During the production team period, grain distribution followed three popular national sentences: "Enough for the country"; "Leave enough for the collective"; The rest are distributed according to the rules!
"Paying enough for the country" means giving priority to choosing superior grain, pulling it to the commune grain depot according to the specified weight of wheat, rice, corn, sorghum and soybean, and counting it to the production team account according to the unified national price. This is what is customarily called "public grain".
"Leave enough for collective use" is the grain reserve used by the production team itself. It includes: seeds; Feed grains for cattle, horses, donkeys and mules (mostly inferior coarse grains); Food for guests (mainly flour, rice and soybeans). Hospitality food is used to entertain people who come from all over the country to support agriculture, from spring until the end of autumn harvest. During the busy farming season, teams supporting agriculture, middle school students in counties and communes, students in commune middle schools ... teams of more than a dozen people, plus a class of about 50 people, are all in the production team within a week. Under the leadership of the accountant, the production team established a permanent special "catering team" composed of more than a dozen middle-aged women, who were given rice, tofu and dried tofu that members could not bear to eat or eat.
"The rest is distributed according to the rules". After public grain and collective grain reserves, the rest of the grain is distributed according to the regulations of each region. The distribution in Jilin area is as follows: first, it accounts for the "work-divided grain", giving priority to the distribution of labor rations, and the rest are distributed equally according to the population of the whole team. The upper limit is 520 kg. Is 360 kg enough as the base grain? If it doesn't reach 360 Jin, it will be pulled back from the commune grain depot to make up to 360 Jin, which is what is customarily called "selling grain and returning to the countryside".
"Surplus grain", after the above grain distribution, the production team still has grain, which is called "surplus grain", and it is also the "dream" of farmers. "Surplus grain" can not be used for the redistribution of production teams, but can only be turned over to the grain depot and sold to the state at a price far exceeding the public grain. The amount of "surplus grain" determines the income and labor score of the production team in that year. Surplus grain is sold in excess, the greater the income of members.
In fact, it is a distribution system combining "distribution according to work and distribution according to need". The average head count (basic rations) accounts for 70%, and the labor share accounts for 30% (which may vary from place to place and from time to time). Its initial intention should be to protect the basic right of survival of the elderly, orphans and children, seriously ill patients and other elderly people with little labor. In fact, this goal has been achieved, so even if there was no labor force at home at that time, there would be no food and hunger because there was no labor force.
Work should be graded according to labor intensity, labor quantity and quality. Because it involves vital interests, cadres need to adhere to principles, and the masses also have the right to express their opinions on everyone's labor performance. However, in the production team with weak organizational management ability of cadres, the enthusiasm of labor may be dampened, because after all, "the village looks after the house and the masses look after the cadres; Cadres should look to party member, and party member should look to the branch. Therefore, it is very important to have a strong and selfless cadre team. Anyone who says that collectivization means "eating the same pot, no fixed labor, no responsibility for production" is pure nonsense. The reason will only be management problems, farmers' ideological education and consciousness problems.
I experienced that era, when there was a jingle: "People work hard, take care of themselves, and eat evenly in the morning and evening." This means that members' rations are divided according to the number of people and work points. For needy families, troops, martyrs, disabled soldiers, disabled people, etc. We must take care of the average rations of all the players. Under normal circumstances, pay public grain first, leave enough seeds and grain reserves, and then distribute rations. People's communes are based on three-level accounting teams, all production teams in a village conduct separate accounting, and good production teams divide more grain and more money.
My production team is the best in the village. In the early 1970s, the per capita ration was divided into wheat 150 kg, corn, millet and other coarse grains 300 kg, and sweet potato 500 kg (excluding the grain left in the field). Every working day 1 yuan or more. Seven production teams in the village pay more than 300,000 Jin of public grain every year, and collectively have more than 200,000 Jin of grain reserves. Farmers have solved the problem of food and clothing.
The grain laid by the production team must first complete the national acquisition task. Then deduct seeds, feed and motor grain and redistribute them.
Deduct a small amount of relief grain from grain distribution, and average the rest grain per head, and then set 10% below the average standard as the minimum standard.
The grain used to participate in the distribution is calculated according to 6-4 work points of people, the head grain is divided according to the head, and the industrial grain is calculated according to the work points involved in the distribution.
If the processing and distribution of the first grain is lower than the minimum standard, the relief grain should be supplemented to the minimum standard.
The allocation scheme is calculated for the first time. Because of inexperience, relief food was deducted, and 1000 kg was deducted. As soon as the distribution plan was announced, everyone had great opinions. After asking the old accountant, he said with a smile, how much relief food have you withheld? I said, 1000 Jin was deducted. Pool accountant also said: the maximum deduction is 100 Jin. The more relief food is deducted, the less food is distributed, and people with more work points are definitely unwilling.
