The historical background of Longzhong
After the battle of Guandu, Liu Bei fled to Jingzhou and defected to Liu Biao. Liu Biao allocated some troops to him to stay in Xinye (now Xinye County, Henan Province). Liu Bei is an ambitious man, because his ambition has not been realized, and his heart is always unhappy. He wants to find a good assistant. He found a famous man named Si Mahui in Xiangyang, so he went to visit him specially. Si Mahui said, "There are Wolong and Feng Chu in this area. If you can invite one of them, you can calm down the world. " Si Mahui told Liu Bei: Wolong is Zhuge Liang, and the word is Kongming; Feng Chu's name is Pang Tong. Xu Shu is also a local celebrity, because I heard that Liu Bei was recruiting talents, so I came to see him. Liu Bei was so happy that he left Xu Shu as his counselor. Xu Shu said, "I have an old friend, Zhu Gekongming. People call him Wolong. Does the general want to meet him? " After listening to Xu Shu's introduction, Liu Bei said, "Since you know him so well, please come hard and invite him!" Xu Shu shook his head and said, "This can't be done. People like this must be personally invited by the general to show your sincerity. "
Liu Bei successively heard that Si Mahui and Xu Shu attached great importance to Zhuge Liang. Knowing that Zhuge Liang must be a great talent, he took Guan Yu and Zhang Fei to Longzhong to find Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang visited the hut and was finally moved by Liu Bei's sincerity and took Liu Bei to his hut. Zhuge Liang saw that Liu Bei was so open-minded and asked for advice, so he had a heart-to-heart talk with Liu Bei. He said: "Now Cao Cao has defeated Yuan Shao, with a million troops, and he is holding the order of the Emperor. We can't compete with him by force alone. Sun Quan has occupied Jiangdong area for three generations. Jiangdong has a dangerous terrain, and now all the people have joined him, and a group of talents are working for him. It seems that we can only unite with him and can't play his mind. "
Then, Zhuge Liang analyzed the situation of Jingzhou and Yizhou (now part of Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Hubei and Guizhou), and thought that Jingzhou was an important military place, and Liu Biao could not keep this place. Yizhou has a fertile and vast land, which has always been called "the land of abundance", but Liu Zhang, the owner there, is also a weak man, and everyone is dissatisfied with him. Finally, he said, "The general is a descendant of the royal family and is famous all over the world. If we can occupy Jingzhou and Yizhou, unite with Sun Quan and rectify internal affairs, we can March from Jingzhou and Yizhou and attack Cao Cao once we have the opportunity. At that time, who will not welcome the general? In this way, we can achieve great things and restore the Han Dynasty. " After listening to Zhuge Liang's incisive and thorough analysis, Liu Bei's thoughts were suddenly enlightened. He felt that Zhuge Liang's talents were rare, so he earnestly asked Zhuge Liang to come out of the mountain and help him complete the great cause of reviving the Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang went out to assist Liu Bei. Later, people called it "three visits to the thatched cottage" and called Zhuge Liang's talk "Longzhong Dui" or "Caotang Dui" [edit this paragraph].
Longzhong Dui is selected from The History of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Zhi and Zhuge Liang Chuan. The author of the Three Kingdoms is Chen Shou. The formulation of Longzhongdui was not put forward by Chen Shou in the History of the Three Kingdoms, but was added by later generations. There is also a saying that Cao Lu is right. Chen Shou (233 ~ 297), a historian, was born in Han An (now Nanchong, Sichuan) in the Western Jin Dynasty. The author of the twenty-fifth history of the reflection. The story of Longzhong Dui happened in the twelfth year of Jian 'an (2007). Liu Bei visited the cottage three times, and Zhuge Liang (then 27 years old) told Liu Beichen that there are three points in the world, namely, "Long Zhong Dui" and "Cao Lu Dui". The Collection of Zhuge Liang written by Chen Shou in 268-273 should be the main content of Zhuge Liang Biography of Three Kingdoms completed by Chen Shou in the tenth year of Taikang (290). Therefore, Chen Shou must have listened to others' paraphrases and then compiled Longzhong Dui. As for who was there, it's hard to say. [Edit this paragraph] Original text
Working hard at Longmu is good for Fu Liang Yin. He is eight feet long, and every time he compares himself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi, he is incomparable. Cui and Yingchuan of Boling are straightforward and bright, friendly and honest.
