Once Zhu Yuanzhang and Liu Ji were discussing how to govern the world. Liu Ji told him to be lenient. Zhu Yuanzhang said, is forgiveness enough? Not enough, he said, "You can't give favors, but it's no good to be lenient." In my opinion, forgiveness must be the wealth of the people and cherish their strength. If you don't save money, the people will be exhausted. If you don't save the clothes, the people will be trapped. Without education, the people will not understand etiquette. If you can't help being greedy, you can't survive. Although it is so generous, it has a name, but the people should not be bullied. "
Zhu Yuanzhang also conducted legal education at the grassroots level to let the people know the etiquette and legal provisions, which is not illegal. Crack down on corrupt officials and clarify the management of officials. At the same time, he also used severe punishment, to what extent?
Professor Mao Peiqi, the doctoral supervisor of China Renmin University, will join us on a new historical journey, clearing the historical fog of Daming and seeking the truth.
(Full text) The ambitious founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang initiated the rule of the Ming Dynasty for 277 years; Zhu Yuanzhang, a miraculous emperor, changed him from a poor shepherd boy to a prominent emperor. So why did such a special emperor name his dynasty "Ming" after his success? Is there something special hidden behind his strange eyes? How should Zhu Yuanzhang clean up the mess left by the warlord melee at the end of Yuan Dynasty? Can the Daming Kingdom he has just established stand the test of everything he has to do? Professor Mao Peiqi, a doctoral supervisor in the history department of Renmin University of China, will uncover the mystery of the origin of this name, Zhu Yuanzhang's five ideals of governing the country, and truly reproduce the arduous course of building this brand-new dynasty. The lecture room is broadcasting. )
Today we will talk about the mystery of the name of the Ming Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, its country name was "Daming". How did this Daming come from? Obviously, this has a lot to do with Wang Xiaoming. Because Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of Ming Dynasty, took part in the uprising of the Red Scarf Army, and the commander in chief of the Red Scarf Army was Wang Xiaoming Han Liner.
(Han Liner (? -1366) Son of Han, leader of the Red Scarf Army at the end of Yuan Dynasty. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, when politics was dark and people were poor, Korea organized a secret religious group and contacted it to prepare an uprising against the rule of the Yuan Dynasty. Since then, the Red Scarf Army uprising has been surging. Later, in order to overthrow the Yuan Dynasty, restore the Song Dynasty, and make Han Liner, the son of Han Shan Tong, the Ming King, Liu Futong established the "Da Song" regime with the title of "Dragon and Phoenix". )
Later, they built Daming. These two "Ming" are one "Ming", so the "Ming" of "Daming" comes from the "Ming" in Wang Xiaoming. Then you will ask, where did Wang Xiaoming's "Ming" come from? Wang Xiaoming's "Ming" comes from Zoroastrianism. Zoroastrianism, also known as Manichaeism, was founded by a Persian named Mani in the third century. Zoroastrianism has absorbed the doctrinal factors of Buddhism, Zoroastrianism and Christianity. Its classics include two classics and three classics. What is the propaganda? The propaganda is that darkness will be defeated by light, and finally light will be defeated, and everyone will be freed from suffering. When did Zoroastrianism spread to China? That was during the reign of Wu Zetian in the Tang Dynasty. After Zoroastrianism was introduced into China, it experienced a long period of development, but it remained mysterious. Why? Because Zoroastrianism preaches that "Maitreya was born, and the Ming king was born." Some people who resisted the imperial court often appealed to the masses through Zoroastrianism, so Zoroastrianism was often banned, sometimes surfaced and sometimes sneaked into the ground. In order to protect themselves, they had a relationship with Buddhism, and they had a relationship with the Buddhist White Lotus Sect, which eventually formed the White Lotus Sect. Therefore, from the Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, Zoroastrianism appeared from time to time and sneaked into the ground from time to time, but it was often used as a weapon against the imperial court.
