Born on April 22, 65438+08701May 20, 887, his brother Alexander ulyanov was hanged when he was studying in the Biology Department of Petersburg University because he participated in the assassination of Tsar Alexander III planned by the People's Party. In the same year, Lenin graduated from middle school and entered the law department of Kazan University. In the first year of college, he was expelled from the school because he participated in the student movement, and was exiled to a remote village in Kazan Province, where he lived under surveillance. Later, because his mother applied to the government authorities, Lenin moved to the countryside where ulyanov's brother-in-law lived in Samara province and continued to live under the public surveillance of the police. Lenin taught himself the courses and Marxist works of the law department of the university here, especially the Manifesto of the Productive Party and Das Kapital, and accepted and believed in * * * productism all his life. From 65438 to 0892, Lenin wrote his first book, New Economic Changes in Farmers' Life. In the same year, with the approval of the Ministry of Education of the Russian government, he went to Petersburg as an off-campus auditor of the Law Department of the University of Petersburg, took the national examination for university graduation, and won a graduation gold medal and a university graduation certificate. Then he entered a law firm in Petersburg as a trainee lawyer and participated in workers' group activities organized by local Marxists. Before 1893, Lenin worked as a lawyer in Samara, a port city on the Volga River. At the same time, actively participate in revolutionary propaganda and join local Marxist groups. Then he moved to St. Petersburg and founded the St. Petersburg Workers' Liberation Association. 1895 12.7 was arrested again, sentenced to 14 months' imprisonment by the authorities, and detained in St. Petersburg prison. 1897 In February, Lenin, who had just been released from prison, was exiled to Shushensk village in Minsusinsk district of Yenisei state in eastern Siberia, a remote village hundreds of miles away from the highway. Here, he met plekhanov, a famous scholar who introduced Marxism into Russia, and some famous people. 1898 In June, Lenin married the socialist activist Nadesta Krupskaya. During his exile, he wrote more than 30 theoretical works, among which The Development of Russian Capitalism was published in April 1899, and this book was written under the pseudonym of Vladimir Lenin for the first time. After 1900 exile, Lenin was allowed to return to St. Petersburg (1924 ~19/kloc-0 was renamed Leningrad), then went to study in Geneva University, Switzerland, and then went to Stuttgart, Munich, Leipzig, Prague, Vienna, Manchester and London to engage in anti-government professional political activities. In Munich, Germany, he cooperated with martov to establish the first newspaper of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, Mars, which was distributed in Leipzig and London. During this period, he used many aliases and finally took "Lenin" as his official name. 190 1 ~ 1902, Lenin wrote a book what to do, which was very influential in the Russian revolution in the future. The book clearly expresses its opposition to Bernstein's revisionism, criticizes the "economic faction" line within the party, thinks that backward groups should accept the leadership of advanced groups, and demands that the party be built into an institution with "professional revolutionaries" as the vanguard and strict organizational discipline (that is, democratic centralism). 1903, Lenin attended the second congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. At the meeting, Lenin's views were opposed by martov, Trotsky and others, and his thoughts were criticized as "jacobin Doctrine". Due to the contradiction in principle, the Party gradually split into Bolsheviks headed by him (meaning majority) and Mensheviks headed by martov (minority). 1905 after the outbreak of the Russian revolution, Lenin led the third congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, in which only Bolsheviks participated, and formulated the Bolshevik strategy in this revolution. At the climax of this revolution,165438+1early October, Lenin returned to Petersburg, directly led the Bolshevik Central Committee and the Petersburg Committee, and participated in the editing and publishing of the party's organ newspaper "New Life". 1906 was elected as the Presidium of Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. After the failure of the revolution, Lenin left Russia in 1907 and 12, and went into exile in Paris and other places in western Europe, insisting on political writing under relatively poor conditions. In response to the controversy of the socialist revolution, he completed the book Critique of Materialism and Experience in 1909, which became the basic philosophical principle of Marxism–Leninism in the future. He is busy attending socialist gatherings all over Europe, such as 19 12 Prague delegates' meeting. Lenin met the socialist revolutionary Enesa armand in Paris, and they established relations with secret love. Lenin's former residence in Zurich, Switzerland, 1920 shot after the outbreak of World War I. Lenin criticized the social Democrats who supported his own war, claiming that the Second International was dead, and put forward the slogan of "turning the imperialist war into a civil war". During the war, he lived in Polonin, Austria, and was briefly detained by the authorities. Then in 19 14, he moved to Bern, Switzerland, a neutral country, and later moved to Zurich. And in August of 19 15, it was first proposed that socialism could win in a few or even a single capitalist country. 