Before the Korean War broke out, Americans didn't care whether China sent troops, because they thought they were dealing with North Korea, and China had no reason to send troops. At that time, Rand Corporation, the most powerful think tank in the United States, wrote a report of more than 600 pages after investing a large number of people in research. The core of the report is only one sentence: China will send troops to North Korea.
Rand Company was prepared to sell a US Department of Defense for $654.38+$5,000, but the Department of Defense did not buy it because it was too expensive. By the end of the Korean War, the Ministry of National Defense rushed to buy the report for $2.8 million. After reading it, Americans regretted it.
Mao Zedong's wisdom is obviously beyond the capacity of the American brain. China sent troops to Korea, which Americans never expected. But Americans don't take China seriously, because China's national strength is not the same as that of the United States. When China sent volunteers into North Korea, Americans didn't care. They even thought about ending the war quickly and going back to America for Christmas at the end of the year.
However, the great Mao Zedong, the great volunteer army, did not give Americans the opportunity to return to the United States for Christmas at the end of the year. After the first experience of volunteers, Americans still don't want to go out of North China, but they still want to continue fighting with Koreans to see who can laugh at the end. The Americans found the pit, but they still had to jump in.
This war, which lasted for nearly three years, ended in the disastrous defeat of the Americans, and the people of China won a great victory in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea.
Clark, then commander of the United States and South Korea Coalition forces, said when signing the armistice agreement:
Bradley, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States, commented on the Korean War and said:
Mao Zedong dug a hole for Americans to send troops to Korea, so Americans will definitely move in. This is a top-level conspiracy. As a result, as we all know, American soldiers were beaten up by China Volunteers on the Korean battlefield. On the open plan, Mao Zedong is definitely the best of the best, and Americans only get killed.
Open planning is the opposite of conspiracy, that is, a strategy that clearly tells the enemy how to defeat it and finally defeat the enemy. The greatest opening plan in China's history is on protracted war written by Chairman Mao.
The Japanese invaders launched a full-scale aggression against China on 1937. At that time, the whole country was desperate and capitulationism prevailed. Most people think that we can't defeat the Japanese aggressors, and the Japanese aggressors also think that they can occupy China within three months.
From the data point of view, at that time, China was completely at a disadvantage compared with Japan, the steel output was negligible, the local area was actually in a state of division, the people were at a loss, the equipment and training of the army were not on the table, and the nominal leaders clamored for the outside world to settle down first, without any intention of resistance. Faced with such fundamentals, a little rational people will think that China will soon perish.
Sure enough, after Japan began its full-scale invasion of China, big cities such as Beiping, Tianjin, Taiyuan, Shanghai and Nanjing fell one after another, and the Kuomintang, as the Japanese invaders pointed out, was all in flight. Seeing this situation, everyone thinks that China is going to be destroyed by the Japanese.
Just when the people of the whole country lost confidence, Chairman Mao published "On protracted war" 1938 in July. This epic clearly tells the Japanese invaders that you can't beat China.
In On Protracted War, Chairman Mao didn't use empty slogans, but used strict logic and careful analysis to tell everyone that Japan would lose. This also clearly tells the Japanese aggressors that you can't do anything, but if you just can't improve, you will lose. Is there a more sinister plot in history to do this?
In On the Protracted War, Chairman Mao first pointed out that the Japanese invaders were very powerful, ranking first in Asia in terms of military strength, economic strength and organizational ability of the government. So don't expect China to defeat Japan soon, but the war launched by the Japanese invaders is unjust and helpless. Moreover, although Japan is superior to China in military, economic and organizational capabilities, its country is small, its population is small and its resources are scarce, so it simply can't stand the long-term consumption of the war.
Although China looks inferior to Japan on the surface, China is a just side in resisting foreign aggression and can win the assistance of most countries in the world. Moreover, Japanese aggression will arouse the people of China's anti-Japanese war and stimulate national unity. In addition, China is a country with a large population, a large number of soldiers and a vast territory, which can withstand the long-term war consumption. Therefore, China will win the Sino-Japanese War, but China will not defeat the Japanese soon.