So why should the Red Scarf Army give priority to Wang Xiaoming? When the Red Scarf Army revolted, most people joined the army to improve their living conditions. Han Liner was founded by Liu Futong and claimed to be the eighth grandson of Song Huizong. There are two slogans they put forward, "The mountains and rivers have the land of China, and the sun and the moon will reopen the Great Song Dynasty." What do you mean "mountains and rivers have China's land"? The rule of the Yuan Dynasty was dominated by Mongolian nobles, who put the Han people and southerners in an oppressed position. Recovering China's land will make the Han people and Mongols equal and restore China. "The sun and the moon reopen the Great Song Day". Whose world is this in the Song Dynasty? It is a world with the Han nationality as the main body, or that the Han nationality and all ethnic groups live together on an equal footing. At that time, these hungry people joined the army and faced two problems in order to get a happy life: one was serious class oppression, they were poor, deceived by the government and oppressed by the rich; One is the oppression of the nation, that is, they are inferior and cannot be treated equally with the Mongols and Semu people. Then Wang Xiaoming publicized "Maitreya was born, Wang Ming was born", which brought everyone a happy life after birth, so the Red Scarf Army gave priority to Xiaoming and Wang Feng. In order to keep a low profile, Zhu Yuanzhang himself called on the army to seize the world under the banner of Wang Xiaoming when the time was not ripe for the Great Song Dynasty. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang's investment in the Red Scarf Army was mainly Wang Xiaoming, which had an indissoluble bond with Wang Xiaoming and the word Zoroastrianism.
(A.D. 1367, Zhu Yuanzhang became more and more powerful. So he sent Liao Yongzhong to take Wang Xiaoming and Han Liner to his base camp. However, when Wang Xiaoming came, he mysteriously drowned in the waterway. There are different opinions about the murderer of Wang Xiaoming in history, but it goes without saying that Zhu Yuanzhang is also suspected. Strangely, however, Zhu Yuanzhang followed the name of Wang Xiaoming and named the country "Daming". Is he trying to hide his eyes and ears and avoid being suspected of killing Wang Xiaoming, or is there another reason? )
I think there are two problems here. First, why do so many people follow Zhu Yuanzhang to farmland? For the birth of Amin King, I hope Amin King will be born. They hope that "Maitreya Buddha was born and Ming Wang was born" to change their life destiny. If we put this "Ming" aside now, are these people a little chilling? They lost their goal, we worked hard for a long time, and we paid tribute to Wang Ming for success. Where is Ming Wang? Wang Xiaoming is gone. Is there Amin King? They need King Amin, so the slogan of "Ming" can't be thrown away. This slogan met the wishes of many working people at that time. Although it was superstition, people's ideological level at that time was just so. However, in Zhu Yuanzhang's team, a considerable number of scholars and intellectuals came, who used Confucian concepts to guide Zhu Yuanzhang's governance. One of the core values of Confucianism is that "Zi Buhe" is confused. Confucianism opposes Buddhism, Taoism and all the chaotic gods in Machamp. So why do these Confucian intellectuals use the word "Ming"? In fact, in the eyes of these intellectuals, "Ming" is no longer Wang Xiaoming's "Ming", and they have made their own interpretation of this word. Tomorrow is the day and the month. In ancient China, people always sacrificed years to publicize the divine right of imperial power. I am "bright" and open. Second, China people believe in the Five Elements and their theories. The five elements say that the north is water virtue and the south is fire virtue. The Mongols won by water, and Zhu Yuanzhang in the south won by fire. I, fire, beat your water. The fire is very light.
