(Beijing Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources)

In ancient and modern times, Beijing's coal industry was of great significance in the history of China's coal development. Beijing is one of the earliest areas in China where coal was used as fuel mineral, and it was used to make copper castings during the Warring States Period. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Beijing's coal industry was the most prosperous in China. Modern Jingxi Coal Industry was difficult and tortuous, but it was the first joint venture with foreign countries in China. Tongxing Coal Mine, a Sino-US joint venture, is the first Sino-foreign joint venture coal enterprise in China. This year marks the 850th anniversary of Beijing's capital, which is specially commemorated by this article.

First, the initial stage of coal industry.

Beijing has a long history of mineral resources development. As early as the Paleolithic Age, "Beijingers" were able to use minerals and rocks to make simple tools, such as stone knives, stone balls and stone hammers. Beijing is also one of the earliest areas in China where coal is used as fuel mineral. In the Neolithic Age, "Beijingers" began to use pottery, further improving the use of fire and knowing how to master the temperature. During the Warring States period, people began to use coal to make pottery and coin. According to the archaeological excavation of the site of coin-making workshop in Gaomi village in Yanxiadu (now southeast of Yixian County, Hebei Province) during the Warring States Period, the "burnt frantic jumble" was discovered. People think: "Two thousand years ago, during the Warring States Period, the capital of Yan State had already used coal smelting and copper casting devices".

"Five Industries of fangshan county Records" in the Republic of China contains: Fangshan coal industry originated before Liao and Jin Dynasties, after Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and pushed taxes in the middle of the former Qing Dynasty. The inscription of Kaoyuyan Temple was created in Tian Jian Prison for two years and rebuilt in Tianqingyuan. The inscription "Take coal from the cave" on the tablet was found before the Liao Dynasty.

During the Liao and Jin Dynasties, the fact that coal was iron was developed and utilized in Beijing. During the period of 1975, an archaeological excavation was carried out at the site of Liao Dynasty porcelain kiln in Wuwu Village, Longquan, Mentougou District. The thickness of the site is 0. 0.8 ~ 1. There are a lot of porcelain fragments, kiln furniture, burnt soil and cinder in it. Since then, archaeological excavations have repeatedly found cinders that burn porcelain.

Beijing in the Jin Dynasty used coal and poetry as evidence. Zhao Bingwen, a poet in the Jin Dynasty, wrote in his poem Sleeping at Night and Warming the Kang: "The mountains are rich and the water is dark, so it is not difficult to find a hundred yuan. The floor furnace is exquisite and the fire hole is deep. Sleep on your feet for a long time, and return to the warm method. It snows three feet in front of the door and snores. " It means that people buy coal in the mountains in the suburbs of Beijing, and use coal to burn stoves to keep warm. Although it is cold outside, it is as warm as spring inside, so they can sleep soundly.

The above shows that the period from Warring States to Liao and Jin Dynasties was the initial stage of Beijing's coal industry. During this period, Beijing discovered and mined coal, but its utilization was not very common.

Second, the prosperous ancient coal mining industry.

(1) Yuan Dynasty

By the Yuan Dynasty, most of them had developed and utilized coal on a large scale. According to Yuan Yi Tong Zhi, "Dagushan Mountain, 45 miles west of Wanping County, has more than 30 holes of black coal. Peach blossom ditch, five miles southwest, has more than ten holes in white coal. " "Huotan, out of Zhaitang Village, 200 miles northwest of Wanping County, there is a coal mine". The above refers to state-owned coal mines, excluding private coal mines. At that time, the coal mining situation, "Shun Tian Zhi" contained: "There are more than 30 kinds of black coal in Dagushan, and the natives always take this as their business, and try to hammer acupuncture points, enter the bonfire naked, crawl in a snake, take it for miles, but carry it out. Or when it collapses, it falls into the hole, so it is gaunt and shapeless. However, the villagers will never give up their food and clothing. It is used to burn wages, and people are greedy. "

