In fact, department stores, shops, shopping centers, free markets, supermarkets and cheap markets (stalls and flea markets) are all carriers or realistic manifestations of the operation of commodity economy. Are places and fields of commodity exchange; It is the confluence and summation of various economic relations between commodity producers and commodity consumers; It is a demand with purchasing power; It is a gathering place for real customers and potential customers; It is the inevitable product of social division of labor and the development of commodity economy. In short, they are places where goods are bought and sold, and where buyers and sellers of goods are formally organized to conduct transactions.
Its characteristics are as follows:
Generally speaking, a store refers to a store where goods are displayed on open shelves, customers help themselves, and the payment is settled in one lump sum. It mainly deals in fresh food and daily necessities. A store is a self-service, open retail enterprise that sells its own goods. It was developed after World War II and first rose in Europe and America. Now there are 200,000 supermarkets in more than a dozen countries in Europe and America.
Shops generally distribute food and daily necessities, and the main features are: ① small profits but quick turnover, basically set up shop assistants to deal in middle and low-grade goods; (2) The goods are packed in small packages, indicating the weight, specifications and price; (3) equipped with cars or baskets for customers to choose goods; (4) go out and settle the payment at one time.
In the early days, shops mainly sold food and a small amount of groceries. At present, in addition to the above, it also deals in cosmetics, stationery, hardware, clothing and so on. There are as many as seven or eight thousand kinds. At present, it is developing into comprehensive services, adding parking lots, cafes, clubs, cinemas, banks, insurance, postal services and other service facilities, which is developing rapidly. The sales of Japanese supermarkets have surpassed those of department stores.
The advantages of the store are saving people (labor and labor costs), land (making full use of business area), money (saving investment), time (no queuing, simple procedures) and cleanliness (especially non-staple food and vegetables).
Supermarket, as its name implies, is the abbreviation of supermarket. In fact, it is the product of the development of stores. It is said that the first supermarket in the world was first born in the United States in 1952. On the opening day, people didn't know what a supermarket was, so they went shopping with curiosity and regarded it as a fashion. But not long after, people gradually tasted the sweetness of supermarket convenience, and shopping in the supermarket became people's daily needs. Therefore, supermarkets have sprung up all over the world.
The appearance of supermarkets can be attributed to the intensification of commercial competition and the development of information technology in the last century. From the retailer's point of view, a large number of new retail formats such as warehouse stores and discount stores have emerged, and the competition in the grocery department store industry has become more intense. They have begun to look for new management methods. From the manufacturer's point of view, in order to obtain sales channels, direct or indirect price reduction, at the expense of the manufacturer's own interests. Manufacturers hope to form a closer alliance with retailers, which is beneficial to both sides.
In addition, from the perspective of consumers, excessive competition ignores the needs of consumers: high quality, freshness, good service and reasonable price. Many enterprises attract consumers to transfer their brands through induced advertisements and promotions. It can be seen that the background of ECR is to provide goods and services that meet the needs of consumers.
Features of comprehensive supermarkets:
1. The site is located in residential area, urban-rural fringe or commercial intensive area.
2. The business area is more than 2,500 square meters.
3. Commodity structure: fresh food, clothing and food supplies are complete. Emphasis is placed on the depth of goods (referring to the specifications, grades and varieties of the same goods).
4. Target customers: meet the consumption needs of the middle-income class with the largest proportion of consumers.
The facilities are better decorated than warehouse stores.
Features of food supermarket: 1. Located in residential areas, traffic arteries and commercial areas.
2. The business area ranges from 5OO to 1000 square meters.
3. Commodity structure: mainly commodities with high purchase frequency.
4. Business hours shall not be less than 16 hours.
For residents, it takes about 1O minutes to get there.
Features of convenience store: 1, located in residential areas, along trunk roads, where stations, hospitals, entertainment places, institutions, organizations, enterprises and institutions are located.
2. The business area is about 1OO square meters, and the utilization rate of the business area is extremely high.
3. Business hours are generally more than 16 hours, or even 24 hours.
4. Commodity structure: fast food, small packaged goods and stationery magazines are the main products, with the characteristics of ready-to-eat consumption, small capacity and emergency.
5. Target customers: Residents can reach it within 5 minutes' walk, and 80% of customers shop purposefully.
Convenience stores make up for other formats in time, space and goods. With the improvement of people's living standards and the acceleration of life rhythm, there is more room for development.
Features of the hypermarket: (1) The business area is 7000-1.2000 square meters, which can completely cover the business contents of standard food supermarkets and department stores. The business area here refers to the place where customers can walk and touch, excluding the arrival area and processing area behind. The business area of about 7000 square meters is the lower limit of the hypermarket, which is too small to be integrated.
