Longnan, located in the geographical and geometric center of China, is a traffic tunnel from northwest to southwest. Because the West Qinling Mountains straddle it, it is extremely difficult and dangerous, and it has become a natural barrier to block the traffic in Gansu and Sichuan. Since ancient times, pedestrians have regarded it as a fear of the road, and there is a swan song that "this trip is more difficult than climbing the sky." Ancient ancestors built plank roads between mountains and canyons, relying on mountains and rivers as the only way. There are mainly mountain passes and plank roads connecting Longshu traffic from Longnan to Sichuan: First, they cross Laoshan (now Sun Mountain) from Liangdang via Mianxian County, Shaanxi Province and enter Sichuan; Second, from Huixian to Lueyang, Shaanxi via Dahedian, and into Sichuan along Jialing River Valley; Three, Wudu along the Bailong River Valley to Bikou, Wenxian County, into Sichuan. Longnan, because of its strategic position, has always been a battleground for military strategists and an ancient battlefield for successive dynasties. Han Guangwu "went to Shu", Zhuge Liang went to Qishan six times, Wargo sneaked to level tone, Wu Jun resisted gold, Li Zicheng fought hard, and Taiping Army fought bloody battles in Zhangzhou ... Until the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army went north to resist Japan and the China People's Liberation Army went south to Sichuan, they all staged magnificent and epic historical dramas here, leaving many monuments for future generations to mourn. Longnan is known as "the key of Qin Long and the throat of Bashu", and there were human activities more than 7,000 years ago. Longnan is not only the birthplace of Qin people, but also the core area of activities of ethnic minorities and Qiang people in western China in ancient times. In the long historical process, Longnan is not only a battlefield for fierce competition among various political and military forces, but also an outpost for contacts and exchanges between the central government of the Central Plains and northwest ethnic minorities. Attacking and cutting and ethnic exchanges constitute an important part of Longnan's social history. The Di, Qiang and Han nationalities who entered Longnan successively influenced and merged with each other, and * * * created a splendid ancient culture in Longnan.
Longnan has a long history. As early as more than 7000 years ago, human beings flourished. Qin unified the six countries, that is, there were four county-level political power systems: West Road, Old Road, Wudu Road and Bian Xia Road. Wudu County was founded in the sixth year of Ding Yuan (A.D. 1 1 1). In the early years of the Republic of China, counties in Longnan belonged to Weichuan Road. 1In August 1949, Wudu District of Gansu Province was established, governing seven counties: Wudu, Xihe, Wenxian, Kangxian, Chengxian, Lixian and Xigu (now Dangchang). 1950- 195 1 was changed to Wudu District. Longnan has a long history and culture. According to historical records, Fuxi, the ancestor of Chinese culture, was born in Qiu Chi, which is now Xihe County. Now there is Fuxi Cliff on Qiu Chi Mountain in Xihe County. Ji Cheng, today's Tianshui area, Qin 'an County and Tianshui City have Dadiwan ruins. In the Zhou Dynasty, Lixian County in Longnan became the birthplace of Qin.
