1, select improved varieties:
Improved varieties are the internal factor of increasing production, the premise of high quality and good price, and an important means of scientific farming. Other environmental factors only work through the internal factors of improved varieties, especially in fields with good fertilizer and water conditions. Only by mastering the performance of improved varieties, taking corresponding cultivation technical measures and supporting good methods can we obtain higher yield. According to the past experience, Qinghai Huang and Lu Qing 65438+ were selected from several highland barley varieties.
Qinghai Huang (1. 1) is a new highland barley variety with high quality. This variety is weak in spring, semi-creeping, with dark green leaves, winter sowing growth period of 190 days, semi-loose plant type, plant height of about 90cm, moderate tillering, high ear formation rate, neat ear position, ear length of 5.8 cm, and ear spinning. 200,000-250,000 effective panicles have an average of 50 grains per mu, with a 1000-grain weight of 42 grams. The seeds are semi-hard, with good commodity characters, resistant to stripe rust, moderately resistant to powdery mildew and moderately susceptible to leaf rust. Through experiments, the average yield per mu of winter sowing is 600 kg, and that of Takada can reach 720 kg.
1.2 Lu Qing 1 State-owned seed company was selected from local varieties, which is an ideal high-yield variety at present. Characteristics: This variety is a light green highland barley with six ridges in spring, with a growth period of 195 days, semi-creeping seedlings, green leaves, strong tillering ability, high ear formation rate, neat ear layer, lavender flag leaves, long leaves, medium width, small angle between leaves and stems, semi-loose plant type, plant height of 80- 100 cm, and stems. The long awn is serrated and yellow, with an average of 76 grains per spike and a 1000-grain weight of 40-50g. The seeds are light green, oval, full and uniform, semi-hard, marketable, resistant to rust, head smut and powdery mildew. Stable yield of 600 kg in a large area, and high yield of small plots can reach 100 kg.
2. Selecting fields suitable for the growth and development of highland barley;
Choosing a soil field suitable for the growth and development of highland barley is to create good soil conditions for the normal growth of highland barley. The requirements of highland barley for water, fertilizer, gas and heat in soil are second only to Xiao Chun, and the soil with moderate sandy, sticky and PH value of 6-7 is more suitable. The annual average temperature is 5- 10 degrees, the soil capacity is about 60%, the soil is loose and the root layer is 20cm.
According to the above requirements, the following aspects should be done well in the specific operation:
2. 1 Apply base fertilizer. After the paddy field has not been ploughed or ploughed, 2000 kg of fully decomposed farmyard manure, 30-35 kg of ternary compound fertilizer and 4-5 kg of zinc sulfate are applied as base fertilizer or seed fertilizer per mu.
2.2 Deep ploughing and fine fertilization, with a depth of 20cm, form a deep soil plough layer. After ploughing, paddy fields are usually aired for 6- 10 days, and raked by a machine for 2-3 times, so that the soil is fully broken, and the fertilizer and straw are evenly mixed with the soil to form full-layer fertilization, which creates good soil conditions for the growth and development of highland barley.
2.3 Pull the soil to level the soil surface. The purpose of pulling soil is the operation and management during sowing and in the field. (1) Grasp the sowing amount, achieve reasonable close planting, make full use of soil fertility and light energy, ventilate and transmit light, and reduce diseases. (2) Lodging-proof highland barley is more prone to lodging than wheat. It can be sown according to the specifications by pulling the wires, so that the seedlings can grow healthily, the ventilation is not shaded, and the microclimate in the field is good, which is beneficial to the normal growth of highland barley, thus resisting lodging. (3) The marginal benefit yield is high, and it is easy to form commodity grain. Highland barley has good light and few pests and diseases, which is beneficial to the synthesis of carbohydrates and improves yield and quality.
3, selecting seeds, treating the seeds, and determining the sowing amount and sowing season;
3. 1 The purpose of seed selection is to promote the emergence of seedlings quickly, neatly, evenly and Miao Zhuang after sowing, so we should choose large, full and disease-free seeds as seeds.
3.2 Do a good job in seed treatment. Before sowing, select sunny days and sun the selected seeds thinly for 65,438+0-2 days to improve the permeability of seed coat and enhance the enzyme activity inside the seeds. Seed dressing with drugs should be carried out after sunning to prevent the occurrence of head smut, rust and powdery mildew of highland barley. For 65,438+000 kg seeds, 65,438+00 Crick rust or carbendazim and flour should be used.
4, timely sowing:
Correctly grasping the sowing date of highland barley is an important link to realize complete emergence and Miao Zhuang, meet the time required for the growth and development of highland barley, and obtain high yield. The suitable sowing date of highland barley is restricted by temperature, soil, variety and other factors. Generally, the temperature shall prevail, and the principle is that seedlings will form strong seedlings before and after wintering. It is not appropriate to sow too early or too late. Because of high temperature, rapid development process, shortened vegetative growth period, short plants, early heading, small ears, low yield, late sowing date, low temperature, late emergence, slow growth and root system. Low 1000-grain weight also affects the yield, so it is necessary to sow in time. Generally, the sowing date for planting highland barley in Shangjiang River should be from late October to early February of/kloc-0 (that is, around beginning of winter).