Be the first master to station a new field. When Xu Shu met the first master, he took care of the equipment first. He said, "Zhu Gekongming, Wolong, do you want to see him?" The late Lord said, "Come with me." Cao Shu said, "You can meet this man, but you can't give in to him. The general should be in charge. "
Therefore, it is clear that we should see each other from time to time. Because the screen man said, "The Han Dynasty is dead, the traitor stole his life, and the Lord was covered with dust. Lonely and incompetent, want to believe in human justice; And wisdom is short, so use it. As for today. However, the ambition is not over yet, and you said that the plan will come out? "
Liang replied, "Since Dong Zhuo came, there have been many heroes, and countless people have crossed the state and even the county. Compared with Yuan Shao, Cao Cao has a small name and few people. However, Cao defeated Shao and took the weak as the strong, which not only suppressed the weather, but also suppressed others. Today, millions of Cao Cao are vassals with the emperor. This sincerity is indisputable. According to Sun Quan, he lived in Jiangdong for three generations, and the country was in danger of the people. He can use it. It can be used for aid, but not for profit. Jingzhou is bordered by Han and Mian in the north, benefiting from the South China Sea, Wu Hui in the east and Bashu in the west. This is a country that uses force, but its owner can't stay. This is almost heaven, so it is a general. Does the general care? Yizhou is a dangerous place, fertile land is thousands of miles away, and the land of abundance makes Gaozu emperor. Liu Zhang is weak, Zhang Lu is in the north, the people are rich but don't know how to keep shirts, and the wise think of the wise. The general is both the emperor's palace and loyal to the four seas. He is a hero, eager for wisdom. If there are advantages and interests, he will protect his rock resistance, he will be brave in the west and brave in the south, and he will do a good job in foreign relations and domestic politics with Sun Quan. If the world changes, a general will be ordered to lead Jingzhou troops to Wan and Luo, and the general will lead Yizhou people out of Qinchuan. Who dares to meet the general without eating kettle pulp? If this is the case, the hegemony can be reached and the Han family can flourish. "
The late Lord said, "Good!" So I got very close to Liang Qing.
Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others were unhappy, and the late master explained, "There is a hole in the sky alone, and there is water in the fish. I hope you don't say anything! " Feather, flying is the only way. [Edit this paragraph] Translation
Zhuge Liang farmed in the fields and liked to sing "The Song of Fu Liang". He is eight feet tall and often compares himself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi, but people didn't think so at that time. Only Cui of Boling and Xu Shu of Yingchuan have friendly contacts with Zhuge Liang, which is true.
At that time, the late master Liu Bei was stationed in Xinye. Xu Shu visited Liu Bei, and Liu Bei thought highly of him. Xu Shu said to Liu Bei, "Zhu Gekongming, this is Wolong. Don't you want to call him? " Liu Bei said, "Come with him." Xu Shu said, "You can visit this person. You can't do him wrong. Tell him to go to the door. The general should visit him himself. "
So Liu Bei went to visit Zhuge Liang, and he always went to see him three times. So Zhuge Liang told the people next to him to avoid it, saying, "The rule of the Han Dynasty collapsed. Dong Zhuo and Cao Cao took power successively, and the royal family suffered. I can't measure whether my virtue can convince people, I can't estimate whether my strength can win people, and I can't do justice for the whole world. But because of my short wit and few ways, I failed and got into this situation today. However, my ambition has not stopped. What should you tell me? "