In On Protracted War, Chairman Mao not only analyzed the basic situation of China and Japan, but also foreseeably divided the war of resistance into three stages, namely: the defensive stage when the enemy advances and we defend; The stage of stalemate between the enemy and ourselves; The enemy retreated to the offensive stage of our army's attack and made it clear that the second stage was the transitional stage and the hardest stage of the whole war. Facts have proved that Chairman Mao's prediction of the three stages of war is completely correct.
Finally, in order to show the charm of the greatest opening plan, Chairman Mao even announced to the world what tactics to use to fight the invaders. In the first and second stages, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression should actively, flexibly and systematically carry out offensive warfare in defensive warfare, quick decision in protracted war and exterior-line warfare in interior-line warfare; The third stage should be a strategic counterattack. Chairman Mao also pointed out that the magic weapon of our victory is to take root in the people.
After reading On Protracted War, Chairman Mao told the world how to defeat the Japanese invaders. I believe the Japanese must have learned it in detail. The Japanese invaders knew China's full set of resistance strategies, but they could do nothing. They could only carry out the war of aggression against China in stages according to the script described in On Protracted War until they finally failed.
"Leaping a Thousand Miles to Dabie Mountain" is a battle of wits between President Jiang and President Jiang. Chairman Ming didn't do anything shameful, but aboveboard plunged the army into the enemy's heart, leaving the enemy in a passive position, panicked and completely disrupted the strategic deployment. It was this military action that changed the strategic situation and opened the curtain for our army to turn from defensive to offensive.
1in July, 947, Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping commanded the Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan Field Army to join forces with Chiang Kai-shek in southwest Shandong, while Liu Deng's army attacked Yuncheng, Zhandingtao and Cao Xia County, winning Lien Chan and annihilating a large number of enemy troops. By mid-July, they had a fierce battle with the enemy in Yangshan.
On July 22, the chairman telegraphed Liu Deng's army: "Concentrate the whole army to rest for about 10 days, make up your mind to leave the rear, go straight out of Dabie Mountain in half a month, occupy dozens of counties with Dabie Mountain as the center, establish base areas, attract the enemy to attack and fight mobile warfare."
Leaping thousands of miles into the Dabie Mountains led the war to the far-reaching rear of Chiang Kai-shek's area. This is a major strategic move formulated by the chairman and the Central Military Commission. When you enter Dabie Mountain, you can stand on the Central Plains, threaten Nanjing, advance into the Yangtze River and point directly at Wuhan. Who will win in the Central Plains? Whoever wants to take the initiative will control the Central Plains!
But leap a thousand miles. It is not easy! In addition to breaking through the encirclement and interception of hundreds of thousands of Chiang Kai-shek troops, breaking away from the rear supply operations and going deep into the hinterland behind the enemy lines, there are also obstacles in the Yellow River area and several major rivers, which have become difficulties to be faced.
At that time, the battle of southwest Shandong had just ended, and a large number of wounded and captured people had to be dealt with. The troops had not had time to rest and did not want to rely on the rear. What did hundreds of thousands of troops eat? One problem after another, Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping were confronted.
However, Liu Deng's army focused on the overall situation and overcame unimaginable difficulties. On August 7, the soldiers divided into three roads and began a leap-forward journey. Later, Deng Xiaoping recalled with regret:' Heavy equipment can't be taken away, only thrown away. Therefore, when the Huaihai Campaign started, the artillery of the Central Plains Field Army was very few, which was a loss in the war! "
The chairman's strategy of beating gongs and drums to the enemy's heart, such as Chairman Jiang's well-aware attitude, refused to agree, so he mobilized heavy troops to pursue the intercepted army and vowed to annihilate this endless army in one fell swoop.
However, the sword of Liu Deng's army is on one side of the front line. They hurried forward, tried their best to stay ahead of the enemy, fought less with the enemy and went straight to their destination. After a thrilling and perilous ordeal, Liu Deng's army crossed the Huaihe River on August 27th and finally reached Dabie Mountain.
