The location of capital cities in past dynasties mostly adopted the method of "phase contrast"

Fengshui principles such as "winning" are important basis. Xingsheng refers to the natural environment such as mountains and rivers, geographical situation and superior products. The ancient city of Beijing was the capital of Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. In China, there is a dispute between geomantic omen and Yi-ology about the location and capital of dynasties. As the saying goes, "the place where the capital has been built since ancient times has won the hearts of the people and is unprecedented."

However, since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the geomantic charm and ecological environment of the ancient capital Beijing have changed significantly. As far as its natural conditions are concerned, in Beijing, according to "A Brief Introduction to the Scenery of the Imperial Capital" published in the eighth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1635), it is recorded that "the Imperial Capital is in the west, with ancient trees and deep forests, majestic in spring, dim in summer, and ancient forests in autumn and winter cover the sky ...". In those days, there were dense pine forests around Beijing, and only one person could ride on the road. Dense mountain forests also bring abundant water sources. In Diaoyutai, Yuyuantan, Jinyuchi and other places, spring water trickles all the year round, and in many places, "spring water gushes from the ground once and for all". Today, the shape of Beijing is victorious. It can be said that the terrain is still there, but its appearance is different.

In the past 50 years, the ecological environment in Beijing has gone from bad to worse. First of all, under the slogan of "smelting steel" and "asking for food from mountains, rivers, lakes and seas", deforestation and charcoal burning were carried out, and even the precious plants in Beijing Botanical Garden were once destroyed and planted with food. Then the rapid development of Beijing's modernization, followed by the lack of trees, the destruction of vegetation, the deterioration of ecology, and the sharp decline of water surface. With most moats turned into underground rivers, Taiping Lake north of Xizhimen was transformed into subway land, and the water area of Beijing City decreased sharply.

Due to various reasons, the green area in Beijing has also dropped sharply. In addition, the vegetation and trees in Beijing suburbs and northwest provinces have been seriously damaged, and the early warning of "sandstorm approaching Beijing" has become a harsh reality. In recent years, the summer temperature in Beijing has surpassed that of Chongqing, Wuhan and Nanjing, which were once known as the "three major stoves", which is probably related to the above inappropriate human activities. In recent years, with the rapid development of electric power and communication, especially mobile phones, the most serious electromagnetic pollution in physical contamination has become increasingly serious. Faced with many similar problems, old people often say that "Feng Shui is gone", which is not necessarily superstition.

In urban construction, the first link is of strategic significance.

Festivals are site selection and planning. Generally, the city of China should be built first, and then the city circle should be built. The Yuan Dynasty was a rare capital with unified planning, unified architecture and unified relocation.

Site selection and planning layout are important principles of traditional architecture in China. Geomantic omen theory is also called "orientation theory". The location of Beijing is very particular. Beijing's location, whether viewed from Chaoyang or Zhengyang, is "facing the sun with mountains on its back". "Xiangtu tastes water" is also a basic principle of building site selection. Popular "acclimatization" is mainly about the quality of water and soil. Emperor Qianlong, who paid attention to the way of health preservation in Qing Dynasty, believed that the standard of good water quality was "its taste is expensive and sweet, and its quality is expensive and light". He once ordered the Ministry of Internal Affairs to make special silver barrels to compete with the world-famous spring water. The results showed that only Yuquan water in Beijing and Yixun water near Mulan paddock in Chengde had the lightest water quality and sweeter taste. To this end, Gan Long also wrote "Yuquan Mountain is the first spring in the world".

The exquisite geomantic pattern and rich cultural connotation of Beijing in Ming and Qing Dynasties are the best in China. In the overall planning and architectural design of Beijing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the extremely rich cultural orientation and symbolic meanings in the Yi-ology were used, and these contents themselves were the theoretical basis of Feng Shui.