Zhuge Liang replied: "Since Dong Zhuo's rebellion, national heroes have risen at the same time, and there are countless people who dominate the county. Compared with Yuan Shao, Cao Cao has both fame and fortune and fewer troops. However, Cao Cao finally defeated Yuan Shao, and the reason for defeating the strong with the weak was not only good timing, but also proper planning. Now Cao Cao has a million troops, holding the emperor hostage and threatening his ministers. It's really no match for him. Sun Quan has occupied Jiangdong for three generations. The terrain is dangerous, the people are involved, and talents are appointed. Sun Quan can use him as foreign aid in this respect, but he cannot be used. Jingzhou is bordered by Hanshui and Mianshui in the north and can reach the coast directly in the south. It is bordered by Wu Jun and Hui Jun in the east and Baxian and Shuxian in the west. This is a place of war, but his master Liu Biao has no ability to hold it. This is probably a gift from heaven to support the general. Isn't the general going to take it? Yizhou is a rich land with dangerous terrain and vast and fertile land, which was used by Gaozu to establish imperial industry. Liu Zhang is fatuous and cowardly. Zhang Lu threatens him in the populous and rich north, but Liu Zhang doesn't know how to cherish it. Talented people long for a wise monarch. This general is not only descended from the royal family, but also has a high reputation. He is famous all over the world, and he is widely admired for his talent. He is hungry. If we can occupy Jing and Yi, we can hold the dangerous place, make peace with all ethnic groups in the west, appease the southern minorities, unite Sun Quan with foreign countries and innovate politics at home. Once the situation in the world changes, a general will be sent to lead Jingzhou's army to Wan and Luo counties, and the general will personally lead Yizhou's army to fight Qinchuan. Who can welcome you without eating or drinking? If this can be done, then the cause of hegemony will be successful and the world of the Han Dynasty will be revived. "
Liu Bei said, "Good!" From then on, the feelings with Zhuge Liang became deeper and deeper.
Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were very unhappy, so Liu Bei explained to them, "I have Kong Ming, just like fish has water. I hope you don't say anything more. " Guan Yu and Zhang Fei calm down.
Common words
1. Want to believe in justice above the world (believe, stretch, stretch)
Since Dong Zhuo has come (has passed the "coming")
Ancient and modern synonyms
Crazy ancient meaning: failure today meaning: arrogance
Gu Guyi: Visiting today: Taking care of.
Ancient meaning: forever * * * Today meaning: ordinary.
The ancient meaning of loneliness: respect for today's meaning: loneliness
Use the ancient meaning: therefore, the present meaning: use
Taneyoshi, visit. The general should have left for nothing. Jinyi, take care.
Probably, almost ancient. This is a dangerous day, so it is dangerous to be a general. (invincible)
Day after day, day after day. So I am close to a bright day, and the sun is still daytime.
Sentence pattern:
① True or false: Zhu Gekongming, Wolong also. This is a country that uses force.
⑵ Ellipsis: You were born with it.
(3) Inverted sentence: Every time you compare yourself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi, you can't.
(4) Progressive complex sentences: not only the weather, but also the suppression of others.
(5) Passive sentence: A talented person can do it.
Flexible use of parts of speech;
(1) Noun as a verb: Eating pot pulp: easy, easy to use,
Pot, put it in the pot.
Faith is everywhere: trust and keep faith.
(2) Nouns as adverbials: West, Zhu Rong: West, West.
Nansuke said: South, South.
Do a good job in foreign relations with Sun Quan: foreign, foreign.
Internal politics: internal and internal.
(3) Nouns as adjectives: So close to the bright feelings: day by day.
Thinking of sages is thirsty: sages are talented.
Polysemy:
(1) letter: Call it letter-it is true that letter is everywhere-sincerely want to believe in the meaning of the world: through "stretching", stretching.
(2) Because: People say that because of the screen-because of the numbers. Biography of Mr. Wu Liusu
Gaozu became an emperor's career because of it-he read a lot of books because of it-so he didn't look at the situation-he just did it.
(3) Therefore, since the master is enlightened-then he can overcome the difficulties-finally, finally.
Lost, lost. -Finally, unexpectedly.
4 Sincerity: This sincerity can't compete with the front. -strengthen the positive tone, really, really. That's right.-If
⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤
⑥ Call: Call it loyalty-call it the late master-right. ...
⑦ Ran: This is called loyalty-such a natural ambition is not over yet-but, but.
⑧ Use: Then use shackles-so that sages can use them-use this country that uses weapons-use them.
⑨ Wei: Good for "Song of Songs"-sing it, call it faith-yes, take weakness as strength-success, success, use it-success, dispensability-as a version of [editing this paragraph].