You can recall that when Zhu Yuanzhang was born, there was often a legend that Zhu Yuanzhang was accompanied by a fire. When Zhu Yuanzhang was born, all the neighbors saw that Zhu Yuanzhang's house was red and all the neighbors thought it was on fire. They rushed to put out the fire, but when they couldn't, they gave birth to a child. It is also said that Zhu Yuanzhang is in the temple, and this temple is also a red light. Everyone nearby thought that the temple was on fire. If there was no fire, Zhu Yuanzhang was in it. What does this mean? They preached Zhu Yuanzhang's virtue of fire. Therefore, "Ming" has been given a new meaning in the words of these people, which is different from Wang Xiaoming's "Ming". There is another reason. After Wang Xiaoming's death, Zhu Yuanzhang must make this "clear" and this seat will be occupied. Why? Because many people came here with the goal of "Born in Wang Ming", Wang Xiaoming was able to publicize "Born in Wang Ming" and finally overthrow the Yuan Dynasty. Does anyone want to oppose the court? It also promoted "Ming Chengzu" and then overthrew the new dynasty. There must be such a problem. However, I can't let others use Ming Wang against me. Zhu Yuanzhang himself is the Ming king. So he wants to occupy this position by himself, and no one is allowed to use this position again. Who's Wang Ming? I am Wang Ming. But I am Wang Ming and I am Daming. Well, here's a question, and I want to explain it to you. When we say that a person is in trouble and has done something, we call ourselves "big", but why is Wang Xiaoming "small"? In fact, Wang Xiaoming's "smallness" was imposed on him by Zhu Yuanzhang. He is the Ming King, and Zhu Yuanzhang himself is the Ming Emperor. He had to make Han Liner, the king of the Ming Dynasty, be called "Wang Xiaoming". No one else can be older than him. If Wang Xiaoming is called "Daming", where should Zhu Yuanzhang put it? So Zhu Yuanzhang gave him the name "Wang Xiaoming".
(The word "Ming" in the dynasty sounds really beautiful, but it is only Zhu Yuanzhang's wishful thinking. At this point, will the people who are already in dire straits still buy Zhu Yuanzhang's account? Throughout the country, countless pairs of eyes are staring at Zhu Yuanzhang to see how he will clean up the riddled mess left over by the Yuan Dynasty. )
Zhu Yuanzhang became a Ming emperor. In the eyes of many people, it should be "Maitreya was born, Ming emperor". Ming Di has been born, so Ming Wang has been born. So what kind of life did the Ming king bring to the people? In other words, what kind of Ming kingdom does this Ming king want to build? What does Zhu Yuanzhang himself think? During the Northern Expedition, Zhu Yuanzhang put forward his own founding program, saying that it was "to expel Tatars, restore China and Chen Gang to establish discipline and relieve the people". These words are familiar. Dr. Sun Yat-sen once transformed them into the slogan of "expelling Tatars and restoring China" for the Kuomintang to overthrow the Manchu and the League. Zhu Yuanzhang's proposal of "expelling Tatars, restoring China, establishing discipline in Chen Gang, and helping the people" has several meanings. "Expel the Tatars" and overthrow the rule of the Yuan Dynasty. Overthrowing the rule of the Yuan Dynasty does not mean that the Han people want to oppress other ethnic minorities. Zhu Yuanzhang once said that "everyone is innocent" and everyone is equal. No one should bully or oppress anyone. This is a Confucian concept. People were divided into four classes in the Yuan Dynasty, but not in the Ming Dynasty. "But if you have talents, don't abandon them." As long as you are talented, I won't dislike it. No matter what nationality you are, you are equal. He proposed "expelling Tatars and restoring China" in order to overthrow the rule of the Yuan Dynasty. "Chen Gang set up discipline to help the people of Sri Lanka" is to rectify the order, establish the rule of law and achieve the purpose of helping the people of Sri Lanka. Relief for the people, people's lives are too bitter, they are in dire straits, and they are rescued from dire straits. This is the program of (Zhu Yuanzhang). We see that the first item of this program, overthrowing the rule of the Yuan Dynasty, has been realized; Second, we must start to rectify social order; Third, it is not easy to save the people from dire straits. Shortly after the founding of the People's Republic of China, what did Zhu Yuanzhang do in the face of such a broken situation after the war? Zhu Yuanzhang once said, "At the beginning of the world, people were in poverty. Just like a bird just started flying, don't pluck its hair; Newly planted wood cannot shake its roots; Rest in peace. If you are sincere, you can make an appointment with yourself and benefit others. " What do you mean? It is said that the world is just peaceful, and the people are all out of money and financial resources. If a bird just begins to fly, don't pluck its feathers, just like a bird just learns to fly, you can't pluck its feathers; Just like a young tree just planted, you can't shake its roots; We must live in peace. Only people who are honest, self-disciplined and love the people can bring benefits to the people. This is a passage he said to officials, which contains Zhu Yuanzhang's ideal of relieving the Sri Lankan people.