There are many water intakes in old Beijing, such as Jishuitan in the northern suburbs and Jinshui River in the south of Xizhimen. The moat of the Forbidden City is commonly known as "Tongzi River", and its water inlet is on the south side of the northwest corner of Tongzi River, which is a double-hole tunnel. The entrance of Jinshui River in the Forbidden City (in the positive five elements, the west belongs to gold, and the river from the west is called "Jinshui River") is a single-hole tunnel along the south bank of Tongzi River in the west of Shenwumen. They are all in the northwest, that is, in the direction of Tianmen. The outlets of the inner city water system in Beijing are all in the southeast direction, that is, the direction of "Dihu" (entering Tonghui River). According to the concept of Feng Shui, water dominates wealth, and the place where water comes is called Tianmen. If the source is not seen, it is called Tianmen. Wherever the water goes, it is called a local household. If you don't go, call a local household. Tianmen is open, symbolizing continuous financial resources; The closure of the family symbolizes inexhaustible wealth. Correspondingly, in architectural design, the northwest corner of the inner wall of Beijing and the outer edge of the northwest corner of Tongzi River are missing a corner. There is a lack of a corner in the direction of Tianmen in the northwest, which is called "the lack of heaven" and symbolizes the opening of Tianmen. Both the water inlet and the water outlet are dark passages, symbolizing the opening of Tianmen and the closing of underground households respectively.

When the Ming Dynasty moved its capital to Beijing, the wall of the North City of the Yuan Dynasty was not less than five miles south. And in order to avoid the vast Taiping Lake, a corner of the northwest wall is missing. The reason is similar to the outer edge of the northwest corner of Tongzi River, which is closely related to the arrangement of the spatial orientation of the water inlet.

The traditional culture of China symbolizes wealth with water, which is not necessarily superstition, but auspicious language, so it is not difficult to give a scientific explanation. The so-called "water is the main wealth" means that the places with more water are rich in ground resources and the people are rich; On the contrary, the ground resources are scarce and the people are poor. Tianmen in the northwest and Dihu in the southeast are used as the water inlet and outlet respectively, because the topography of our country is high in the northwest and low in the southeast as a whole, so the water flow is relatively smooth.

In recent years, with the rapid development of modern architecture in Beijing, the problem of "maintaining the style of the ancient capital" has become increasingly urgent. However, many modern buildings violate the cultural connotation of the ancient capital, and the big pavilion at the daunting entrance of Beijing West Railway Station is a typical example.

Anyone familiar with Beijing knows that this pavilion was built in imitation of the "Wan Chun Pavilion" which is located at the highest peak among the five pavilions in Jingshan. The difference is that the "Wanchun Pavilion" on Jingshan Mountain is a wooden structure, while the pavilion at West Station is a steel frame structure, which is said to weigh more than 700 tons. It is quite different from its cultural connotation to copy the "Wanchun Pavilion" on Jingshan Mountain to modern architecture.

Many ancient buildings in Beijing have stories and origins. Jingshan, called "Zhenshan" in the early Ming Dynasty, played the role of "Zhenshan" or "Wangsha Qi". It is said that the palace of the Yuan Dynasty is buried below. Later, in the 12th year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1655), it was renamed "Long Live Mountain" and "Jingshan Mountain". According to "Brief Introduction to Beijing", "Amethyst is Japanese, and it is said that Japan is also in Beijing. As the saying goes, there are no two days, and the people have no two masters. Five mountain shapes (five peaks) should hold the sun (five qi) in the sky. " These five pavilions vividly shaped the artistic conception of "the scenery comes from Japan and the words are in Beijing".

But the "sun" here does not really mean the natural "sun" in the sky, but the "sun" that symbolizes Beijing on the ground, that is, the so-called "son of heaven", and the word "Beijing" in Jingshan is above and below. Wang Bo, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem "Looking at the Sun" in the Preface to Wang Tengting. Later, people compared Sunset to Kyoto.

"Wanchunge" is built on the most important north-south "central axis" in Beijing, symbolizing the right position of the son of heaven. Built on the commanding heights of Beijing, it also symbolizes the supremacy of the power of the son of heaven on earth; This pavilion is called "Wanchun Pavilion", which symbolizes that justice is the center, the son of heaven is the country, and it will last forever and be passed down from generation to generation.

"Ming He Ting Shi" contains: "Pavilion, stop, people stop gathering." The railway station is a gathering place for passing passengers, and its main function should be to facilitate passengers to get on the bus quickly and accurately to reach their destinations. Putting such a big pavilion at such a high door, what do passengers think of "stopping" on it? On construction of psychology, what sense of security does it give people to put a behemoth weighing hundreds of tons on the cross beam of a doorway bigger than a building? On construction economics, how expensive is it to build a beam that can support such a heavy building? What's more, it is a failure to maintain the style of Beijing's ancient capital, even in architectural aesthetics. ......