Hunan anti-religious propaganda materials play tricks and burn books.
After the anti-church struggle of the Boxer Rebellion in Shandong, local missionaries demanded that the Qing government strictly suppress it. In order to control the Boxer Rebellion, Shandong Governor Zhang Rumei suggested that the Qing government change the Boxer Rebellion into Tuan Lian and rename the Boxer Rebellion as the Boxer Rebellion. After Yu Xian succeeded as the governor of Shandong Province, he attempted to disintegrate and divide the Boxer Rebellion, and adopted the method of "distinguishing the good from the bad", calling the people who participated in the Boxer Rebellion good citizens, acquiescing them to set up a factory to practice boxing, branding the rebels as "gangsters" and arresting and punishing them. Although Zhang Rumei and Yu Xian's plan did not achieve the expected goal, it was beneficial to the development of the Boxer Rebellion. Members of secret societies such as Broadsword Club and Red Boxing Club from all over Shandong and the general public have joined the Boxer Rebellion, making it a "foreign-destroying" group with a broad mass base.
As early as 1898, when the anti-church struggle rose, the Boxer Rebellion put forward the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries". At the beginning, this slogan attracted the participation of the broad masses and strengthened the momentum of the Boxer Rebellion, but at the same time it also reflected the Boxer Rebellion's vague understanding of the Qing government. Later, it was deceived and used by the rulers and finally betrayed.
The Qing government's "repression" and "appeasement" of the Boxer Rebellion
The development of the Boxer Rebellion in Shandong aroused the fear and hatred of imperialists. They accused local officials of not taking effective measures to protect priests and parishioners, especially Yu Xian. 1899 12 at the beginning of the year (in November of the 25th year of Guangxu), American envoys instructed the Qing government to take Wu as the right army and Yuan Shikai as the governor of Shandong, so as to lead all its new troops to suppress the anti-religious masses. The Qing government accepted this unreasonable request. After Yuan Shikai came to power, his main task was to suppress the Boxer Rebellion. He issued a notice saying that the Boxer Rebellion was "strictly forbidden to commit crimes" and asked the masses to "report the first offenders". Those who failed to report were punished as Wozhu. He ordered the families to offer a reward to the Boxer Rebellion, and sent Daofu officials with the camp to attack and suppress it. Under Yuan Shikai's suppression, Wang Yuzhen, Wang Lidong and Sun Luoquan, the leaders of the Boxer Rebellion on the north bank of the Yellow River, were killed one after another, and the power of the Boxer Rebellion in Shandong was severely damaged.
Since the rise of the Boxer Rebellion, Qing government officials have always had two different opinions on the Boxer Rebellion: repression and appeasement. The former believes that the Boxer Rebellion originated from the White Lotus Sect and must be strictly banned and resolutely suppressed to prevent the situation from expanding; The latter thought that taking a high-handed policy against the Boxer Rebellion would probably bring serious danger to the rule of the Qing Dynasty, and advocated "appealing" and manipulation. The interaction between the two factions influenced the Qing government, making it indecisive and suppressing the Boxer Rebellion loosely and tightly. 1900 65438+ 10/01(December 11th, 25th year of Guangxu), that is, half a month after Yuan Shikai became the governor of Shandong, the Qing government issued a decree, ordering provincial governors to severely punish local officials, and must implement the policy of discriminating when dealing with religious plans. "Just ask if it is a bandit", which shows that the Qing government adopted the opinions of the main "Fu" faction. The envoys in Beijing reacted strongly to this decree and concluded that the Qing government intended to forgive the Boxer Rebellion. Ministers of France, the United States, Germany, Britain and other countries, after consultation, issued a note at the end of 1, demanding that the Qing government completely suppress the Boxer Rebellion. At the beginning of March, they threatened the Prime Minister's yamen with state affairs. If China does not accept the request, the diplomatic envoys of various countries will report to their governments and send warships to China for armed intervention. The Qing government then issued a decree, ordering the governors of Zhili and Shandong to issue a notice prohibiting the Boxer Rebellion. The repeated attitude of the Qing government was related to the domestic situation at that time. /kloc-After the coup in 0/898, Empress Dowager Cixi came to power again, imprisoned Emperor Guangxu (that is, Zai Tian of the Qing Dynasty), and the officials who presided over and supported the political reform either died or fled, or were dismissed and imprisoned, and the ruling power was even weaker because of division. When the Boxer Rebellion broke out, China was in serious danger of being carved up. Therefore, the Qing government had to be careful when suppressing the Boxer Rebellion. The Qing government's use of the Boxer Rebellion was also related to the power struggle and abolition of the ruling clique. Die-hards such as Duan Wang Zaiyi and the minister of military affairs tried to depose Guangxu, establish Puyi, the son of Righteousness, and consolidate their power, but they did not get the support of the foreign minister. The first-class plan was frustrated and deliberately retaliated. They saw the huge momentum of the boxer's anti-imperialist struggle, believed in the "magic" of the boxer, and fantasized about winning the throne with mass struggle.
The Qing government hesitated between "repression" and "appeasement", which led the Boxer Rebellion to move to Zhili area after being frustrated in Shandong. Although local officials are very scared, they dare not rashly suppress them by force. Therefore, the boxer movement developed rapidly. When the Qing government issued a decree prohibiting the Boxer Rebellion in Zhili, Yulu, the governor of Zhili, transferred Mei Dongyi, commander of the right wing of Huai Army, and Xing Changchun, the former army of Wuwei, to Jizhou, Shenzhou and Hejian to suppress it. The boxer escaped from reality and turned to the northwest, and its power increased greatly. The Qing army was too busy to see one after another. Yulu exclaimed, "It was a disaster to start a prairie fire, but now it is." On May 22, Laishui Boxer and An Su and Dingxing Boxer ambushed in Shi Ting, killing Yang Futong, deputy commander of Huai Army, and many people of Qing army. Yulu sent the 3rd Battalion of Yang Mushi, the former Wu Wei army, to Lubao Railway, and Nie Shicheng, the former Wu Wei army, to Yangcun and Fengtai to suppress it. In order to prevent the Qing army from being mobilized, the Boxer Rebellion destroyed Lubao Railway and power lines. On the 27th, the Boxer Rebellion entered Zhuozhou City. "There are many swords and guns in the city." "The old and new regiments often come and go, and there are often more than 10,000 people." Then it destroyed the stations and bridges along the Zhuozhou-Changxindian railway and approached Beijing. The unprecedented development of the Boxer Rebellion made the Qing government neither determined nor able to suppress it in a short time.