(2) 12000 square meters is the upper limit of the supermarket, and customers will feel too tired if they exceed this upper limit. Hypermarkets generally adopt a two-story approach to large stores with a size of more than 10,000 square meters, so that consumers will not be too tired and psychologically have fun visiting two-story stores;
(3) The site selection requirements are very high, and it is close to domestic central cities and large residential areas;
(4) Product positioning characteristics, the product mix of the hypermarket adopts the method of highly centralized sales to a few varieties, so as to achieve the purpose of mass sales (quantity discount). This kind of commodity combination can meet the requirements of consumers to buy enough at one time, but the width and depth of commodity line are restricted by the sales volume of a few varieties, which affects consumers' choice to some extent.
(5) Price positioning: hypermarkets adopt the method of pricing strictly according to the product variety: a. 10% of the products have high gross profit, which are generally processed by themselves, and their own brands or consumers are not sensitive to their prices. B. 20% of the commodity books sell well. These commodities are generally livelihood products closely related to consumers' daily lives, and consumers are particularly sensitive to their prices. C. For some goods whose brands account for 70% of the market share, there will be no gross profit sales, and the maximum store fee will be 2-3%. D. The general price policy and image of hypermarkets are: the best quality, the best price and the parity every day.
(6) take your own processed products (bread, cooked food, side dishes, etc.). ) as the second source of profit;
(7) Reasonable organization of suppliers' commodity distribution to obtain the third profit source.
(8) Lease the site to related and complementary suppliers, so as to reduce the operating cost and relieve the operating pressure brought by the location of the central city.
The department store is a large-scale comprehensive retail business enterprise which mainly focuses on daily industrial products. There are many categories (series) of goods, and the colors, varieties and specifications of each category (product line) are complete. In fact, it is a synthesis of many professional stores. Generally, it is mostly etheric and medium-sized; From daily necessities to food, from industry to local products, from low-grade, middle-grade to high-grade products, it is a highly organized enterprise with a commodity department or a counter. The commodity department is relatively independent and can be responsible for purchasing goods, controlling inventory and arranging sales plans. 1862, "Good Market" in Paris, France was the first department store in the world. For a hundred years, department stores are still one of the main forms of retail business. Large department stores in the United States, Japan, France and other countries sell more than 250 thousand kinds of goods, with the highest reaching 500 thousand kinds.
A shopping center refers to a group of buildings, which are combined commercial facilities. Determine its location and scale according to the business circle, plan, develop and operate all kinds of shops as a whole, and have a certain scale parking lot. According to the different buildings, facilities and forms of shopping centers, the International Association of Shopping Centers divides shopping centers into "Mall" (there is a certain distance between parking lots and shops, usually in the underground or periphery of the whole building, and there are special pedestrian street connections between shops, such as regional and super-regional shopping centers) and strip centers (there are parking lots in front of shops, but there are usually no special walkway connections between shops, such as neighborhoods and communities). It can be seen that, strictly speaking, shopping centers are not a commercial format, but a brand-new form of business gathering with a high degree of organization. It is a brand-new way to bring together shops with different functions, such as culture, entertainment, finance, service and exhibition, with different formats and facilities in a planned way. It usually focuses on the retail industry. Compared with spontaneous commercial streets, shopping centers are operated as a single entity in development, construction and management: generally, property companies build buildings and lease space, professional commercial management companies implement unified leasing, management and promotion, and tenants operate in a decentralized manner.
There are different opinions about the definition of shopping center.
1. Definition of American Shopping Center Association
The commercial facilities planned, built and managed by the developer include a large head office, a diversified commodity street and a wide parking lot, which can meet the purchasing needs and daily activities of consumers. It refers to a commercial aggregate developed, managed and operated by enterprises in a planned way, which concentrates various retail stores and service facilities in a building or area to provide comprehensive services for consumers.
(1) Community Shopping Center is a shopping center with an area of less than 50,000 square meters set up in the regional commercial center of the city.
(2) The regional shopping center is built in the commercial center of the city, with an area of 6,543,800 square meters.
(3) Super-regional shopping center is a shopping center with an area of 6,543,800 square meters.
2. Definition of Japan Shopping Center Association
A collection of commercial and various service facilities developed, owned, managed and operated by a unit in a planned way and equipped with parking lots. Judging from its location, scale and structure, it has the characteristics of diversification, convenience and entertainment. As a social place to meet consumer demand, it plays a part of urban functions.
