The nature of the Reform Movement of 1898 was actually a top-down bourgeois reform movement, but some people think this is the most official explanation. Historians believe that the nature of the Reform Movement of 1898 is actually controversial. Some people think that the nature of the Reform Movement of 1898 was a social revolution and an incomplete bourgeois revolution, but the result of the revolution was only failure.

The Reform Movement of 1898 was also called: Reform Movement of 1898, Reform Movement of 1898, Reform Movement of 1898,1June 8981-1September 2, 8981

The Background of the Reform Movement of 1898

political situation

The Deepening of the National Crisis in treaty of shimonoseki. /kloc-At the end of 0/9, major capitalist countries in the world, such as Britain, the United States, France, Germany, Russia, Austria, Italy and Japan, entered the stage of imperialism one after another, so they stepped up their aggression against backward countries and regions, and western powers took the opportunity to set off a frenzy of aggression against China. The vast China is divided into "spheres of influence" of the great powers, and the whole country is in a state of division.

economic base

The initial development of Chinese national capitalism. The stimulus brought by the imperialist invasion.

"treaty of shimonoseki" allowed the great powers to set up factories in trading ports, and increased their capital output one after another. In the Westernization Movement, the Westernization School set up a number of modern industrial enterprises with the slogan of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth", which played a guiding and encouraging role in the development of Chinese national capitalism; Thirdly, some awakened people in China regard developing national capitalism and boycotting foreign enterprises and factories as one of the means to save the nation from peril.

class basis

The growth of the national bourgeoisie. With the initial development of national capitalism, the economic strength of the national bourgeoisie in China has been continuously enhanced, and it has begun to seek political rights commensurate with its economic status.

Cause of failure

The old guard is very strong. At that time, the supreme leadership of the country was not in the hands of Emperor Guangxu, but in the hands of princes and ministers headed by the Western Empress Dowager. There are only a few reformers who have no real power.

The reformists lack correct theoretical guidance. Kang Youwei's Textual Research on New Classics accuses Liu Xin of forging all the ancient China classics in the Western Han Dynasty, while the Textual Research on Confucius' Reform dressed Confucius as the ancestor of "reform and legislation".

Reformists lack strong organizational leadership and are divorced from the broad masses of the people. They only pin their hopes on the emperor and a few bureaucrats who have no real power, and even have unrealistic illusions about imperialism.

Some radical measures taken by the reformists and Emperor Guangxu in carrying out the reform. At the beginning of the Reform Movement of 1898, Emperor Guangxu was dissatisfied with the self-restraint and contradiction of his teacher and military attache Weng Tonghe, so he returned to his hometown.