Most coal mining industries flourished in Yuan Dynasty, ranking among the best in China. "History of Ancient Coal Mining in China" pointed out: "The most prosperous coal industry in the whole Yuan Dynasty should be the Xishan area near Dadu". The reason is: "The population of Dadoucheng increased, the fuel used increased, and the feudal government paid more attention to it, which made the coal industry in Xishan, the coal supply base of most cities, develop rapidly." In the Yuan Dynasty, in order to solve the increasingly prominent problem of burning coal, we began to expand coal development and transportation in the west of Beijing. In the second year of Yuan Dynasty (1342), the Prime Minister said, "There are a million people in the capital, so it is inconvenient to pay for food and grass. Today, there is Xishan coal and electricity. If the capital city opens the Chihe River, it will be irrigated by Jinkou, and the coal in Xishan can reach the city. " However, after the project was completed, it fell through because the river was "fast-flowing, silted up and the ship couldn't work".

Kyle Poirot, who has lived in a metropolis for a long time, deeply understands the fact that coal was developed and utilized on a large scale in the Yuan Dynasty. In his travel notes, he said: "There is a kind of black stone in the whole territory of Qidan (referring to China), which is mined in Shan Ye and looks like a vein. Burning is no different from wages. " "The temperature is better than the salary. If a fire burns at night, it will continue the next day, and the quality is excellent, so that nothing else will be burned throughout the country. "

The discovery and utilization of coal is a great achievement of China's working people's science, technology and wisdom, at least 400 years earlier than that of Europe.

(2) Ming Dynasty

In the Ming Dynasty, coal was widely used in handicraft industry, especially in industries closely related to fuel, such as metallurgy, ceramics, salt making, bricks and tiles, etc., which demanded higher supply of coal, thus promoting the continuous development of coal mining industry. Jin Jun said: "Now the families of the soldiers and civilians in Beijing are all paid by stone coal." In the early Ming Dynasty, the coal mining industry was monopolized by the government. With the development of commodity economy, government-run coal mines gradually declined, and private coal industry rose. "Tong Mingzhi" contains: "Shuntianfu wanping county came out of the Carboniferous." There are only one or two official kilns, and the rest are private kilns. These folk kilns are numerous. The History of Ancient Coal Mining in China pointed out: "Due to the needs of the capital coal market and the continuous attention of the imperial court, the Xishan area in Beijing has developed into the most famous coal producing area in the Ming Dynasty. There are many places like Hunhe, Dayu, Mentougou, Jietai Temple and Juyongguan.

The coal industry in Ming Dynasty was very different from that in Yuan Dynasty. The development of many private coal industries into joint ventures is conducive to increasing capital investment, expanding production, mining, transportation and transportation, and is more conducive to business sales. At this time, kiln owners and employees were fully employed, and the seeds of capitalist mode of production had appeared.

The large-scale development and utilization of coal in the Ming Dynasty left many cultural relics related to the coal industry. For example, a group of adjacent buildings left by Mentougou, such as the gate crossing the street, the kiln temple and the grand theater, are all the remains of ancient buildings built with the coal industry. It is understood that there are more than ten street buildings with different shapes and styles in Mentougou District, some of which are also equipped with statues. These buildings, both from the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, witnessed the prosperity of the coal industry at that time.

(3) Qing Dynasty

The coal mining industry in Qing Dynasty was more prosperous than that in Yuan and Ming Dynasties. The Qing government took various measures to support and encourage private mining of Jingxi coal mine. For example, in the thirty-third year of Kangxi (1694), it was ordered: "It is very beneficial for the public to level the front ridge of Gong Yu Temple (now Biyun Temple in Xiangshan), and the officials of the Second Ministry of Industry calculated the money and food needed." Another example is the fifth year of Qianlong (1740). In February, Zhao Cheng, a university student and a minister of rites, presented a memorial to "Guangkai Coal Mine", and the Qing Emperor instructed: "All coal producers in various provinces, all those who have nothing to do with the city, are prohibited from tombs and river embankments, and the governor has the overall situation in mind." This is the first time in the history of China that the emperor ordered all parts of the country to explore coal resources and open up coal mines, which effectively promoted the development of the national coal mining industry.

