspects: first, the subject of communication enjoys freedom of communication, and second, the subject of reception enjoys freedom of reception. Freedom of communication is the premise of realizing freedom of acceptance, and freedom of acceptance is the behavioral purpose of freedom of communication.

Freedom of the press is an important symbol of social democracy.

Freedom of the press is essentially a democratic right realized by spreading and receiving news, and it is an important part of political freedom.

38. What is news control? What are the reasons for news control? ★

News control refers to the compulsory management and restraint of news communication behavior by the state, political parties and social organizations through material assets, policies and regulations. The essence of news control is to regulate the communication behavior according to the will of the owners of news assets in order to prevent the freedom of the press and the abuse of media power.

39. What does the concept of press regulations mean? ★

News laws and regulations refer to the general terms of laws and regulations on news dissemination formulated and promulgated by the state, including the relevant provisions of special laws and non-special laws on news.

40. Briefly describe the emergence and development of capitalist journalism?

Bourgeois journalism was born in the 1 7th century, and has gone through five stages of development: (1) the period when private business was dominated by commercial news; (2) as a tool of anti-feudal political struggle; (3) The period of "Party Newspaper" serving the struggle of bourgeois political parties. (4) the period of market-oriented mass newspapers; (5) The media monopoly period controlled by consortia.

4 1. Briefly describe the nature and characteristics of capitalist journalism?

Capitalist news is the reflection of the economic foundation of capitalist private ownership in the ideological field of superstructure through news means. Its characteristics are: (1) the private possession of news assets by capitalists, and the management and control of news by capitalists and their agents. (2) to protect the rights and interests of the bourgeoisie to the extent that it does not violate the fundamental system of capitalism; (3) News competition among different interest groups; (4) Complete commercialization, with profit as the primary purpose; (5) Propagandize the individualistic world outlook, outlook on life and values.

42. The historical position of bourgeois journalism?

Played a revolutionary and progressive role. Created and accumulated useful news dissemination and management experience. Limitations and disadvantages of capitalist news system.

22. What is the relationship between the basic laws of news dissemination and news means?

The basic law of news communication is the core content of news means.

News means-this concept was put forward by Mao Zedong. It has the following three meanings: (1) news, dissemination, comments, news pictures and other editing and broadcasting forms. (2) refers to all news media, such as newspapers, radio and television. (3) "Synonymous with facts", that is, through the objective report of facts, express the position and viewpoint of communicators.

Using news means to reflect social changes and guide public opinion is to conduct news topic selection, news planning, news reform and routine business activities in strict accordance with the basic laws of news communication.

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