1, historical background
After the Black Ship Incident, Japan was forced to sign a series of unequal treaties with the great powers, and the Tokugawa shogunate once again became the object of Japanese social crusade.
2. People's consciousness and awakening
The innovative forces among the lower samurai and the ambitious people from the aristocratic families of farmers, merchants, United with the powerful princes in the southwest and the royal officials who were in conflict with the shogunate, and put forward the slogan of "respecting the king and rejecting the foreign countries", that is, respecting the emperor and driving away foreign invaders. Collaborate with western forces to assassinate the shogunate; Attacking western businessmen and diplomats in Japan; Attacking ships of western powers, etc.
The emperor returned to power.
After Meiji regained power, the emperor regained real power. In order to change the situation that Japan was controlled by western powers, Japan decided to learn advanced technology from the west and make Qiang Bing a rich country.
Second, the content of Meiji Restoration
1, political reform
By implementing the policy of "returning official titles" and "abandoning vassal counties", Japan was divided into three prefectures and 72 counties, and a centralized political system was established, in which all the powers of the emperor were integrated. In the social system, the identity system of "scholars, farmers and businessmen" in the traditional era was abolished, the formal equality of "four people" was realized, and all classes were allowed to interact with each other.
2. Cultural education
Advocate learning western social culture and habits and develop modern education. Establish the Ministry of Education, promulgate the educational reform law-the academic system, and develop modern bourgeois compulsory education. Japan is divided into 8 university districts, with 65,438+0 universities, 32 middle school districts and 65,438+0 middle schools.
3. Reproduction and development
Introduce modern western industrial technology and set up the Ministry of Industry and Commerce to manage industry and commerce; Reform the land system, abolish the original land policy, allow land sales and implement a new local tax policy; Abolish the checkpoints set by governors; Unify the currency and set up the Bank of Japan (the central bank of the country) at 1882; Cancel the guild system and monopoly organizations in the industrial and commercial circles and promote the development of industry and commerce.
4. Military reform
On the military side, reform the military establishment, with the army referring to German training and the navy referring to the British navy; In 1872, the draft order was issued, and all adult men over the age of 20 were required to perform military service. Carry out militarism and bushido.
Extended data
Significance of Meiji Restoration
I. Positive aspects
Meiji Restoration promoted the progress of Japanese society, freed it from the national crisis, embarked on the road of developing capitalism and became the largest country in Asia.
Second, the negative aspects.
1. Although land ownership and land private ownership have been abolished, with the deepening of industrialization, the negative side of land ownership has gradually emerged, and farmers live in poverty, which has seriously affected the expansion of the domestic market and restricted industrial development.
2. The emergence of ultra-nationalism and militarism of foreign aggression and expansion has brought profound disasters to Asian countries.
3. After the Meiji Constitution was promulgated, the vassal government monopolized the political power in the name of the emperor for a long time, the parliament was in name only, and the people did not get democratic rights.
4. Carry out the policy of ignorance of the people, instill the idea of worshipping the emperor, and force the people to absolutely obey the emperor and work hard for him.
5. Feudal remnants restricted Japan's economic construction.