In Qing dynasty, in order to strengthen the control and management of coal mines, the coal mining license system was implemented. Its content is also quite detailed, including mining location, scope, opening and closing time, number and name of employees, etc. In the twenty-seventh year of Qingganlong (1762), the coal industry was the most prosperous. There were 16 coal mines near Xishan in Beijing,1/7 coal mines in wanping county and 140 coal mines in fangshan county, totaling 273. From the perspective of industrial scale, Jingxi coal mine has a large scale. "The big one is one or two hundred, and the small one is eighty or ninety." The investment of the middle class is also around 1000, which has the scale of a capitalist handicraft factory.

During the Jiaqing period, the coal mining industry in western Beijing was quite prosperous.

Although there were setbacks in the ancient coal mining industry in Beijing, like the whole country, there was a ban on mining, but the overall development was relatively smooth. Coal mining is too important for the ancient capital Beijing, which is related to the daily life of the imperial court and the needs of millions of soldiers and civilians in the capital. Therefore, coal mining in Beijing is more common and valued than other places, and there is less resistance to mining other minerals. The fundamental reason why the ancient mining industry was restricted or imprisoned was the guiding ideology of feudal emperors who emphasized agriculture and suppressed the end. In addition, there are two reasons: first, the "geomantic theory", which holds that mining will "break the pulse when the valley collapses" Later, we will shovel the tomb of Lu, not give up the humanities, exhaust the essence of the place, and not be given up by the people. "This idea is very common among some ruling classes and feudal literati, who are firmly opposed to mining. Second, I am afraid that the masses will make trouble. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, miners rebelled, so the rulers of past dynasties were very cautious about mining. The troubles of miners were particularly prominent in the Ming Dynasty. Ming Shenzong tried to raise money by "mining and collecting taxes". He sent eunuchs to various places to collect mining tax. Eunuchs were tyrannical, repeatedly taxed and plundered the wealth of the people, which triggered a long-term struggle between mine supervisors and tax collectors all over the country. This struggle broke out one after another, with ups and downs, hundreds of times in scale, and lasted for more than 10 years, which dealt a heavy blow to the ruling class of the Ming Dynasty. For example, in the 28th year of Wanli (1600), eunuch Wang Hu went to Xianghe to impose a tax on fish and reed mines, which aroused the armed resistance of thousands of "young workers". Two years later, Jingxi kiln workers struggled with mine supervisors and tax collectors. In March of the 31st year of Wanli (1603), a demonstration team consisting of kiln workers, coal haulers and some kiln households marched to Beijing. These "short-clothed people" blocked the streets and roads in the capital, shouting slogans such as reducing mine tax and replacing eunuchs. This caused great fear in the imperial court, so we had to withdraw eunuchs and reduce mine tax to anger the people.

Third, the tortuous modern coal mining industry.

(a) The power to grant and confiscate mining rights.

From 65438 to the 1960s, Britain, Germany, the United States, Italy, Belgium, Japan and other countries asked the Qing government to mine and build a coal railway in Beijing. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Tongxing Coal Mine, Mao Yu Coal Mine, Tian Li Coal Mine, Mentougou Coal Mine and Alpaca Coal Mine appeared in Beijing. Among them, Tongxing Coal Mine, a Sino-US joint venture, was built in 1896, and 19 1 was changed to a Sino-British joint venture. In the ninth year of the Republic of China (1920), the mining area reached 4770. It was one of the largest coal mines in western Beijing at that time. Mentougou Coal Mine was jointly run by China and Britain. In the second year of the Republic of China (19 13), it was jointly run by Chinese businessmen and Belgian businessmen. In 19 15, it was changed to be jointly run by China and Britain. After the expansion, the mining area is 568hm2, which is the largest coal mine in Beiping, and it has the longest mining time and the greatest influence. There are two vertical shafts with a capital of 6.5438+0.5 million yuan. Drill holes with a pneumatic drill, blast with black powder, lay rails underground, and transport them with harvesters. It was officially put into production in the 12th year of the Republic of China (1923), and the coal output in that year was 413.88 million tons. In the 23rd year of the Republic of China (1934), it produced 438,000 tons of coal, accounting for 39% of the total coal output in Beiping that year. By the 28th year of the Republic of China (1939), the company had a capital of 4.3 million silver dollars and more than 3,000 employees. Judging from the annual output and mining area at that time, the mine was also in the forefront of the national coal mining industry.