The concubine, the ancestor of Qin Dynasty, was given the surname of "Win" by Zhou Ci for her meritorious service in raising horses in Lixian County. Since Qin Zhuanggong was made a vassal, Qin Zhuanggong, Qin Wengong, Qin Xianggong, etc. They have established their own countries and counties in the Honghe area of Lixian County. Among them, the ancient tombs found in Dabao, Lixian County were unanimously recognized by experts as the first cemetery of Qin ancestors-Xiqiao Cemetery, and the birthplace of Qin people recorded in Historical Records, "Xigou Mountain". During the Jianning period of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cheng County erected a monument for two governors, Li Minghe Gengxun. On the stone wall of Yuquan Yuqiao Gorge, The West Chamber and Gengxu Monument are engraved. The Cliff Stone Carving in The West Chamber is famous for its majestic calligraphy style and well-preserved "no beginning and no end", which has amazed ancient and modern scholars and is one of the few well-preserved calligraphy art treasures in Han Dynasty in China. At the end of the Han Dynasty, the three kingdoms stood in the balance, and Longnan, located at the junction of Wei and Shu, became an important battlefield for both sides to fight. Zhuge Liang attacked Wei from Qishan six times, and interpreted touching stories such as creating danger in the West City, beheading Ma Su with tears, transporting grain and grass with wooden cows and horses, and Jiang Wei fighting with iron dragons, which have been widely circulated for thousands of years. Wei general Deng Ai fought in Dangchang, Wudu and Wenxian, borrowed the ancient road, and made a long-distance attack on more than 700 miles of uninhabited land, wrapped in felt and rolled down the slope, and finally marched into Chengdu, "winning the dragon and destroying Shu". During the Song and Jin Dynasties, the Song generals Wu Ao, Wu Lin and Wu Ting led their troops in Longnan to fight against the nomads from the Jin Dynasty, and they were equally famous with Yue Fei and Han Shizhong, which provided a strong guarantee for the local security of the Southern Song Dynasty. During the democratic revolution, the three main forces of the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants-the Second and Fourth Army and the Red 25 Army all passed through Longnan. In particular, the Central Red Army led by Mao Zedong broke through the natural barrier Lazikou and arrived at Hadapu in Dangchang for renovation. He got important information about the Red Army led by Liu Zhidan and the base areas in northern Shaanxi through the old newspapers of the Kuomintang, and made a major decision to put the foothold of the Red Army's Long March in northern Shaanxi, making Hadapu a gas station and a turning point of victory for the Red Army's Long March. Hadapu Town in Tanchang County is the gas station of the Red Army's Long March. The China Revolution took a historic turn here, which determined the correct route and bright future of the Red Army of workers and peasants going north to resist Japan and from victory to victory. Hadapu Red Army Long March Memorial Hall is listed as a national patriotic education base, a national key cultural relic protection unit and one of the national 100 red tourist attractions. It is a holy place for people to remember the martyrs and carry forward the spirit of the Long March, and it is also one of the first "historical and cultural towns in China".
The melancholy of history and the achievements of ancestors have created a unique cultural heritage in Longnan and reproduced the prosperity of Longnan in the past. She is the crystallization of diligence, courage and wisdom of Longnan children, the footprint of Longnan people in past dynasties to promote historical progress, and an important chapter in the splendid culture of the Chinese nation.
About Wudu County
It was established before the Western Zhou Dynasty, and its early settlement was located in Luo Yu, south of Xinglin Prefecture in the Western Regions, which is today's Xihe River. Qin moved to the west of Chengxian County, Gansu Province, and the Northern Wei Dynasty began to push southwest and settled in Bailong River. At that time, the Xifan ethnic groups occupying Bailong River, mainly Yi, Qiang, Tibetan and dangxiang, had an important strategic position. In the process of the central government's continuous westward advancement, the result of many tug-of-war was that Wudu County entered Shimen, and then established a base camp in the old city mountain of Wudu District today, where it stood firm. Various landforms and landforms
Longnan is located in the mountainous area of Longnan, where the east-west fold belt of West Qinling develops, and is in the transitional zone of stepped terrain in China. It reaches Gannan Plateau in the west, Loess Plateau in central Gansu in the north, Sichuan Basin in the south and Qinling and Hanzhong Basin in Shaanxi in the east. The terrain of this city is high in the northwest and low in the southeast. Mountains, deep valleys, hills and basins in the territory are distributed in turn and staggered, forming urban boundaries.
The unique and complex magnificent landscape of Longnan City. Xili Mountain in the north presents a loess landform with low mountains and wide valleys, with an altitude of 1800 meters. Huicheng Basin in the east is located between the northern Qinling Mountains and the southern Qinling Mountains, with a length of more than 100 kilometers and a width of several tens of kilometers, with a hilly and wide valley topography and an altitude of about 1000 meters. There are high mountains and canyons in the southwest, and the mountains and deep valleys are staggered, with remarkable contrast. "The head is steep and the ears are rough", and the relative height difference exceeds 1000 meters. From northwest to southeast, from high mountains such as Dalaliang and Min 'e Mountain (elevation 3552m) to low mountains such as Duantou Mountain (elevation 1804m) and Jinzi Mountain (elevation 1824m), the mountains overlap. In the meantime, the valley is deep and narrow, winding and deep, with many rapids, rapids and waterfalls. The high river banks and steep cliffs in the canyon stand like a wall. Many narrow alluvial plains appear intermittently beside the valley, among which Wudu Plain is nearly 50 kilometers long and 1 km wide. Surrounding peaks: Dalaliang and Min 'e Mountains in the Yangtze River and Yellow River watershed in the north, Toumaju Mountain at the junction of Shaanxi and Gansu in the east, Congdi Mountain adjacent to Gannan in the west and Motianling Mountain at the junction of Gansu and Sichuan in the south. Xiong Huang Mountain, the highest peak, is 4 187 meters above sea level, located in Tunzhai Township, northwest of Wenxian County. Guanzigou, the lowest point, is 550 meters above sea level, located in Zhongmiao Township, southeast of Wenxian County, which is also the lowest altitude in Gansu Province.
