Cucumber and wax gourd are important vegetables in melons, and pumpkin and zucchini can be used as food and feed besides vegetables. Watermelon and melon are popular fruits in summer. Luffa and bitter gourd are cultivated in the south, but rarely in the north.
Pumpkin is a tropical plant, which requires high temperature resistance and frost resistance when growing, so it is cultivated in warm season. Among them, watermelon, melon, pumpkin, zucchini and so on. Originated in the continental climate zone of tropical grassland, it is particularly heat-resistant and needs a dry and sunny climate. Cucumber, common melons and other melons in China all originated from tropical maritime climate zone, which has weak heat resistance and can adapt to warm and rainy climate. So watermelon, melon and zucchini grow best in North China and Northwest China, while other melons grow best in Central China, South China and Southwest China. Pumpkin has strong adaptability to climate and is suitable for cultivation in both north and south China.
China has a large planting area and many varieties of melons. Melon production plays a great role in prospering agricultural economy and ensuring urban and rural supply. A large number of fresh melons and their processed products such as watermelon seeds and pumpkin seeds are exported.
The first section wax gourd
Wax gourd Cogn。 ) originated in southern China, widely cultivated in China, with a long history of cultivation. It is one of the most popular vegetables in summer. The fruit of wax gourd contains a lot of water and can be eaten in soup with meat. The soup is delicious and can be fried. Wax gourd can also be processed into various preserved wax gourd, such as preserved wax gourd. In traditional Chinese medicine, wax gourd has the functions of eliminating dampness, diuresis and quenching thirst. Wax gourd is storable and has a long supply period. It is one of the main vegetables to solve the problem of off-season supply in high temperature period from August to September.
I. Biological characteristics
Wax gourd is an annual vine crop, and its botanical characteristics are as follows: white roots and stems, well-developed root groups, depth of 0.5 ~ 1.5~2.0m, degree of 1.5~2.0m, strong root absorption capacity, and easy to produce adventitious roots. The stem is long and thick, rattan-like, hollow, with thick bristles on it, which is several meters long.
Leaves: The leaves are large, round or palmate, green, with rough surface and fluff on the back.
Flowers: Most wax gourd flowers are unisexual, and few varieties are bisexual. Generally, there are male flowers first, then female flowers, and the occurrence of male and female flowers has certain rules. Male calyx lobes 5, nearly halberd-shaped, green, petals 5, oval, yellow, stamens 3, arranged in a triangle in the center of the flower, with terminal anthers, extremely bent and cracked. The female flower is the same as the male flower, and the ovary is secondary. The shape varies with varieties, including long oval, short oval, green and densely covered with fluff. The flower stalk is shorter and thicker than the male plant, with fluff, short style, petaloid stigma and light yellow.
Fruits and seeds: Fruits are generally cylindrical, oblate and rectangular. The mature pericarp is attached with wax powder, and the pulp is thick and pure white, loose and juicy, with light taste and large holes in the pulp. There are many seeds on the pulp. Seeds are white or yellowish, flat, with smooth seed coat or prominent edge. The 1000-grain weight is 50 ~ 100 g, and the ribbed seeds are slightly lighter.
Second, the requirements for environmental conditions
Wax gourd likes warmth, but it is not cold-resistant. The optimum temperature for growth is 25 ~ 30℃, and the optimum temperature for germination is 30℃. It can't germinate normally below 15℃, and the requirements for soil are not strict. It can be cultivated in sandy loam or clay loam, but it is not suitable for continuous cropping. Wax gourd needs enough water, but it is not resistant to moisture. If planted in low-lying land, the soil permeability is poor and the root system development is blocked, which is not conducive to plant growth. It should be planted in dry land with good drainage.
Wax gourd is planted in a wide area, and there are many varieties in various places. Wax gourd can be divided into flat, round, cylindrical, pillow and so on according to its shape. According to the color of winter melon skin, there are green skin and white skin. According to the fruit size, it can be divided into small wax gourd and big wax gourd.
Early maturity or early maturity, the first female flower node is low, and the nutritional status is good. After the first female flower appears, each node can bear female flowers continuously. The fruit is small, oblate, round or high round, and several fruits can be harvested per plant. Generally speaking, fresh and tender fruits will be harvested and put on the market. It takes about 1 10 ~ 130 days from sowing to harvesting. Such as string bells in Beijing, rice wax gourd in Mianyang, Sichuan, and Wuye in Chengdu, Sichuan.
Farmers in Beijing generally have female flowers in the axils of 3 ~ 5 leaves of the main vine, which can bear fruit continuously when watching the snow. Therefore, it is called string bell, the fruit is short and cylindrical, the skin is thick, the mature fruit has white powder, the weight of a single melon is about 500 ~ 1000 g, and it is early mature, and it takes about 1 65438+ from sowing to harvesting.