The rise of the above-mentioned five Sino-foreign joint-venture coal mining enterprises had an important impact on the mining history of modern Beiping area. After all, they all have Sino-foreign joint venture contracts, official mining licenses and certain mining procedures. In particular, Tongxing Coal Mine, the first joint venture between China people and foreigners (later changed to Sino-British joint venture), became the first Sino-foreign joint venture and officially put into production, which played an exemplary role in utilizing and introducing foreign capital. In addition, the participation of foreign capital has partly changed the technical characteristics of the coal mining industry in Beiping and promoted coal production. However, the purpose of joint venture of imperialist powers in China is to grab profits and plunder resources. They firmly hold the mining rights, so they are called joint ventures. In fact, foreigners are operating alone.

(B) Japan's monopoly and plunder

Compared with the British and American powers, Japan set foot in Beiping mineral resources later. But the latecomers came from behind and showed extreme greed. Especially after the Lugouqiao Incident, Japan stepped up its unscrupulous and crazy plunder of Peiping minerals, occupied them by force, monopolized their operations, and even Sino-foreign joint ventures were occupied by Japan.

The minerals monopolized and plundered by Japan in Beijing include metal mines, non-metal mines and coal mines, mainly coal. The coal output of several coal enterprises directly monopolized and plundered is as follows:

1. Yangtuo Coal Mine

In the seventh year of the Republic of China (19 18), Chen Shaowu, son of Chen Xiwu, a member of the Ministry of Interior, and Ikui foreign company of Japan jointly established Yangtuo Coal Mine. The capital is 6,543,800 yuan, 50/50. The mining area is 585 mu, and two inclined shafts are opened with a depth of 160m and three layers of coal. The annual output of coal exceeds 50,000 tons. After the Lugouqiao Incident, the Japanese aggressors tore off the mask of joint venture and occupied Yangjiatuo Coal Mine by force.

2. Mentougou Mine

Mentougou Coal Mine, founded in the ninth year of the Republic of China (1920), was the largest coal mine in Peiping at that time. The mining area is 4658 mu. In the 30th year of the Republic of China (194 1 year), after the Pacific War 12, the Mentougou coal mine, a former Sino-British joint venture, was occupied by the Japanese army and put under military control. In 32 years of the Republic of China (1943), it was changed into a Sino-Japanese joint venture, but it was actually monopolized by the Japanese. In order to meet the needs of the war of aggression, the Japanese spared no effort in management. During the period of British management, the highest annual output was 438,000 t; The Japanese army reached 550,000 t during the war.

3. Mentougou Mining College of South Sichuan Industry

The mine was formed in September 1938 by the merger of Japanese Chuannan Industrial Co., Ltd. and Heng Chang Company. Heng Chang Company, formerly known as Hongfu Kiln, has a mining area of 979 mu. Annual output: 26 years of the Republic of China (1937), 35,954 tons; Twenty-nine years of the Republic of China (1940),1.4016000t; In the 31st year of the Republic of China (1942), it was 1 1. 6.354 billion t.

4. Li Feng Coal Company

The company is located in Haojiafang Village, Mentougou. In 9 years (1920), it was founded by He, a miner in China. In 26 years of the Republic of China (1937), the mine was merged by Japan Chuanpin Bailianwa Company and changed into a Sino-Japanese joint venture with a capital of 500,000 yuan. Output1940,62490t; 194 1 year,1446,659,000 t; 1942, 108386 tons. During the fall of Beiping, the Japanese army built 12 new mines in Mentougou mining area, with a maximum annual output of 2 million tons. The annual total output of each mine is:1938,800,000 tons; 1939,299,000 t; 1940, 1.55 million t; 194 1 year, 2.03 million t; 1942,1899,000 t; 1943,1080,000 t; 1944,1440,000 t.