On August 3 1, the chairman telephoned Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping: under the current situation, your actions have three directions: (1) According to the original plan, with Dabie Mountain as the center, look for opportunities to destroy the enemy and establish base areas. (2) Circulate among rivers, gradually destroy the enemy and establish base areas. (3) If necessary, please consider whether it is possible and beneficial to cross the Yangtze River in the south.
According to the chairman's instructions, Liu Shuang's army began an arduous battle. By the end of 10, the strategy has been gradually completed and has initially gained a firm foothold.
At the same time, Chen Yi, Su Yu's Chen Geng, Xie Fuzhi Corps and East China Field Army also completed the strategic deployment according to the chairman's instructions, and formed a "pin"-shaped battlefield position in the Central Plains, closely cooperating with each other, which suddenly tore open Chiang Kai-shek's deployment. The Central Plains has changed from Chiang Kai-shek's important rear base to the forefront of our army's strategic offensive.
After extremely hard struggle and huge cost, Liu Dengjun successfully completed the task and realized the strategic intention of the chairman, thus starting the strategic attack of our army.
In the history of world wars, strategic attacks are based on the defense of the rear, and they are gradually advanced slowly and steadily. However, the chairman made a bold move and unexpectedly asked Liu Deng's army not to go to the rear, but to leap thousands of miles and go deep into the enemy's far-reaching rear alone. It was rare to use soldiers in ancient times.
However, President Jiang knew the president's intention, but he was tired of coping with it, so that the strategic layout was completely disrupted, which led to the change from initiative to passivity and constraints everywhere. From then on, I fell into an unfavorable situation of being at a loss and was in a dilemma.
There are three famous opening plans in the history of China:
Mou Yang's first story happened in the Spring and Autumn Period. At that time, Qi Jinggong, the monarch of Qi, had three generals: Gong, Tian Kaijiang and Gu Yezi, all of whom made great contributions to Qi. However, Qi Jinggong was sad all day. Why? Because these three people have made great contributions themselves, they are very arrogant. Qi Jinggong is afraid that one day they will rebel. At this time, as the previous homogeneous phase, an idea was given. Qi Jinggong heard these words, immediately called three people, took out two peaches in front of them. He told them that you all made contributions and should be rewarded. Now I'll give you two peaches, and you can divide them according to the contribution. So, Sun Jie thought that he had made a great contribution and could eat peaches, reaching for one; Then, Tian Kaijiang also took another contribution from Chen; Guyoko didn't get the rest, and he was furious. He said I had the greatest credit, and you wouldn't let me! The other two were so ashamed that they drew their swords and killed themselves.
Tanoko was shocked and regretted. He sympathized with them and drew his sword to commit suicide. In this way, as easy as blowing off dust, Yan Zi helped Qi Jinggong solve three hidden dangers, which is the famous historical allusion "Two peaches kill three scholars". However, whether Yan Zi's practice is correct or not has always been disputed by later generations.
Mou Yang's second story happened during the Warring States Period, and everyone should have heard of it. It is the famous "encircling Wei to save Zhao". Pang Juan of Wei led an army to attack Zhao, who asked Qi for help. Sun Bin asked Qi to attack the capital of Wei directly, forcing Pang Juan to withdraw and save it. Is it okay not to save it? You can't have an accident in your own base camp, you can only be taken away knowingly.
The third conspiracy took place during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty. When the Han Dynasty was just established, Liu Bang believed that the reason for the demise of the speed of light in the Qin Dynasty was that it practiced the rule of counties and counties, abandoned the enfeoffment system, and failed to enfeoffment princes to guard various places, which led to the rebellion in counties and counties later. Therefore, Liu learned a lesson, and while using the county system, he enfeoffed Liu's vassals and tried to be stable in both aspects.