1965438+In September 2005, he participated in the Zimmerwald Conference against War in Switzerland. Lenin, as the leftist leader of Zimmerwald, advocated turning the imperialist war into a class war and called on the working class to seize power by launching a civil war. Most participants rejected his idea that the meeting plan should be limited to pacifism. In the second anti-war conference held in Switzerland, he led Zimmerwald's leftists to reiterate their views, but in the end he only got a compromise declaration. 19 16 In the spring, Lenin completed another theoretical work "Imperialism is the highest stage of capitalism" in Zurich. While criticizing his enemy Kaucki, he ironically popularized the latter's correct view in the19th century. 19 17 February revolution broke out in Russia, Tsar Nicholas II abdicated, the rule of Romanov dynasty was overthrown, and the Russian interim government was established. It was an alliance of all parties, mainly the Social Revolutionary Party and Kadets. At the same time, St. Petersburg also established the Soviet Union. Lenin, who was in neutral Switzerland at that time, knew that he needed to return to Russia immediately, but the neighboring countries were caught in World War I and could not pass directly. Nevertheless, the producer of Lenin, Fritz Platin, actively negotiated with the German authorities. Germany also hoped to use Lenin to ease the war with Russia on the eastern front, so it agreed to assist Lenin to take the "sealed train" arranged by Germany to return home. After crossing Germany, Lenin arrived in Sweden by boat. With the help of Swedish producers Otto Grimlen and Toure Niemann, he successfully crossed Scandinavia and arrived at Finland Station in St. Petersburg by train on April 19 16. Lenin quickly became the leader of the Bolshevik movement after returning to China. He put forward the famous "April Outline", pointing out that the Russian revolution must be transformed from bourgeois democratic revolution to proletarian socialist revolution, opposing the so-called "bourgeois provisional government", protesting its deliberate delay in the election at the Constitutional Convention, and putting forward the slogan "All power belongs to the Soviet Union". At first, the party was isolated because of his left-leaning politics. However, his uncompromising stance later made all those who didn't trust the interim government regard the Bolsheviks as their own camp. With such a group of "extravagant opponents", the party was no longer responsible for government policies. Kerensky, the party leader who opposed the Bolsheviks, accused Lenin of being a German spy (Lenin disguised as' Vilé n' did not produce clear evidence). 19 17 in July, the "July incident" occurred in St. Petersburg. The provisional government suppressed the demonstrators and soldiers supported by the Bolsheviks and announced that they hoped Bolshevik leaders such as Lenin. Lenin thought that the time was not yet ripe and temporarily gave up the idea of seizing power by force. He sneaked into the hut by the lake Lasliff, continued to guide the revolutionary struggle, and left Russia for Finland on August 9 (when he was in a semi-independent state), when he finished the writing of "State and Revolution". On September 7, Kornilov, commander-in-chief of the Russian army, launched a coup aimed at overthrowing the interim government, which had to turn to the Bolshevik Red Guards for help. The coup was finally shattered, and the Bolsheviks also took the opportunity to strengthen Lenin's speech. After analyzing the new situation, Lenin wrote two letters of instruction to the Bolshevik Central Committee, Petrograd Committee and Moscow Committee from September 12 to September 14, clearly putting forward the plan of seizing power through uprising, and secretly returned to Petrograd from Finland on June 7, 65438. He drafted the resolution of the armed uprising adopted by the the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Plenary Session, and arrived at the Smolny Institute on the night of June 24, 65438/KLOC-0, and personally directed the uprising. 1on the evening of October 25th (Gregorian calendar165438+1October 7th), the October Revolution was launched. Workers, soldiers and sailors who supported the Bolsheviks occupied the Winter Palace, where the interim government was located, at 2 am the next day, and announced the overthrow of the Russian interim government and the establishment of the "Provisional Government of Workers and Peasants". He said that elections should be held at the Constituent Assembly immediately, and demanded that Kadets, a liberal leftist, should be excluded and a socialist democratic government should be established, that is, "all power belongs to the Soviet Union". 165438+1On October 8, Lenin was elected as the chairman of the first Soviet government and promulgated the peace decree and the land decree.

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