First, the social background of Zhuge Liang Longzhong.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to the cruel oppression of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the fierce attack of natural disasters, the vast number of farmers' homes were ruined and displaced, and they were forced to take risks. In the first year of Zhong Ping, the Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty (A.D. 184), under the leadership of the Zhang Jiao brothers, the famous Yellow Scarf Uprising broke out. The rebel army wrapped its head in the yellow turban insurrectionary and shouted the slogan, "The sky will die, the yellow sky will stand, and the year will be in Jiazi, and the world will be at peace." The rebels are everywhere. "Every house was burned, the city was robbed, the county was lost, and the chief executive fled. In ten days, the world responded and the capital shook. " The Yellow Scarf Uprising in Sichuan quickly swept across the vast area north of the Yangtze River, which dealt a heavy blow to the reactionary rule of the powerful landlords in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In order to maintain the crumbling rule, the Eastern Han Dynasty faced the disaster of extinction, and quickly dispatched troops to fight back against the peasant rebels. Powerful forces all over the country also took this opportunity to recruit soldiers and join the ranks of suppressing peasant rebels.
After the heavy blow of the Yellow turban insurrectionary, the Eastern Han Dynasty was dying in name only. In the process of suppressing the yellow turban insurrectionary uprising, "heroes rose side by side, and countless people crossed the state and joined the county." Warlords all over the world rallied and split themselves into one side in order to respect themselves. After playing for more than ten years, Gongsun Zan occupied Youzhou; Gongsun Du occupied Liaodong; Yuan Shao occupied Jizhou, Qingzhou and Bingzhou; Yuan Shu occupied Yangzhou; Cao Cao occupied two states, Chong and Yu. Liu Biao occupied Jingzhou; Sun Ce and Sun Quan occupied Jiangdong; Han Sui and Marten occupy Liangzhou; Ada, Liu Zhang and his son occupied Yizhou, but Liu Bei had no fixed territory, and led the troops everywhere, and successively attached to Gongsun Zan, Cao Cao, Yuan Shao and Liu Biao.
In the first year of Jian 'an (A.D. 196), Cao Cao welcomed the Han Dynasty to offer the emperor's promise, and politically gained the favorable position of "relying on the emperor to make the princes". He led the army to wipe out the separatist forces such as Lu Bu, Yuan Shu and Yuan Shao, occupied Hebei, Youzhou, Qinghai and Hehe, pacified the north, and had the potential to pacify the south and unify China in one fell swoop.
Zhuge Liang was born in a noble family. When he was young, he was brilliant and outstanding. History calls it "a rare talent who escaped from the crowd, a weapon of British hegemony, eight feet long and graceful, unique." [z] The Biography of Zhuge Liang in the Three Kingdoms records: "Zhuge Liang is famous, and Lang Xie is also a human being. Zhuge Feng, a captain transferred from the Han Dynasty, is also a queen. Father Jue, word, Taishan County Cheng at the end of Han Dynasty. Liang was lonely in his early years, and his father, Zhuge Xuan, was the prefect of Yuan Shu Department. Liang and Liang's younger brother, Xuan Jiangdu, was an officer. In the Han Dynasty, Zhu Hao was chosen as Xuanzong. Su Xuan and Jingzhou Liu Mu are both old, so we should follow their example. Xuanzu, smart and diligent, is good at Fu Liangyin. He is eight feet long, and every time he compares himself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi, he is incomparable. Bolingcui and Yingchuan are generous, hearty and friendly, and they can be called loyal. " Zhuge Liang was born and grew up in the war years at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. He witnessed the suffering brought by the war to the people. Especially in the process of Zhuge Liang accompanying his uncle Zhuge Xuannan, the sad and tragic scene of "white bones exposed in the wild, a thousand miles without chickens crowing" left a deep imprint on the young Zhuge Liang's mind, which also laid the ideological foundation for Zhuge Liang to later eliminate the separatist regime and unify the world. When Zhuge Xuan died in 197, Zhuge Liang, who was 17 years old, began to live independently and "cultivated Long Mu" in Gulong, 20 miles west of Xiangyang, Hubei. In Longzhong, Zhuge Liang spent ten years in cold and heat.
