The Evolution of Land System in China

1, primitive society

Clans are publicly owned, collectively cultivated and distributed equally.

2. Slave society (Xia Shang-Late Spring and Autumn Period)

Well field system, thousand coupling Yun Qi.

(1) Essence: the aristocratic land ownership owned by the king.

(2) Performance: ① "commons": aristocratic possession; ② "Private land": farmers are granted only the right to use, but no ownership.

(3) Contents: ① All land is nominally owned by the state; (2) The king distributed the land to nobles at all levels for generations to enjoy, but it was not allowed to transfer or buy or sell; The vassal should pay a certain tribute to the king.

(3) disintegration: blending, but declining; Lu Chu expropriated mu and recognized the legitimacy of private land;

The Qin political reform recognized the legality of private possession of land, allowed land to be bought and sold freely, and promoted the development of landlord economy.

3. Feudal society (Warring States Period-1840)

A variety of land ownership with private ownership as the main body

State-owned-"official land (public land)"

private

① Private ownership of farmers' land

(2) private ownership of sovereign land

(3) the landlord's land ownership (strong landlords and strong landlords)

Land source: occupying public land for personal use, acquisition, merger and sale (mainly)

Tenancy relationship: it originated in the Warring States period and was common in the Han Dynasty.

Since the Song Dynasty, tenancy management has become an important mode of management, second only to the form of yeoman.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, tenancy system spread all over the country and became the main form of rural economy.

Form of land rent: labor-material object (Song Dynasty)-money (Ming and Qing Dynasties). Farmers' enthusiasm for autonomy has been improved.

Personal attachment: the powerful landlords in the Eastern Han Dynasty formed the grange, and the laborers in the grange formed a strong life attachment relationship with the grange owners. After that, the dependency relationship became weaker and weaker, especially after the establishment of the contract rent payment method in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The liberated farmers have improved their autonomy in production, increased their enthusiasm and promoted the development of agriculture.

4. Late Qing Dynasty and Early Republic of China (1840-1924)

Feudal land ownership is dominant (as of 1952)

(1) Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: "China's Land System" is privately owned by farmers and egalitarian.

(2) Xinhai Revolution: equal land ownership (concept)

5. Period of National Revolution (1924-1927)

Objective: To mobilize farmers against warlords.

Policy: Land to the tiller (slogan)

Impact: It is conducive to developing the peasant movement and opposing the warlord rule.

1927 The August 7th meeting of the Party and the establishment of the Jinggangshan revolutionary base area are historic changes from the failure of the Great Revolution to the rise of the Agrarian Revolutionary War.

6. Ten-year confrontation period (1927— 1937)

Objective: To meet farmers' demands for land.

Policy: 1927 fight local tyrants to divide fields;

Agrarian revolution, farmers' land ownership

Route: Rely on poor peasants and farm labourers, unite with middle peasants, restrict rich peasants, protect small and medium-sized businesses, eliminate the landlord class, and change feudal and semi-feudal land ownership into peasant land ownership.

Impact: the rural revolutionary base areas have been consolidated; Poor peasants and farm labourers were turned over politically, land was allocated economically, their livelihood was guaranteed, and their revolutionary enthusiasm was mobilized.

7. War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period (1937— 1945).

(1) base area construction-large-scale production movement (self-sufficiency-oriented large-scale production self-help movement led by soldiers and civilians in anti-Japanese base areas in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period); The army reclaimed farmland.

Objective: To consolidate the rural revolutionary base areas.

② Impact: The large-scale production movement in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border region and the anti-Japanese base areas behind enemy lines developed healthily and achieved remarkable results. The output value of agriculture and industry and commerce has increased rapidly, the burden on the people has been greatly reduced, and the life of the military and civilians has improved significantly. Large-scale production movement made the base areas through a period of serious economic difficulties and laid a material foundation for War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory.

(2) The landlord reduces rent and interest, and the farmer pays rent and interest.

Purpose: Unite all forces and strive for victory in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.

② Impact: * * Changed the policy of confiscating the landlord's land when ethnic contradictions became the main contradiction, and recognized the landlord's land ownership, the landlord's creditor's rights to farmers and the tenancy relationship. But to some extent, it restricted the feudal exploitation of landlords and improved the material life of farmers. This measure combines the consolidation of the anti-Japanese national United front with the liberation of farmers, which not only mobilizes farmers' enthusiasm for production, but also helps unite landlords and consolidate the anti-Japanese United front.

8. During the War of Liberation (1945— 1949)

Objective: To arouse the revolutionary enthusiasm of the masses.

Policy: 1946-5 "explanation on clearing up the problem of rent reduction and interest reduction" changed rent reduction and interest reduction to confiscation of landlord land and distribution to farmers.

1947 "Outline of China Land Law", land to the tiller.

Impact: accelerated the process of the people's liberation war.

Understanding: Changing the land system is a basic task of China's democratic revolution, and it is also the most urgent requirement of farmers. Without solving the land problem, it is impossible to really mobilize the broad masses of peasants and complete the anti-feudal task. During the ten-year confrontation between the country and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the China * * * Production Party formulated a feasible land reform policy according to the domestic contradictions at that time. After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, the main contradictions in China society have changed. In order to meet the needs of establishing an anti-Japanese national United front, the policy of reducing rent and interest can no longer meet the requirements of the broad masses of farmers. In order to completely eliminate the feudal exploitation system, China * * * Production Party formulated the Outline of China Land Law. This is a relatively perfect program of agrarian revolution.

9. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC) (1949 to present)

(1) 1950 land reform to feudal land ownership → peasant land ownership, distribution according to work.

Objective: Farmers in the newly liberated areas urgently demand land; In order to completely abolish the feudal private ownership of land

② Policy: Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China

③ Features: Adopt the policy of retaining the rich peasant economy.

④ Impact: At the end of 1952, the land reform was basically completed nationwide, and the feudal land exploitation system was completely abolished; The peasants turned over and liberated, and the rural productive forces were liberated.

(2) 1953- 1956 transformed agricultural socialism;

Farmers' land ownership → collective ownership, and average distribution.

After 1958, the people's commune was "one big and two big", with large-scale collective ownership and equal distribution.

① Policy and principle: positive development, steady progress, voluntariness and mutual benefit.

Methods: Typical demonstration was gradually popularized.

③ Process: mutual aid group (social budding: private land, working together)

Primary agricultural production cooperatives (semi-cooperatives: land shares, unified management)

Advanced agricultural production cooperatives (complete cooperatives: land is owned by the public and the collective)

(3) 1978 household contract system (economic system reform, industrial structure adjustment)

Large-scale collective ownership → socialist public ownership, distribution according to work

① Main forms: contract responsibility system for joint production and township enterprises.

② Direction: specialization, commercialization and socialization. After the reform, the new system combines decentralized family management with unified collective management.

③ Nature: The nature of rural economic system reform is still socialist public ownership.

(4) Essence: On the basis of public ownership of land, the rural areas have the autonomy of production and distribution.

⑤ Significance: The reform of rural economic system mobilized farmers' enthusiasm for production, liberated rural productive forces and promoted the development of agriculture; Promote industrial restructuring. Rural reform is gradually developing towards specialization, commercialization and socialization. It provides conditions for the reform of urban economic system.

In the modern history of China, there were five agrarian reforms or revolutions.

In the national revolution, local tyrants were defeated and fields were divided.

China's land policy during the ten-year confrontation 193 1 year.

War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's policy of double reduction and double exchange.

The National Agrarian Revolution Conference was held during the War of Liberation 1947.

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), feudal land ownership was completely abolished in 1950_ 1952.