Longnan is located in the transition zone from the second step to the third step in Chinese mainland, at the intersection of Qinba Mountain, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Loess Plateau, west to the northern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, north to the Loess Plateau in central Gansu, east to the west Qinling and Hanzhong Basin, and south to Sichuan Basin. The whole terrain is high in the northwest and low in the southeast. The West Qinling Mountains and Minshan Mountains extend from the east and west to the whole territory respectively, forming a complex terrain of mountains and valleys. According to the general difference of landforms and the different degree of regional cutting, the whole area can be divided into three types of landforms.
east
Shallow-middle cutting landform area in shallow mountain and hilly basin. This area includes Chengxian, Huixian and all counties in liangdang county in Huicheng Basin. The west Qinling is divided into two branches, north and south, which extend into this area, forming a long trough-shaped fault basin with an altitude of 800~2700 meters. The northern part of the mountain is cut by the North Qinling fault, with an altitude of1500 ~ 2,700 meters and a relative height difference of about 500 meters. This is a shallow mountain area with gentle terrain. Shallow mountains have been reclaimed as farmland, while deep mountains have dense water conservation forests with good vegetation coverage. The southern part belongs to the south Qinling horst-type mountain area, with an altitude of about1900 ~ 2,400 meters and a relative height difference of about 500~ 1000 meters. It is a cutting mountain area in the middle part. The gentle slope hilly basin in the middle is 800 ~1300m above sea level, with a relative height difference of less than 200m and a slope of less than 20 degrees. Sichuan dam land is scattered among hills, with thick soil and abundant water resources, which is a concentrated grain producing area in history.
south
Cut the middle-high mountain landform area at medium depth. This area is a crisscross between the western extension of South Qinling and the eastern extension of Minshan Mountain, including the whole territory of Kangxian, Wudu and Wenxian, with an altitude of about 900 ~ 2,500m, most of which are located south of 33 degrees north latitude and belong to the subtropical marginal zone. Due to the staggered distribution of mountains, ravines and valleys, most of the cultivated land in this area is sloping farmland, with thin soil layer and many stones, and poor water and fertilizer conservation ability. However, the climate is good, belonging to the transitional zone between north and south, with warm temperate zone and tropical climate in North Asia. It can not only produce grain, but also be an ideal suitable area for rare medicinal materials and rare tree species, such as Wendan, Angelica sinensis, Radix Astragali, Olive, Tea, and Dahongpao Zanthoxylum bungeanum.
north
Fully cut the middle and high mountain landform area. The area includes three counties: Dangchang County, Lixian County and Xihe County, with an altitude of 968~4 100 meters and a relative height difference of 300~500 meters in Gu Feng. Hadapu, Lichuan and Nanyang in Tanchang County, banks of the Western Han River and its tributaries in Lixian County, and banks of Shui Yang and its tributaries in Xihe County. The relative height difference is small, the terrain is gentle, the river valley is wide, the contiguous land area is large, and there are many small mountain plains, among which Xili Basin is located. In the lower reaches of the Western Han Dynasty, the mountains are steep and narrow, with many dry lands and scattered land, but there are more cultivated land, with a large area of grassland and land resources that can be developed and utilized. The climate in the whole region is divided into three types in horizontal distribution: north subtropical zone, warm temperate zone and middle temperate zone. In the hinterland of the motherland, at the intersection of the western part of Qinba Mountain and the eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, there is an ancient and magical place. Here are beautiful mountains and rivers, warm climate, dense forests, rich resources, beautiful people and outstanding people. This is the key to Gansu, Shaanxi and Sichuan provinces. Known as "the key of Qin Long is the throat of Bashu", it is also known as "Longshang Jiangnan" in Longnan City, Gansu Province.