Mianyang city, Sichuan province, has a medium growth potential of farm varieties and plants. The first female flower appears on the 8 ~ 10 node of the main vine, and then every 3 ~ 5 nodes. The fruit is short and cylindrical, with green skin, smooth surface and white bristles. Mature melon wax powder is less, the pulp is about 4.0cm thick and white, and the weight of a single melon is 1250 ~ 65438.
3. Five-leaf wax gourd (small wax gourd)
Chengdu, Sichuan, is a farmer variety with medium growth potential. The first female flower is born in the section of main vine 15- 18, and the main vine bears melons. The fruit is short and cylindrical, with slightly concave base and navel, turquoise skin, smooth surface and less wax powder. The flesh of melon is 3.0 ~ 4.0 cm thick, and the weight of a single melon is about 5.0 kg.
(2) Big white gourd
Medium or late ripening. This plant has strong growth potential. The first female flower usually appears at 9 ~ 15 or even 20 ~ 25 nodes of wax gourd. After the first female flower appears, it often grows every certain number of nodes or several consecutive female flowers, and then grows every certain number of nodes. Generally, nodes are thick and long, fruits are large, short cylindrical, turquoise, covered with gray powder or not, and seeds are unilateral or bilateral. Such as Guangdong cucumber, Kunming big seed melon, Chengdu pink melon, Shanghai cucumber and so on.
1, Guangdong green wax gourd
Strong growth potential, the first female flower appears in the main vine 16 ~ 19 section. The fruit is long cylindrical, turquoise, watery, light in taste, thick in flesh, generally weighing per fruit 1.75kg, with poor heat resistance, easy to be burned by the sun and late in ripening.
2, Kunming big purple wax gourd
Tendrils are dense, smooth and prickly, with 5 green edges, 5 lobed leaves and prickly petioles. The first female flower was born at 1 1 ~ 15, and then the female flowers appeared every 5 ~ 8 knots. The fruit is long and cylindrical with green skin and a lot of wax powder. The weight of single fruit is 7.5 ~ 10 kg.
3. Chengdu white-skinned wax gourd
The first female flower was born on the main vine 16 ~ 20 nodes, and a female flower was regenerated every 1 ~ 3 nodes. The fruit is short cylindrical, turquoise, hairy, slightly concave at both ends, with a meat thickness of 4.0 ~ 5.0 cm and a single melon weighing 3.5 ~ 5.0 kg.
4. Shanghai cucumber
Dark green leaves, deep concave leaves, long tendrils, cylindrical fruit, blue skin and thick meat. Generally, the weight of a single melon is 7.5 ~ 10 kg, which is a late-maturing variety with poor heat resistance and easy to burn in direct sunlight.
Fourth, cultivation techniques.
(1) sowing date
The sowing date of wax gourd varies with different climatic conditions, cultivation techniques, cultivation methods, variety selection, requirements and uses. According to its own climatic conditions, Panzhihua usually sows in early and middle February. Early-maturing wax gourd should be sown in the middle and late period of 1. If winter melon is interplanted with tomatoes, peppers and eggplant, it can be planted in the middle and late March. Late sowing and early sowing of wax gourd have great influence on yield. Generally speaking, early sowing, early flowering of wax gourd, short stem nodes and more female flowers. Therefore, mastering the sowing date has a certain effect on winning high yield of wax gourd.
(2) sowing, seedling raising and planting density
Wax gourd can be planted directly or transplanted. The planting density of wax gourd varies with varieties, cultivation methods and cultivation seasons. Generally, small white gourd is planted about 12000 ~ 15000 plants per hectare, and large white gourd is generally 4500 ~ 6000 plants. In order to obtain high yield of wax gourd, it is best to transplant it.
Wax gourd seed coat is thick and difficult to germinate, so seed treatment should be carried out before sowing to promote seed germination. The seed treatment method is as follows.
(1) Wet sowing: Generally, the seeds are soaked in clear water for 5-6 hours, then taken out, filtered and sown on the seedbed.
(2) Soak the seeds in warm water at 55℃ for about 65438 05 minutes to germinate the seeds, and then sow.
(3) Accelerating germination at constant temperature: put the seeds in an incubator at 30℃, turn them up and down once every 3-5 hours, so that the upper and lower layers of the seeds are heated evenly, and wash them with clear water once a day, and keep certain moisture and air. After about 5-7 days, the seeds will break the seed coat, and when the seeds turn white, that is, when the buds grow to half a grain, they should be sown in time. If the bud is too long, it is easy to damage the bud tip when sowing, which leads to the stiff growth of the plant and easy to get sick.
(3) Site management
1, apply sufficient base fertilizer.