5, reasonable close planting:
In other words, it is necessary to have appropriate basic seedling number, total stem number, leaf area index and coordinated yield factors. Only when the growth of individuals and groups, vegetative organs and reproductive organs is coordinated with each other, can the goals of full panicle, large panicle, more grains and grain weight be achieved, and high yield can be achieved. The tillering rate of highland barley is higher than that of Koharu, and the sowing amount is only 50% of that of wheat, about 8- 10 kg per mu.
6, sowing method:
If the cable is used to pull the soil, the soil surface is 5 feet wide and the length is not limited. 9 rows were drilled manually, with 6-inch row spacing and 4-inch sowing width.
7. On-site management:
In order to obtain higher yield, it is necessary to create a good growth environment for highland barley, meet the requirements of growth and development days, and cultivate it from the aspects of nutrients, moisture, pest control and weeding.
7. 1 topdressing management There are two peak periods of nitrogen absorption in highland barley, one is from tillering stage to jointing stage, during which the seedlings are small, but the demand for nitrogen accounts for 40% of the total absorption, and the other is from jointing stage to flowering stage, accounting for 30-40% of the total absorption. The absorption of Xi and K gradually increases with the growth period of highland barley until jointing stage. Therefore, in the early tillering stage, 25 kg of urea should be topdressing per mu, early rice and potassium fertilizer should be applied as base fertilizer, and no topdressing should be applied at seedling stage. From heading to filling stage, applying 200-300g of potassium dihydrotitanate per mu, adding 60kg of water and spraying it on leaves for 2-3 times, every 65,438+00 days 1 time, has obvious effects on increasing grain fullness and 1000-grain weight.
7.2 Water Management The general trend of physiological water requirement of highland barley is low seedling temperature, small seedlings and low water consumption. After jointing in spring, the temperature rises, the growth and development accelerate, and the water consumption gradually increases. At booting stage, water demand entered a critical stage. Water shortage in this period will affect the formation of effective tillering natural cells, and the seed setting rate will decrease, which will have a great impact on yield. When heading, flowering and irrigation, the water demand reaches the maximum.
8. Do a good job in the prevention and control of diseases and pests in the middle and late period of highland barley:
The middle and late stage of highland barley refers to jointing, booting, heading, flowering, filling and 60-70-day growth period, which is prone to pests and diseases and should be controlled centrally.
8. 1 Disease control The diseases of highland barley are mainly smut, rust and powdery mildew. Prevention is the main preventive measure. Take early prevention. Mix 50-60kg/ mu of water with Rickettsia 100- 150 g at jointing and booting stage, or use 25% triadimefon or 50% triadimefon.
8.2 Pest control The main pests of highland barley are aphids, red spider beads and armyworms. Under normal circumstances, aphids are the most serious, and they begin to harm leaves and young stems before heading. After heading, the aphids concentrated on the tender stems to feed, and the number of aphids reached its peak at the milk maturity stage of highland barley, which was the most serious. For the above three pests, mix 40% dimethoate EC or 65,438+0,000 times solution or 40% pyrethrin 65,438+00 ml with 60 kg water, or spray other pesticides once every 7 days for 3-4 times in a row.
9, to prevent lodging:
Lodging is the main factor affecting the yield of highland barley. The reasons for lodging are as follows: first, the variety itself is not resistant to lodging; Second, the density is too large, too much fertilization, soft tissue ladder, leading to lodging; Third, excessive irrigation leads to lodging. In production, for fields with high density and vigorous growth, reasonable irrigation and fertilization should be carried out at jointing and booting stage, and the concentration of chlormequat chloride should be 0. 1%-0.25%, and 60-70 kg chemical solution should be sprayed per mu, which can control stem cell elongation, shorten internodes, make leaves short and thick, have dark green leaves, develop roots and dwarf plants.
10, do a good job in the purification of highland barley varieties;
In order to breed and popularize the existing highland barley varieties economically and effectively, it is necessary to preserve the purity of the existing highland barley varieties in situ, remove miscellaneous ears and diseased plants, do a good job of removing impurities and inferior plants, and expand the supply of improved varieties in situ, which will play a positive role in promoting the future highland barley production in Shangjiang Township.
1 1, timely harvest:
Timely harvest is the last link to obtain high yield of highland barley. Both early harvest and late harvest will have an impact on yield and quality. Timely harvesting should be at the end of sallow, when more than 90% of the whole field turns from green stems and leaves to bright yellow, and the seeds are dry. In the meantime, harvest in time on sunny days and keep threshing.