(Zhu Yuanzhang took such measures, temporarily spent the most difficult moment, and finally gained a foothold and got down to business. But in the face of such a huge country and such a huge population, Zhu Yuanzhang, who used to be just a shepherd, is his ability enough? Will he have any special means? )
The first is to develop production and enrich the people. According to historical records, Zhu Yuanzhang's accession to the throne showed the world that agriculture, mulberry and learning were the top priorities. What is the first thing to pay attention to? It's Nong Sang and the school, two. You see, what he grabs is crucial. Agriculture is a problem of eating, and school is a problem of spiritual education, which is the first two. If a local official reports to the capital and the Chief Executive, he will not be qualified if there is no report on the figures and situation of the agricultural and mulberry schools. This official is unqualified. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang once gave special orders on how to plant crops, even trees, even a few jujube trees and mulberry trees. It is said that jujube trees and mulberry trees are planted, and even if there is no food, these jujube trees and mulberry trees can be eaten as food in famine years. Zhu Yuanzhang is very meticulous. He leads a hard life, and he knows what ordinary people need. No need to talk too much, no need for distant things, no need for people around you, no need for problems to be solved. (Zhu Yuanzhang) proposed to enrich the people and improve agricultural production.
Second, be thrifty and save people's financial resources. Wealth can't be wasted, can't be extravagant! Luxury is like nothing. Zhu Yuanzhang lived a hard life and hated the phenomenon of wasting people's money. He knows that all wealth is earned by the people bit by bit. Any commodity of the government comes from the tax revenue of the people, and it is not easy for the people to contribute to the country bit by bit. Everyone knows Nanjing, where the weather is very hot and it is a stove in summer. Zhu Yuanzhang visited various yamen, and his clothes were often soaked with sweat. Someone is holding several sets of clothes next to him, and they will change when they are wet. But the people next to him saw that none of his clothes were new. As the supreme ruler of a country, he has nothing, but he is very economical. Zhu Yuanzhang said: "People's hobbies are very heavy, and frugality is enough to cultivate their temperament. Advocating extravagance will lead to moral decay. ("A Record of Ming Taizu") "The owner is the emperor, saying that your preferences are very important. If you want to be frugal, you can cultivate your virtue. Luxury leads to immorality. Thrift nourishes nature, luxury loses virtue. And it is a downward effect, and you will drive the atmosphere of the whole society. Zhu Yuanzhang was also very strict with palace ladies and eunuchs. Once he found someone throwing silk thread into the ground, he called the ladies-in-waiting to him and said, do you know that this is the people's tax? It is earned by the people through hard work. This kind of waste is not allowed. If found again, will hell to pay. Another time, it was raining, and two eunuchs were walking in the rain wearing new shoes. Zhu Yuanzhang was very distressed and called the eunuch over, saying that the shoes were cheap and worthless, but they were made for you from taxes. Pull them out to fight. People's money can't be wasted casually.