Longnan City is located in the south of Gansu Province, bordering Shaanxi in the east, Sichuan in the south, Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in the west and Dingxi and Tianshui in the north. Its geographical coordinates are1041'-10635' and 32 38'-34 365433 north latitude. It is 22 1km long from east to west and 220km wide from north to south, with a total area of 27,900km2. The city has jurisdiction over 9 counties including Wudu, Dangchang, Wenxian, Chengxian, Kangxian, Huixian, Xihe, Lixian and Liangdang, 242 townships, 3,423 villagers' committees, with 540,000 households and 2.5 million people. There are 2/kloc-0 ethnic groups such as Han, Hui, Tibetan, Uygur, Tu, Li, Bai, Miao, Qiang, Manchu, Mongolian, Xibo, Hani and Tujia, and there are 7 ethnic townships with a population of over 50,000. The municipal government is stationed in Chengguan Town, Wudu District. Three-dimensional distribution of diverse climate
The climate in this city is divided into three types in horizontal distribution: north subtropical zone, warm temperate zone and middle temperate zone. The northern subtropical zone includes the southern part of Kangxian, the southern part of Wudu, the eastern part of Wenxian and the shallow mountainous areas of Bailong River, Baishui River and Jialing River basins. There are two high-fever areas in this area, one is the valley along Bailong River and Baishui River and the shallow mountainous area, with an annual average temperature of] 2 ~ 14℃ ≥ 10℃, a cumulative temperature of 4,000 ~-4,800℃ and a precipitation of about 600 mm. The cultivated land area is about 300,000 mu, accounting for 6.7% of the total cultivated land area in this area. The other is Jialing River Basin and Huicheng Basin; Annual average temperature 10- 12℃, accumulated temperature ≥ 10℃, ranging from 3500-4000℃. The cultivated land area is about 1.7 million mu, accounting for 37.8% of the total cultivated land area in the whole region. This is an agricultural area with three crops in two years. The warm temperate zone includes the vast areas in the middle, east and south of the whole region, with an altitude of1100-2000m, an accumulated temperature of ≥ 10℃ 2 100-4000℃, a rainfall of 500-800mm and a cultivated land curvature of about/kloc-. The middle temperate zone includes the northern and western parts of the whole region, mainly in most areas of Dangchang and Xihe counties, Jinchang, Maying and Chiba in Wudu county, and the lower four districts in Lixian county. The cultivated land in this area is generally more than 2000 meters, the accumulated temperature is ≥ 10℃ and less than 2 100℃, the annual minimum temperature is below -20℃, and the cultivated land area is about 1000000 mu, accounting for 22.2% of the total cultivated land area in the whole region. It is an agricultural area with three crops.
In terms of vertical distribution, due to the influence of topographic factors such as mountain trend, mountain height, slope gradient and slope direction, agricultural elements such as light, heat, water, gas and biological resources have obvious vertical distribution characteristics, and the vertical height difference in farming areas is generally about 50-120m. In particular, the vertical difference of meteorological conditions is extremely obvious, "there is snow on the mountain and flowers on the mountain", and "the four seasons are different at a glance." Due to the difference of altitude and climate change, soil types, crop species, variety layout, farming system, pests and diseases, farming season and so on all show obvious stratification, forming a typical vertical agriculture. For example, in the valley areas along the Bailong River and Baishui River below 1000 meters above sea level, citrus can overwinter, and wheat rice and oil rice can be harvested twice a year; Only early-maturing and extremely early-maturing corn can be planted above the altitude of 1600 meters; There is no corn planting above 2000 meters above sea level. The general law of crop distribution is "rice and cotton occupy the river, corn and millet go around the mountainside, wheat is planted in fertile mountains and rivers, and potato and rape go up the mountain". As far as the same crop is concerned, due to different planting heights, its maturity and harvest period are also very different. Although vertical agriculture brings some difficulties to the scale of agricultural industry, it is beneficial to the diversification of planting structure, especially to the development of crops with high economic value according to local conditions. Colorful natural scenery
Longnan has a mild climate and beautiful scenery. The mountains and rivers in the north are both majestic and majestic, and the beautiful scenery in southern Xinjiang is one integrated mass. Yinping Tianchi, one of the three largest Tianchi lakes in China, is surrounded by green hills and is a natural "jade world".