Zhuge Liang spent ten years "ploughing for a long time" and did not live a secluded paradise life. In Longzhong, Zhuge Liang carefully studied historical records and summarized the experiences and lessons of the rise and fall of past dynasties; Pay close attention to the political situation at that time, and calmly observe and analyze the strength of various political groups and the success or failure of their struggles. He often talks with local celebrities such as Xu Shu, Meng and others who fled to Jingzhou to escape the war, exchanging political views and talking about the future.
He worshiped Guan Zhong, a famous state of Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period, and a famous state of Yan in the Warring States Period, and "compared himself with Guan Zhonghe", determined to do something beneficial to unifying the world like Guan Zhonghe. To this end, Zhuge Liang lay high in the middle of the year, quietly watching the changes in the world, waiting for the opportunity, and expecting to meet the Lord in order to realize his political ideal and grand ambition.
How can I realize my ambition? Looking at the results of the warlord melee at that time, before the Chibi War, only Cao Cao, Sun Quan, Liu Bei, Liu Biao, Liu Zhang, Gongsun Du, Han Sui, Marten and others were left. Then, why didn't Zhuge Liang make suggestions for Liu Bei, who was running around and had no fixed place, instead of pacifying Cao Cao, who was "holding the emperor to make princes" in the north, or Sun Quan, who was "three generations of Jiangdong"? I think there are several main reasons: 1. Although Cao Cao was the strongest, he gained a favorable position in politics. He led the army to annihilate the separatist forces such as Lu Bu, Yuan Shu and Yuan Shao, occupied Hebei, Youzhou, Qinghai and Hehe, and pacified the north, which greatly pacified the south and unified China in one fell swoop. But Zhuge Liang knew that Cao Cao had a group of talented advisers such as Yu Xun and Guo Jia, and it was difficult for him to display his talents. At the same time, although the Eastern Han Dynasty existed in name only, it still had a great influence among the scholars at the end of the Han Dynasty. In the eyes of many scholars at the end of the Han Dynasty, Cao Cao was called Han Cheng Xiang, but in fact he was a Han thief. Zhuge Liang naturally refused to give him advice. 2. Although Sun Quan has occupied the land of Jiangdong for three generations, he lacks the ambition to unify the world, and Zhuge Liang wants to end the separatist situation and complete the great cause of reunification. Besides, Sun Quan has inherited the inheritance of his father and brother, and his subordinates have already had a number of elders and ministers such as Zhang Zhao and Zhou Yu. Zhuge Liang knew that if he went to Sun Quan's place, it would be difficult for him to display his unparalleled talents. So when Zhang Zhao recommended Sun Quan to shine, Zhuge Liang refused to stay, and people asked him why. Zhuge Liang said, "General Sun is an outstanding person. However, judging from his academic qualifications, he can be gorgeous, so I won't stay. " Although Liu Bei had no foothold at that time and was attached to Liu Biao in Jingzhou, he was respected by people at that time despite repeated setbacks since he started his army. Even Cao Cao thought: "The only heroes in the world today are the monarch (Liu Bei) and Cao Er." Zhuge Liang sized up the situation and thought that Liu Bei could seize Jingzhou and Yizhou as the foundation of the country, follow Liu Bang's example of renting land at a high price and achieve imperial career. At the same time, Liu Bei has always lacked a real strategist. Zhuge Liang believes that assisting Liu Bei can give full play to his talents and realize his ambitions. So when Liu Bei visited the cottage, Zhuge Liang readily agreed to go out to assist Liu Bei.