But over time, the problem came. Some princes have too much power and threaten the imperial power. In the generation of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he deeply felt that something should be done to change this situation, so he promulgated the famous "Order of Granting favors". The "favor decree" is simple to say. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty stipulated that after the death of a vassal, each son must be given his own fief. In this way, the power of the vassal was divided up and passed on to future generations. The smaller the score, the smaller the threat to the imperial power, and naturally the smaller it is. On the surface, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was "pushing kindness" to let the descendants of the princes enjoy the benefits of the enfeoffment system, but in fact, he was still serving himself. But the princes also have to listen, otherwise it will be a family conflict.
These three public schemes are so clever and cunning that people without brains can't think of them. Generally speaking, people who skillfully design them take advantage of human weakness and make their own strategies unsolvable. If someone jumps in, I'm afraid it can only be deep despair.
I said that there are many open schemes in history, but I think the most brilliant one is 1948 1 1. 10, the East China Field Army surrounded the Kuomintang Yellow Corps in Nianzhuang area east of Xuzhou. The Kuomintang Xuzhou suppression general ordered Qiu Qingquan to set out from Xuzhou in an attempt to get through the contact with Juanzhuang and rescue the Yellow Corps. From1948165438+1October1kloc-0/,the Kuomintang army took turns to attack the East China Field Army with the superior forces of five armies 12 divisions, with the cooperation of planes, tanks and heavy artillery. Hua Ye gave the sniper task to Song, the commander of the 10th Longitudinal Army who was good at blocking wars.
This war of resistance is the famous Xu Dong War of Resistance, which can be called the biggest war of liberation. Hua Ye stopped the enemy troops who went to Nianzhuang to relieve Huang Zhi in the east of Xuzhou. The terrain here is open and flat, and there is no danger to defend. According to the characteristics of the terrain, they built strong fortifications based on the village, dug trenches 200 to 300 meters outside the village, and formed zigzag or plum blossom-shaped strongholds that were interconnected. Once the war in one place is tight, soldiers in other places can.
Hua Ye suffered heavy casualties in this battle, but as long as the Kuomintang army failed to advance, it achieved the goal of stopping the enemy. In addition to building cobweb-like dense fortifications and trenches, Hua Ye has also created a tactical miracle. The perimeter and Dayuan are carried out at the same time, and Dayuan's strength far exceeds the perimeter. The enemy was not only blocked by our army, but also attacked by our powerful forces. If he ignores the side attack and continues to move forward, the troops attacking from the side will take his back road and cut off his contact with Xuzhou, forming another encirclement. Du certainly won't be ignorant of this. Years later, he said that Hua Ye's tactics made him very headache. If the Kuomintang rushes forward, Hua Ye will form a new encirclement, which will not only save Huang, but also surround the two regiments. So a cone tactic was formed, with less before and more after, and the attack was weak.
Kuomintang soldiers dropped a large number of bombs and incendiary bombs, and stormed frontal positions with heavy artillery. No matter the Kuomintang army group charged, the fierce fighters of the death squads were defeated, and the two Kuomintang regiments could not move here until165438+1October 22, when the Nianzhuang campaign ended, the Yellow Corps was wiped out, and Qiu Qingquan and Corps failed to cross the defense line of the East China Field Army. Xu Dong's war of resistance was the biggest one in the liberation war, and its result ensured the victory of the first stage of Huaihai Campaign. Without the victory of Xu Dong's blocking war, there would be no victory of Huaihai Campaign.
The word "open plan" was in the article of the first great man.
In Chinese, the word first appeared, which is the following sentence.
Well said, do better!
We don't aim at one person or some people. The standard is clear and the operation is simple. -We use these three lines as the standard. Whoever is willing to carry forward the style of study of seeking truth from facts, who pays attention to investigation and research in his work, is one of his own.
Unite all forces that can be United! Instead of uniting everyone who can be United.
Yang pursues "potential"! To be strong, we must unite as many social forces as possible, have clear goals and be accepted by more people.
If you hide your goals, dare not meet people, dare not talk to people, and engage in conspiracy, how can you unite the majority? How to seek an "advantage"?