Vientiane Cave, the largest cave in the northwest, is fantastic and beautiful, like Qiongge in Sendai. Baishuijiang Nature Reserve, which is the only national protected area in Gansu Province with a north subtropical biological community and natural landscape, is known as "Xishuangbanna in Gansu Province" because of its exotic flowers and trees, capital competition, rare birds and animals, and free roaming. The natural scenic spots, such as Daheba, Santan, Hongtu River, Meiyuangou and Yunpingshan, which are distributed in all counties of the whole region, have vast forests, bursts of pines, exotic flowers and grasses, waterfalls and flowing springs, and are called "Little Jiuzhaigou in Longshang". On both sides of the Bailong River, "Gao Jiang's sharp gorge thunders and the vines are faint", just like beautiful landscape paintings; Sang Ma in Huicheng Basin is spread all over the four fields, with thousands of waves of rice and pepper, showing a prosperous scene of land of plenty, forming a series of unique natural landscapes, which are colorful and fascinating. 0 1, Wudu Vientiane Cave, national AAAA scenic spot, provincial geological park.
02. Tianchi in Wenxian County, National Forest Park, one of the four largest Tianchi in China, is a film and television shooting area.
03. Guanegou, Dangchang, National Forest Park. National Geoparks (the seventh batch of National Geoparks, approved on 20 14).
04, Kangxian Yangba, National Forest Park. Natural oxygen bar.
Yu He's original ecological scenery, golden monkey reserve, animal and plant paradise and folk customs.
06, Wudu Wufeng Mountain Taoist Holy Land. Residents of Taoist Association in Wudu District, Longnan City, Gansu Province. The highest peak in the western Qinling Mountains is Wufeng Scenic Area. Cliff, Songtao Lei Yin, birds singing. Zhenwu's ancestors should be in the holy land.
07. Xihe Daxiangshan: the beautiful legend of Guanyin Temple Mountain of Lixian Taoist Association. Baique Temple.
08. Xihe Qiu Chi: Fuxi Cave, the birthplace of ancestor Fuxi. Go on a pilgrimage to Fuxi Temple.
09. Wuhou Temple in Qishan, Lixian County: To commemorate the classic landscape of Zhuge Liang's Six Xiaqi Mountain.
10, Dabaoshan, Lixian County: the precious graveyard of Qin Shihuang's ancestors, and an excellent place for feng shui observation in China.
1 1, Wudujiao Palace Chaoyang Cave: a comprehensive cave of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism excavated since the Tang Dynasty, and a hundred Buddha caves near Bailong River.
12, Notre Dame de Nine Days in Shimen, Wudu: The Yellow Emperor fought Chiyou, and the Queen Mother of the West sent Xuan Nv for nine days to present the legend of the art of war to the Yellow Emperor in Xuanyuan.
13. Buddhist attractions in Wudu: Liangshui Longhua Temple, suburban Puhua Temple, Chengguan Lianhua Mountain Temple, Dongjiang Liang Qing Temple, Sanhe Yan Guang Temple, Longfeng Mountain Temple, Longfeng Buddhist Temple, Pipa Temple, Hanwang Temple, suburban Wujin Temple and Ganquan Tiefo Temple.
Zhang Dengzhen Cave 14: The place where Zhang Chengxian is said to be.
Jifeng Mountain in Chengxian County 15: Forest Park. There are Guanyin, Manjusri and Pu Xian on the top of the mountain.
16. Ode to Xixia in Chengxian County: commonly known as Huanglong Monument, it is the most complete cliff stone carving among the three monuments of Shimen, Fuge and Xixia in Han Dynasty.
17, Jialing River rafting in Huixian: the only place in Longnan where rafting activities are carried out.
18, Cuijialiang Guan Gong Temple on the outskirts of Wudu: the ancestral hall in memory of Liu Bei, Guan Gong and Zhang Fei.
19, Dayu Temple in Linping, Gonggou, Wudujiao:: The only ancestral hall to commemorate Dayu's flood control.
20. Dapingshan, Hanwang Town, Wudu District —— Li Kui Ancestral Temple, the Minister of Rites in Tang Dynasty (the origin of The Legend of Our Lady in Nine Days).