Second, "Longzhong Dui" was ambitious and formulated the strategy of "dividing the world into three parts" and "Northern Expedition"
In the 12th year of Jian 'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty (207), Zhuge Liang's good friend Xu Shu recommended Zhuge Liang to Liu Bei. At this time, Liu Bei was attached to Liu Biao's door in Jingzhou. Although Liu Biao treated Liu Bei as a guest of honor with the friendship of imperial clan, Liu Bei and his men were stationed in Xinye (now Xinye, Henan). As a lean generation, Liu Bei is unwilling to rely on others, and is eager to strengthen his own strength in order to realize his ambition of competing for the Central Plains. Liu Bei has long heard of Zhuge Liang. According to Xiangyang Ji, "Liu Bei traveled all over the world in Sima. Cao De said, "Do Confucian scholars and the people know current events? People who know the times care about Jie Jun. There are dragons, winds and chickens here. Therefore, when Xu Shu recommended Zhuge Liang, he said, "Zhu Gekongming is also Wolong. Would the general like to see it? "Liu Bei, 47, can't wait to brave the cold and heavy snow in the middle of winter and go to Longzhong to beg Zhuge Liang, 27, for a plan to unify the world. In Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Luo Guanzhong described "three visits to the thatched cottage" as a very wonderful story. Zhuge Liang thought that Liu Bei was a like-minded and trustworthy master of democracy, so he told the whole story about his observation and analysis of the social situation at that time, and put forward a set of strategic policies for Liu Bei, namely "Long Zhong Dui".
"Longzhong Dui" said: "Since Dong Zhuo, there have been heroes, and countless people have entered the county from Yuezhou. Compared with Yuan Shao, Cao Cao is less famous and has fewer people. However, Cao overcame salt and took the weak as the strong, which was not only the right time, but also the right place. Today, millions of Cao Cao are vassals with the emperor. This sincerity is indisputable. According to Sun Quan, he lived in Jiangdong for three generations, and the country was in danger of the people. He can use it. It can be used for aid, but not for profit. Jingzhou is bordered by Han and Mian in the north, benefiting from the South China Sea, connected to the east, and adjacent to Tongba and Shu in the west. This is a martial arts country, but its owner can't keep it. This is almost heaven, so it is a general. Does the general care? Yizhou is a dangerous place, fertile land is thousands of miles away, and the land of abundance is the reason why Gaozu became emperor. Liu Zhang is weak, Zhang Lu is in the north, the people are rich but don't know how to keep shirts, and the wise think of the wise. The general is both the emperor's palace and loyal to the four seas. He is a hero, eager for wisdom. If there are advantages and interests, he will protect his rock resistance, he will be brave in the west and south, and he will have good external relations and internal politics with Sun Quan. If the world changes, a general will be ordered to lead Jingzhou troops to Wan and Luo, and the general will lead Yizhou people out of Qinchuan. Who dares to meet the general without eating kettle pulp? If this is the case, the hegemony can be reached and the Han family can flourish. "
It can be seen from Longzhong Dui that Longzhong Dui is Zhuge Liang's view on the political situation at that time and a far-sighted strategic policy put forward in view of the unfounded situation of Liu Bei Group. To sum up, the contents of Zhuge Liang's Longzhong Dui mainly include the following four aspects:
1. At that time, the situation was that "Cao Cao now has millions of people and is a vassal with the help of the emperor. This sincerity cannot be compared with others. " Sun Quan lived in Jiangdong for three generations. Saints can use it. This can be for aid, but not for profit. "But Jingzhou, Yizhou is a place where we can make use of the failure of Liu Biao and Zhang in Jingzhou. Instead, let Liu Biao and Liu Zhang, who are independent of Jing and Yi, establish a reliable base area and share the world with Cao Cao and Sun Quan.
2. While seizing Jingzhou and Yizhou, we should make use of the reputation of "the Imperial Palace is full of loyalty and faithfulness" to recruit talents and "internal strength" and gradually enhance political, economic and military strength.
3. In Yizhou, it is necessary to properly handle the relationship with the southwest ethnic minorities, "building the army in the west and helping foreigners in the south" to relieve the worries of the Northern Expedition.
4. In Jingzhou, we should "have a good relationship with Sun Quan" and form an alliance with Sun Quan against Cao Cao. When "the world has changed", we will be divided into two ways. "I will order a general to lead Jingzhou's army to Wanhe Luo and lead Yizhou's people out of Qinchuan." If so, Liu Bei "will be successful in his career and prosperous in the Han Dynasty." Throughout the later historical process, Zhuge Liang's analysis of the situation in Longzhong basically conforms to the objective reality, and the strategic decision made for Liu Bei Group is generally effective.