1927, Chiang Kai-shek engaged in "intrigue" and launched the "April 12th armed coup", which destroyed the Shanghai Party organization.
Many people are forced to go underground to hide, start "underground resistance" and fight "conspiracy" with "conspiracy", which is called tit for tat.
Chiang Kai-shek bribed warlords to plot, and some people incited warlords to rebel and fight Chiang Kai-shek.
However, Chairman Mao did not. He did not go to Shanghai to engage in underground resistance activities and "conspiracy" of assassination and revenge, nor did he go to the warlord forces to carry out secret rebellion and prepare for the uprising.
He turned and strode into the countryside and told all China: "You are ready to take it! I want the countryside to surround the city. "
Later, the conspirators and underground conspirators failed, and they couldn't stay in the city any longer, so they had to run to his side and accept the "open plan" of "encircling the city from the countryside"
And then it worked.
Shouting louder, he showed his "open plan" to the Japanese and the whole world! "Don't talk about surrender, don't think about negotiations, anyway, I tell you clearly that Japan, my troops are behind you, it's up to you! Anyway, our goal is to let you Japanese go back to Japan. "
It is also an "open plan"!
The best "open plan" and the best life!
The most brilliant episode in history was 1949 when the China People's Liberation Army crossed the river.
After the Liaoshen Campaign, the Ping Jin Campaign and the Huaihai Campaign, the China People's Liberation Army has liberated most of the territory of China, and the People's Liberation Army has an absolute advantage in terms of troops. 1949 At the beginning of this year, Chiang Kai-shek announced his resignation and Li Zongren acted as the "president". However, Chiang Kai-shek was unwilling to fail. He firmly grasped the power of the national party, government and army, deployed troops on the south bank of the Yangtze River, appointed Tang as commander-in-chief, unified command of the military in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui and eastern Jiangxi, and organized the Yangtze River defense with Bai Chongxi Group, the general headquarters of the "anti-bandits" in Central China, in an attempt to fail.
Li Zongren is an empty shell. He put forward the * * * peace talks, sent Zhang Zhizhong as the head, and formed a six-member delegation including Zhang, Zhang, Huang, and. Among them, * * * represented by, Lin, Lin Biao, Ye Jianying and Li, as the chief representative, negotiated with representatives from Nanjing. The formal negotiation stage began on April 13. On April 15, the delegation of China * * * Production Party, after adopting the opinions put forward by the delegation of Nanjing Kuomintang government as far as possible, put forward the final amendments to the domestic peace agreement with eight articles and twenty-four paragraphs, and announced April 20 as the final signing date. When Chiang Kai-shek saw the amendment, he cursed: Bai Wen (Zhang Zhizhong) was incompetent and humiliated the country. The Li Zongren municipal government refused to sign the peace talks document, and the peace talks broke down.
Immediately, the great leaders Chairman Mao and Commander-in-Chief Zhu issued an order to March to the whole country to the People's Liberation Army, and put forward the big call of "crossing the river and liberating all China". On April 265438+ 10, the second and third field armies of the People's Liberation Army, following the orders of the Central Military Commission and the General Front Committee's "Implementation Outline of the Battle of Beijing, Shanghai and Hangzhou", launched a campaign to cross the Yangtze River on a thousand-mile front from Hukou in the west to Jingjiang in the east, quickly breaking through the defense of Kuomintang troops and occupying Guichi, Tongling, Wuhu, Changzhou, Jiangyin, Zhenjiang and other cities. Li Zongren fled hastily and announced that the Kuomintang government had crossed Taiwan Province on the mainland.
After the victory of the Battle of Crossing the River, Mao Zedong wrote a poem "Seven Laws: The People's Liberation Army Occupied Nanjing": Zhongshan was stormy, and millions of heroes crossed the river. Tiger's dragon card is better than in the past, upside down and generous. It is advisable to chase after the poor bandits with the remaining courage, not to learn from the overlord. If the sky is sentimental, it will grow old, and the right way in the world is vicissitudes.