The best base fertilizer is decomposed organic fertilizer, with 52,500 kilograms of decomposed high-quality farmyard manure per hectare and 450 kilograms of calcium superphosphate. Phosphate fertilizer can enhance the stress resistance of wax gourd, and at the same time, it can promote plants to bear melons early and more. Fertilization methods include spreading first and then deep ploughing, furrowing strip application and then covering soil, acupoint application and so on.
2, reasonable topdressing by stages,
When 3 ~ 4 true leaves appear, manure should be applied once, topdressing should be applied twice when melon vines begin to elongate, and topdressing should be applied once at the initial flowering stage and the initial fruit stage. Topdressing should be light before and heavy after, light before and thick after. Attention should be paid to topdressing, and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer should not be applied before and after heavy rain, otherwise fruit and cotton will easily rot in fruit period.
Step 3: Irrigation
The irrigation of wax gourd should be combined with the growth process. Wax gourd has a large leaf area and a large amount of water evaporation, so it is necessary to keep the soil surface moist frequently. The water demand of plants is from small to large, so it is not suitable for flooding with water. Semi-furrow water irrigation is suitable. When there is too much rain during the growing period, it is necessary to drain water in time to avoid diseases caused by stagnant water.
Step 4 squeeze the vines
Under normal circumstances, melon vines are pressed once in the shed and 3-4 times in the ground. After planting, when the vines grow to about lm, you can press the vines once and press the stems of melon vines with soil to make them grow adventitious roots. When the vine is pressed, the leaves are exposed in the soil, and the top of the vine is exposed about 30cm. After climbing the ground, press the vines every 65,438+05 days until the vines grow on the surface of the compartment. When pressing vines, be careful not to press the stem nodes and top growth parts of female flowers into the soil.
5. Artificial insemination
Winter melon is a monoecious flower. With the help of insects to spread pollen, pollination can make wax gourd mature early and improve early yield.
The male flowers of wax gourd bloom at 5 ~ 8 am, when the pollen is the most suitable for pollination, and the artificial pollination effect is the best. After 9 o'clock, the pollen is easy to disperse, so it is not suitable for pollination, and the seed setting rate decreases accordingly. During artificial pollination, the newly opened male flowers are picked, and the male flowers are brought into contact with the female flowers, so that the pollen of the male flowers is covered by the stigma of the female flowers. Generally, in the middle and late stage of growth, artificial pollination is no longer carried out because of the high temperature and vigorous activity of towels.
(4) Pest control
The main diseases of wax gourd are powdery mildew, Fusarium wilt and blight, and the main pests are cucumber yellow aphid and red spider. Doing a good job in disease prevention and insect control of wax gourd is one of the important links related to high yield of wax gourd and must be paid attention to. For pests and diseases, early treatment, minor treatment and radical cure are needed, and prevention is more important than treatment, so as to effectively eliminate and control the occurrence and spread of pests and diseases.
1, powdery mildew
The disease mostly occurs in the middle growth period of wax gourd, especially in rainy conditions. At the beginning of the disease, there were pale yellow spots on the leaves, and then they expanded into white powder spots, which gradually spread all over the leaves, causing the leaves to die, making the plants precocious, and the bacteria overwintering with the diseased plants or on weeds.
Control methods: (1) Implement land rotation, remove the residual leaves and weeds of diseased plants in the field, and strengthen the management of ditching and drainage.
(2) Spray 15% fenxiuling wettable powder 1000 times or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 800 times. Spray 1 time every week, 2 ~ 3 times in a row, starting from the early stage of the disease.
2. Fusarium wilt:
It can occur from seedling stage to late growth stage, and it is the most serious after root melon. The damaged plant grows slowly, the lower leaves turn yellow, the plant wilts during the day, recovers at night, and the whole plant dies a few days later. The vascular bundle turns brown when the diseased plant is cut vertically, and pink mildew layer is produced when it is wet.
Reverse smelting method: (1) rotation, using non-melon vegetables for 3-5 years. The seedbed should also be replaced every 2 ~ 3 years.
(2) Strengthen cultivation management, increase the application of decomposed organic fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, promote the growth and development of roots and increase disease resistance. To strengthen the management of fertilizer and water, we should often use small water to avoid flooding. Don't shine water at noon when it is hot in summer.
(3) At the early stage of the disease, 50% carbendazim or 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder can be used to irrigate the roots with 500 times of solution, and the dosage of each seedling is 500g, every 7 ~ l0 days 1 time.
3. Epidemics
It mainly harms stem base, tender stem nodes, leaves and fruits. As soon as the stem node comes up, it is flooded, dark green, the diseased part overflows and shrinks, the seedlings wilt, and then it develops into a whole plant and dies. When the fruit was killed, it showed dark green waterlogging, nearly round concave disease spots, and the diseased fruit often shrank and rotted, with gray sparse mildew spots on the surface.