Emperors who lived such a hard life are really rare in history. Almost every generation of founding emperors built magnificent palaces to show their majesty. Will Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor who has had too many hard days, take the opportunity to enjoy it? What is his palace like? )
The third is to save workers and reduce burdens. Zhu Yuanzhang saves labor, that is, the palace built in his palace does not need colored paintings, which costs a lot of money and is unnecessary. I'd rather draw a map of the world and write down the names of officials and what I need to do, but I don't need a color map. All the utensils he used were made of copper, and whenever he needed gold, he used copper instead. Moreover, when he ordered the governors to build palaces, you should cherish the people's resources and not be extravagant. There are many examples of this. Less projects, save people's energy. He said: "All governance is based on the safety of the people, and the safety of the people is the security of the country." Why are you doing this? The purpose is also very clear. "Ben" is to help the people, but the purpose of helping the people is still for the country, and the country can be safe. Emperor Taizong famously said, "Man is water, and water can carry a boat and overturn it." In fact, what he means is that people can live and work in peace and contentment. At that time, the social system was home, country and country. Zhujiajie is Zhujiajian, and Zhujiajian is Zhujiajian. If everyone is restless with ordinary people, this country will be finished, and the family and the country will be integrated. Therefore, his purpose is to protect the country.
Fourth, publicity and education to strengthen the rule of law. To carry out legal education, we just talked about one of his words, saying, "People don't know etiquette without enlightenment." How to educate? As I said just now, Zhu Yuanzhang wrote a letter, focusing on agriculture, mulberry and schools. He was the first to mention it. One is farming and the other is going to school. School education is a very important aspect. The academic system in Ming Dynasty is very complete. There are schools all over the country, from prefectures to remote places. I went to Gansu to have a look I walked such a long way before I saw the village and people. However, in Wuwei County, there was a Imperial College built in the early Ming Dynasty, and there was a monument erected in the early Ming Dynasty at that time. There was a school at that time, how far it was! Zhu Yuanzhang's enlightenment thought deeply influenced the morality, law and education of grassroots people. How? He founded a bulletin called "Educating the People" to educate the people. There are a few words in this list, "Be filial to your parents, respect your elders, live in harmony with your village, teach your children and grandchildren to be healthy and do nothing wrong". Beijing citizens also have town meetings, right? Students everywhere have student rules. Zhu Yuanzhang made a list of parishioners for everyone. Since it is a poster, it must be posted. In addition to posting, he also sent people from all over the country to the village to publicize. How to promote it? He takes advantage of the disabled, or the blind. If he is blind, please ask the children to take him. In his hand, Mu Duo is a bell with a wooden tongue inside it, shaking and walking around the village, shouting "Be filial to parents, respect elders, live in a harmonious village, teach children and grandchildren to be healthy and not do anything wrong". Shamuduo, send this enlightenment and education to the grassroots of ordinary people. At the end of the year, every household who rings the bell will donate some food and rice to him according to your number. There are many similarities with the current social community management, which can also be used for reference.
Another is to promote "country drinking ceremony" among the people. This kind of "ceremony" was implemented in the Zhou Dynasty, and it was restored and more complete in the Ming Dynasty. "Rural drinking ceremony" means that on the first day of the first month of each year, the local village head or grain director will call the villagers to sit together. Let the oldest person sit at the head of the table and be the guest of honor. All human teeth are arranged according to age. Respect your superiors. What are we doing together? Get together to sum up the performance of the villagers this year. Have the crops been planted? Did you honor your parents? Don't you want to do anything wrong? Those who are at fault will be criticized and punished on the spot. Just stand and drink, not sit down; Don't stand and drink; Seriously give punishment again. Rural drinking ceremony is Zhu Yuanzhang's moral education in the countryside and at the grassroots level. In addition, in order to make everyone change the loose and chaotic order since the Yuan Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang compiled two books: one is called Dagu, which deals with all evil things, writes a case in Dagu, and compiles Dagu, Dagu Xu and Dagu. He demanded that every household should have a copy and learn it. What are the benefits of having one? If someone violates the law and discipline, when the government wants to interrogate him, it also asks him if there is a "big treasure" at home. He said yes, well, yes, your crime was reduced by one level. Why are you doing this? He encouraged everyone to understand the law before breaking the law. Therefore, schools are required to read Da Gao, and every household should have it. He also published a book called Daming Law. After years of revision, this Daming Law was finalized in Hongwu for 30 years. It is also required to study in prefectures and counties all over the country. At school, students have to do their homework and read Daming Law. So he also received legal education at the grassroots level. It is not illegal to let the people know the etiquette and the provisions of the law. He talked about a very useful idea. What idea? We can quote one of his words in The Warrior of Great Powers. He said that I published these things to protect you, not to limit you. After you know, you can actually protect yourself by not breaking the law.