During the production team period, in our region, the northeast of Jilin Province, the grain distribution of the production team was distributed according to the average population, that is to say, regardless of adults and children, it was the same. Everyone has a unified ration standard. At that time, there was a slogan, "Is 360 Jin of grain enough a year?"
Of course, first of all, we must complete the national purchase task, leave enough seeds for next year's cultivation, and then leave enough feed grain for livestock, and then distribute them according to 360 kilograms of coarse grains per person. At that time, the grain distributed by the angry team was millet, sorghum, corn, millet, beans and other minor grains, and the main grain was millet. After processing, the grain laid by the production team will basically be scattered. If there is any surplus, it will be scattered.
When the grain production was reduced and the harvest was not good, the state's grain purchase was completed first, and enough seeds and livestock feed grain were left for everyone to share. If we can't reach the distribution standard of 360 Jin, we will eat "returning grain", that is, the grain allocated to each person is less than 360 Jin, which will be verified by the production brigade and the people's commune and reported to the county grain management department for approval before going.
360 Jin of grain, calculated by 70% of rice output, is 252 Jin, less than 7 Liang of grain per person per day. So there was not enough food at that time, and even the farmers who planted the land were hungry. I usually drink porridge at night. Fortunately, at that time, every family had private plots, and the grain or potatoes planted on private plots could not completely supplement the problem of insufficient food.
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Correctly speaking, the production team does not distribute food, but distributes food indicators. The food is still enough to buy, but it is converted with the income at the end of the year. Food indicators are mainly based on population distribution, and labor is appropriately rewarded. The award range varies from place to place and is decided by the production team. On the surface, it is basically nonsense to say who has worked hard. Our team's labor day is basically half a grain, and I can carry my family's labor day food home as a minor.
I was an accountant in the production team at that time, and the distribution of food was patchwork. Before working hard, people should take care of their families, martyrs, workers' families, five-guarantee households and needy households to eat "general standard rations" For example, there are 100 people in the production team, and they are divided into 10 thousand Jin of grain, with an average of 100 Jin per person. Not seven thousand pounds per person, but seventy pounds per person; Three thousand kilograms of work. If so, four households with five guarantees will not get the "general standard rations". We have to take out the "care food" from 10,000 Jin of grain first, and take care of these households to per capita 100 Jin, and the rest will be useless. The actual situation is that there is no 70% distribution according to people and no 30% distribution according to work.
The general principle is "37-37", which is clearly defined by counties and communes. In practice, all localities, brigades and production teams have their own laws and differences.
Generally speaking, there are two forms of distribution:
(1) Distribution: After summer harvest and summer sowing, the main grain to be distributed is wheat. After the wheat is dried in the field, it needs to be weighed and put into storage. After calculating the total output of the year, deducting the amount that should be handed in, retained and seeds, the rest is the rations that can be distributed to members.
Multiply the distributable quantity by 70%, then divide it by the actual population of the production team in the first half of the year to get the distributable grain quantity per head, and multiply it by the actual population of each household to get the basic rations that members should be allocated.
Divide the remaining 30% by the total work points paid by the whole production team before the end of June, and you can get the unit price of grain per "thousand work points". Multiply the total score earned by each household in the first half of the year by the unit price, and you can get the grain distributed according to work for each household.
Add up the above two calculation results, this is the pre-distribution result that needs to be recorded in the account book, and then members can go to the warehouse to collect it and take it home!
As for all kinds of miscellaneous grains distributed after autumn, sesame seeds, millet, mung beans and other small amounts are distributed according to the instant head.
The distribution of sweet potatoes with the same amount should be calculated according to the method of wheat distribution. The sweet potatoes are weighed in the field, and the sweet potatoes are converted into one catty of grain according to three catties in spring, and the sweet potatoes need to be converted into five catties in summer.
(2) Decision: By the end of the year, by using the above method of dividing wheat and sweet potato (the difference is only that the population and work points have changed a little), calculate the grain that each household should distribute throughout the year, and deduct the grain that has been distributed to the leaders before, and the grain distribution of the production team throughout the year will be over!
It's just that not all distributions are free. If a work-study peasant family has no work points and needs to pay for meals, the whole peasant family will use the work points of the whole year to deduct them. If the value of work points in that year is very low, or if the whole family earns very little work points, they need to pay. If you have no money, then you are an "overspent" household.
This distribution method is basically reasonable, which can prevent families with less labor and more children from having enough to eat, and make those families with more labor and more able-bodied people often go hungry!