3. Definition of China Ministry of Commerce
Various retail stores and service facilities are concentrated in one building or one area to provide comprehensive services for consumers. This commercial complex usually includes dozens or even hundreds of service places, and its format covers large-scale comprehensive supermarkets, specialty stores, specialty stores, restaurants, grocery stores, entertainment, fitness and leisure, etc.
Stalls, that is, stalls that buy and sell goods locally, are mainly concentrated in densely populated areas. Street stall is a kind of business model in early commodity trading, which was initiated by the people consciously without formal organization and management. Later, with the development of economy, a formal stall market (that is, the flea market to be mentioned later) appeared. The commodities traded in the early stalls were basically small commodities needed in daily life, with low prices and consumers from the middle and lower classes.
Flea market is another name for the flea market in early European and American countries. It is composed of stalls, and the markets vary in size. Most of the goods sold are second-hand, people's surplus items and unused but outdated clothes, ranging from small decorations on clothes to complete old cars, video recorders, televisions and washing machines. The price is low, only 10% ~ 30% of the new price. The flea market is loosely managed.
The origin of flea market is generally believed to be the Seine-saint-denis in the northern suburb of Paris and the Marché aux puces market in Saintoin. The large outdoor market with a long history is one of the four major markets in Paris. The name flea comes from clothes and other items infected by fleas sold in the market. /kloc-Since the late 7th century, the outdoor market has begun to take shape. In some temporary stalls and long platforms, some scavengers sell their old clothes at low prices. Today, the largest antique flea market can still be found in Saint-Turan.
Zhaiduzhai Market in Bangkok, Thailand is one of the largest flea markets in Asia, and its commodities include household items, furniture, second-hand clothes and jeans.
In the early 1920s, flea markets were popular in Hong Kong. At that time, Hong Kong's economy was in recession. Many people hope to make a profit by selling goods in the flea market, but in the end few people succeed, and the flea market is gradually declining. Places with flea markets include the former Kai Tak Airport and Shek Kong in the New Territories.
Some night markets in Taiwan Province Province will have flea markets. Some schools also have flea markets at the celebration garden party, partly for the purpose of using the proceeds for public welfare. At present, the most famous permanent flea market in Taiwan Province Province is located under Chongqiao flea market in Mie City, Taibei County. It usually opens in the early morning and stays open until noon on non-holidays. Besides selling secondhand goods, there are many food stalls, barbershops, karaoke and so on. But it is also controversial because stolen goods are often sold there.
Free market, that is, a market where commodities are exchanged at spontaneously formed prices. The market here is not a place for trading, but a system, rule or form.
The connotation of socialist free market includes three aspects: first, the positive significance of the socialist system, adhering to the socialist political direction, and adhering to the inherent requirements of prosperity and social harmony; Adhere to the comprehensive, rapid and sustainable development of Scientific Outlook on Development, etc. The second is to respect economic laws and adhere to the market as the main position of resource allocation. The third is to improve the freedom of market operation. On the one hand, the economic and legal means of national macro-control will be further strengthened, on the other hand, the administrative means of the government will be weakened.
With the continuous development of science and technology, the online virtual market is also developing rapidly, and online shopping has become fashionable.
In fact, no matter what kind of market, no matter what form it exists, as long as we grasp its main line, we can see its characteristics.
1. Meaning: The so-called market generally refers to the sum of commodity trading relationships, mainly including the relationship between buyers and sellers, and the relationship between buyers and sellers caused by the trading relationship.
2. Classification: transaction objects-production materials market, consumption materials market and factor market.
Trading scope-local market, domestic market and international market.
Number of transactions-wholesale market, retail market
3. The main characteristics of the modern market:
Unified market-significance: not only make consumers have more choices in the price, variety and service of goods, but also make enterprises have better choices when purchasing production factors and selling products.
② Open market —— Significance: An open market can enable enterprises to compete and cooperate on a larger scale and at a higher level, and promote economic development.
(3) Competitive market-competition refers to all kinds of self-protection and expansion behaviors taken by economic subjects in order to safeguard and expand their own interests.
Strive to create advantages in product quality, price, service and variety.
Significance: Full market competition will make economic activities full of vigor and vitality.
(4) Orderly market-improve the market supervision system combining administrative law enforcement, industry self-discipline, public opinion supervision and mass participation.
Significance: The orderly operation of the market ensures equal competition and fair trade, and protects the legitimate rights and interests of producers, operators and consumers.
4. Market trading principles: voluntariness, equality, mutual benefit and business ethics.
I hope what I said is helpful to you. That's all I know !