In Zhu Yuanzhang's first four ideals of governing the country, we saw a thrifty, meticulous and gentle emperor. But this last one, Zhu Yuanzhang is completely like a different person. His severity and terror made him a shocking emperor in the history of China. What happened to Zhu Yuanzhang? How could he suddenly turn his back on others? )
Fifth, Zhu Yuanzhang should crack down on corrupt officials and clarify the management of officials. When Zhu Yuanzhang was young, he lived in the late Yuan Dynasty. Seeing the corruption of the Yuan Dynasty officialdom, he was deeply oppressed by the imperial court. He said that at that time, I saw officials drinking all day, regardless of the lives of ordinary people, extorting money. My officials can't do this. Therefore, he took various measures to crack down on corrupt officials. He established an assessment system to regularly assess officials to see if they are competent, weak, greedy and violent. He established Duchayuan. Douchayuan has thirteen ambassadors in Duchayu to supervise the officials in the world. Inspector and official department * * * with inspector officials. He also called on the people in the world to supervise officials and allow people to form groups to complain. He met them in person. He is willing to meet 30 people, 50 people and hundreds of people, but not one person or two, because he thinks many people represent public opinion. And these people who guard the road at the gates will not let them come, so they will be punished for their crimes. What is the crime of invitation? They told me that the people wanted to give up the throne to the emperor, and you detained the throne to cure this crime. They complained to me. Moreover, after receiving these people, he will deal with them according to what the people say. Sometimes, ordinary people also reflect other situations. Sometimes, some officials are wronged, and ordinary people say that this official is a good official. Zhu Yuanzhang said, then I was wrong, and then I changed immediately after listening to your words, and I was promoted at that time. This is also the case. So he asked the people to supervise officials. It is necessary to clarify management. At the same time, he also used severe punishment, to what extent? It is stipulated that sixty-two taels of bribes, peeling grass and peeling grass shall be implemented. In other words, officials who embezzle more than 60 taels will be executed, skinned, put on grass and hung in court. His successor works in the front and his predecessor hangs on it. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang used severe punishment to crack down on corrupt officials and protect people's livelihood. However, Zhu Yuanzhang's measures are not all effective. Why? After Zhu Yuanzhang's reign, a large number of new nobles, heroes and people who will fight for him will be formed. There are a lot of rewards and possessions for the duke. His descendants will be kings, princesses and Xu. All his relatives have returned to the opposite of the people. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang himself wanted to establish a big country like "Wang Ming was born", but he was bound by history and could not escape the laws of history. Ideal is one thing, objective reality is another. Zhu Yuanzhang cracked down on corrupt officials, clarified the management of officials and established many systems, but the effect was not obvious. What shall we do? As a last resort, use severe punishment.
Next time, we will talk about how Zhu Yuanzhang used harsh laws to govern the country.
(Zhu Yuanzhang's cruel rule of the country frightened many corrupt officials, but even in such horror, some people risked their heads and took risks. Shortly after the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, three shocking cases occurred in succession. Behind countless bloody murders, Zhu Yuanzhang's determination to crack down on corrupt officials can be seen. At the same time tomorrow, please continue to watch the mystery of Ming Taizu's seventeen years, Zhu Yuanzhang's three major cases of anti-corruption and punishment.