The formation of cities is a leap in the history of human civilization. China's ancient urban planning emphasized strategic thinking and holistic concept, the combination of city and nature, and strict hierarchical concept. These urban planning ideas and the achievements of urban planning in various historical periods in ancient China are concentrated in building the capital city into a "polar region" and a "first good region". During the Warring States Period, the capital of China adopted the system of large and small cities, which reflected the requirement of "building a city to defend the monarch and the people". Chang 'an in the Western Han Dynasty integrated the palace with Li Fang, and Yecheng in Cao Wei adopted the planning form of distinguishing urban functions during the Three Kingdoms period. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the overall planning of Luoyang City was strengthened, which played a leading role in the construction of Chang 'an City in Sui and Tang Dynasties, the peak of China's early urban construction. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Chang 'an City was located in palaces, temples and government offices on both sides of the north-south longitudinal axis. The road network was divided into several chessboards, each of which was called a square, and formed its own area around the square city. Chang 'an was the political, economic and cultural center of China at that time and the largest city in the world. It shows the level of architectural technology and cultural development in the Tang Dynasty. The capital construction of Japan, North Korea and other countries is modeled after Chang 'an. The planning of metropolitan area in Yuan Dynasty absorbed the planning idea of ideal capital in Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period, and handled it according to local conditions. The Ming Beijing, which evolved from a metropolis, integrated the urban planning of the ancient capital of China. In the Qing Dynasty, gardens were vigorously managed, and palaces were left in the suburbs of Beijing, making Beijing a shining example of planning and construction in the feudal era of China.

3 Lane system and street system, the difference between urban landscape

The block is divided by roads, and it still takes the form of hutong, which is called "Li Fang system".

Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty was a model of China's ancient "Li Fang system". At that time, the whole city was divided into 108 Li Fang (each with an area of 25-70 hectares, roughly equivalent to a large residential area today). There is a well-shaped road system in these lanes, surrounded by high walls. It is not allowed to open the door and open a shop at will in the alley, and a curfew is imposed at night. Residents in the workshop implement a "continuous insurance system" to facilitate governance and management. Tokyo (now Kaifeng) in the Northern Song Dynasty completely adopted a new planning form. The contradiction between the development of commerce, handicrafts, towns and other industries and the planning form of "Li Fang system" inherited from ancient times is more and more prominent. The key point is that the activity space of the commercial market needs to be expanded and opened, while in the old form, the market was too concentrated and the land was tight. This is the contradiction between opening and closing. In the planning of Tokyo in the Northern Song Dynasty, Miyagi (Ouchi) was rearranged in the city center, forming a pattern of "Ouchi-Licheng-Los Angeles", which was mainly due to defense considerations. The biggest breakthrough in form is to completely abandon the "Li Fang system" and cancel the square wall, so that the neighborhood is completely facing the street, shops are set up along the street, and houses are arranged along the roadway leading to the street. The layout of commerce and various industries is open. They are distributed in the main streets of the city and are relatively concentrated according to certain majors. "Wazi" is the "entertainment area".

Li Fang

alley

palace