5. Datai Coal Mine

Including Daanshan Pit and Qingshuijian Pit. In the sixth year of the Republic of China (19 17), the Japanese side sent personnel to investigate. 1920 obtained the mining right of Daanshan pit. 1939, the Japanese established nine charcoal research institutes. Build a factory building, install equipment and set up transmission lines to Shijingshan Power Plant. Use electricity to dig large platforms, clear water flows and level pits. 1942 two flat tunnels were drilled to 880m and 400m respectively, and coal penetrated through 13 layer, and coal was officially mined. The maximum daily output was about 1500t. The annual output was:193910 ~ 65438+February. 114.69 million t; 1940,418.79 million t; 19421~ August 319.56 million tons.

6. Fangshan Toli Coal Mine

1937, the mine was taken over by the Japanese army. Annual output: 1938,100579,000 tons; 1939，92469t； 1940,1729.28 million t; 194 1 year,1936.86 million t; 1942, 153323 tons.

(C) the development of ethnic coal mining industry suffered setbacks

While the great powers have invested in Beiping coal resources, the national capitalist coal industry is also striving to develop. At the beginning of the 20th century, a number of coal mining enterprises run by national capitalists appeared in Pingxi area. Mentougou District mainly includes Zhongxing Mine, Siwei Company, Hongshun Kiln and Water Control Company. Zhaitang, Banqiao and Wang Ping Village include Zhaitang Coal Company, Tongxing Coal Mine and Banqian Coal Mine. Fangshan District includes Ye Wei Coal Mine, Dafeng Coal Mine and Xingbao Company. In addition, there are some private small coal mines. According to China Coal Mine: 1935, there are more than 630 private kilns in the west of Beijing. The development of coal industry has also promoted the development of transportation. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Beijing successively built Zhoukoudian, Tori, Mentougou Coal Railway, Fangshan Coal Dedicated Line and Mentougou Highway. In the 1920s, Mentougou District built the Menzhai Railway. At the same time, the water transportation of Jingxi coal mine has also made a breakthrough. After the dock in Liu Lihe Town was repaired, the coal in Fangshan District went down the Dashi River and reached Tianjin. In 1930s, due to the decrease of water quantity and the development of railways and highways, waterway transportation lost its function.

In order to meet the needs of the war of aggression, the Japanese made huge profits, monopolized and plundered Pingxi Coal Mine, created a coal shortage in Ping Jin by despicable means, and hit China's national industry hard. The methods are as follows: (1) implement material rationing and limit the production of folk kilns. According to Japanese regulations, gunpowder, calcium carbide, grain and other items needed for private kilns are all supplied in limited quantities. (2) Control railway transportation and set up private kilns to collect coal. Without approval, the mined coal shall not be transported abroad. And forced the coal mine to sign an "affidavit" and forcibly acquired the private kiln coal mine. ③ Establish a "four-door combination" to control coal sales. Japan buys coal at a low price and sells it at a high price in the city, making huge profits. The "four-door combination" set up by the Japanese side in the city (namely, Wannaji Mentougou Coal-controlled Marketing Company and Beisanmen Mentougou Coal-controlled Marketing Company) is only allowed to sell coal by itself, and no one else is allowed to sell coal. Thus forming a situation of exclusive operation of production and marketing. The Japanese took advantage of this monopoly and created a coal shortage in Pingjin at 1944. As a result, many factories and enterprises closed down, a large number of private kilns closed down and went bankrupt, and a large number of miners fled the desert, begging for food and starving to death on the streets. It is precisely because of Japan's plunder and monopoly that Beiping's industry was rapidly colonized, the coal mining industry declined, and most coal mining enterprises closed down. The number of private small coal mines has decreased sharply, and the number of small coal mines in Mentougou District alone has decreased from more than 50 1930 to more than 50. The national coal industry has been hit hard.