Surrounding cities from rural areas is the best opening plan in history. This decision put forward by Chairman Mao is the basis of all victories, and it was decided by dialectical analysis according to the actual situation.
The first rule of Chairman Mao's military thought is to preserve oneself, especially when the overall form is unfavorable to me. Never recklessly, take the initiative to deal with passive forms. Therefore, under the guidance of the theory of preserving oneself, sparrow guerrilla tactics are derived.
What is sparrow guerrilla tactics?
When the enemy comes, I fly, and when the enemy goes, I return, so that the enemy can't fathom, hit and catch up, while I set bait to lure the enemy, making him tired and hitting the weak enemy under favorable terrain.
In the war of liberation, with the gradual strengthening of strength, sparrow tactics were upgraded to the 16-character guerrilla warfare policy.
Compared with sparrow tactics, sixteen-character guerrilla tactics have already had considerable attack power.
As the originator of guerrilla warfare, it is the strategic policy of relying on rural areas to surround cities.
Surrounding the city from the countryside was the basis of all victories at that time.
You see how vast the rural space is, with high mountains, dense forests and dense water networks. It is the most suitable place to settle down. Therefore, when the enemy is strong and we are weak, guerrilla tactics are developed on the basis of preserving strength.
Rural pastoral areas can be self-sufficient, especially after the agrarian revolution, the poor were assigned to fields and their lives began to improve. It is precisely because happiness is hard to come by that defending happiness is the knowledge of many people. Therefore, more and more people joined the army and the military establishment expanded. Guerrilla warfare can be transformed into a combination of mobile warfare and guerrilla warfare, positional warfare and guerrilla warfare, and the last three tactics can complement each other to form a set of strategic and tactical ideas.
Chairman Mao's words can tell a lot about the wisdom of encircling the city from the countryside.
Chairman Mao often said that the primary factor of war is people.
Surrounding cities from rural areas has many strategic advantages. First, establish a foothold and establish a revolutionary base area. Second, depending on the terrain, people can enter and retreat. Third, the power of the people's will is infinite.
Therefore, this is the best public plan, aboveboard.
LingYan song came over and answered.
This most brilliant plan is the "decree of the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty".
In the history of China, there has always been a saying of independent governors. The power of the vassal king was too great, threatening the central authority. The important thing is to cut the princes.
There are generally two ways to cut vassals, one is "hard cutting vassals" and the other is "soft cutting vassals"
"Hard cutting" means directly ordering the separation of vassal States, which eventually leads to a power confrontation. For example, the chaos of the seven countries in the Han Dynasty was caused by "hard cutting of princes".
After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang enfeoffed many Liu prisoners in order to counter the forces of the founding heroes. Wu, Chu and other feudal powers, stretching thousands of miles, are very large. Decades later, the imperial court considered the feudal state a threat, so Han Jing began to cut down the vassals. As a result, the local government did not want to do nothing, and directly clashed with the imperial court, and the chaos of the Seven Kingdoms broke out.
Fortunately, the central government finally defeated the rebel alliance of the vassal States.
After the war, the imperial court strengthened its control and management of the country, but there were still incidents of rebellion. By the time of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, it was still a problem that the country was too big.
But in the end, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted the way of "soft-cutting vassal States" and adopted the most ingenious scheme in history-Enzhi, which completely eliminated the troubles of vassal States.
In the second year of yuanshuo (BC 127), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Zhu's suggestion of "granting favors" and weakened the vassals.
Like the imperial court, the feudal state of the original vassal state also adopted the eldest son inheritance system. With the passage of time, the country's territory has not become smaller, but its strength has become stronger because of accumulation.
The main content of "Enzhi" is to let the princes abolish the eldest son inheritance system in feudal countries and adopt the property sharing inheritance system. Because of the implementation of the law, the country was divided into small pieces. With the passage of time, the feudal country will be further reduced to the size of a county, or even smaller. At that time, Guo Feng could no longer threaten the imperial court.