Control method: (1) Apply base fertilizer to enhance plant disease resistance.
(2) Before the rain or onset, root irrigation once, each plant can be irrigated with 500g liquid medicine, and investigation should be strengthened. Once individual plants are found dead, the roots should be irrigated and sprayed again immediately. The effective drugs are: 25% aluminum zinc poison or metalaxyl, the concentration is 600 times or 50%.
4. Aphids
Aphids, also known as ants, oil stinkbug, swallows, etc. , divided into winged aphids and wingless aphids. They have strong reproductive ability and rapid development. A female aphid gives birth to 65,438+00 ~ 65,438+000, and can reproduce for 4 ~ 5 days in warm weather. The year of drought is particularly serious. Adult aphids and young aphids gather on the back of leaves to suck the juice, forming faded spots and turning yellow and curly leaves.
Control method: spray 40% dimethoate EC 1000 ~ 1500 times or 50% chlorpyrifos EC 1000 ~ 1500 times.
5. Starscream
Red spider, also known as fire spider, breeds 10 ~ 20 generations a year. Adults and larvae spread between leaves and plants by creeping or rotating with the help of wind and rain, which is very harmful in high temperature and dry years. Adults or larvae gather on the back of leaves to suck juice, and the damaged leaves show yellow and white spots, which turn yellow and scorch or even fall off in severe cases. The damage of this insect comes quickly and fiercely.
Control method: use 40% dimethoate 800 ~ 1000 times solution; 25% phoxim 300-400 times; Puttan wettable powder 1000 ~ 1500 times liquid spray.
6. Huang shougua
Both adults and larvae can cause harm. Adults eat during the day and bite leaves, flowers and young fruits into circular or semi-circular notches, which is suspended animation but flexible in action. Larvae gnaw at fine roots, or burrow into the main roots or stems near the ground to feed, which makes the seedlings grow poorly and even wither and die.
Control methods: mainly control adults, especially pay attention to seedling prevention. 800 ~ 1000 times of 90% trichlorfon or 800 ~ 1000 times of 80% dichlorvos emulsion can be sprayed.
Verb (short for verb) Harvest and store.
(1) Harvest
Wax gourd takes about 9 days from budding to flowering, two days after flowering, one day after flowering, and 40 days (35-45 days) from flowering to maturity. Small wax gourd is ripe for eating and can be harvested at any time. Big wax gourd harvests more than when it is ripe. The ripening characteristic is that after the fruit stops growing, the fruit hair falls off and white powder appears on the fruit surface. When picking, take more stems, cut off a leaf and store it in the shade for later use.
(2) storage
Wax gourd is suitable for storage, and storage of wax gourd is a good way to solve the off-season supply in the market and increase the variety. Physiologically mature fruits should be selected for storage of wax gourd. Generally, it is ideal to harvest large wax gourd more than 40 days after flowering. As a storage melon, we must choose the second and third mature and harmless living vines. All bruised, sunburned, scarred, dead and tender melons are not suitable for storage. Stop watering Gua Tian a few days before storage to reduce the water content in the melon. The stored melons should be harvested around 8 am to avoid sunburn, because scalded hot melons are easy to rot during storage. In the whole process of harvesting, transportation and storage, we should pick, put, transport and pile lightly, avoid bumping or shaking melons as much as possible, and do the above well to improve the storage resistance of wax gourd.
Pumpkin in the second quarter
Cucurbita moschata D., also known as Migua, Cucurbita moschata and Cucurbita moschata, originated in tropical areas, and was also called Chinese pumpkin because it was introduced to China for a long time. Pumpkin grows strongly and has strong adaptability to the environment. It can be planted in sporadic crevices, corners, wasteland and in front of and behind houses with high yield. Can be cultivated on the ground or on a shed, and is convenient to manage.
Pumpkin can be used not only for cooking, but also as a substitute for grain, raw material for sugar industry and canned food industry, and as feed, which has high economic value and edible value. Mature pumpkin contains a lot of starch in its fruit, which can replace grain and be cooked with rice to make sweet and delicious pumpkin rice. Pumpkin can also be used as a good feed for pigs, and its stems and leaves can be processed into straw bran feed after drying. Young melons can be shredded and fried or made into vegetable soup, which is sweet and delicious. Pumpkin seeds can also be fried and eaten, crispy and delicious.
I. Botanical characteristics
Pumpkin is an annual herb crop of Cucurbitaceae, and its botanical characteristics are as follows:
1, root pumpkin has developed root system (main root, lateral root, adventitious root, small absorption root), strong water and fertilizer absorption ability, and strong drought resistance and barren tolerance.
2. Stems and leafstalks are long lianas with strong branches. Stems and branches are creeping or tufted, with rough bristles, soft hairs or angular surfaces. The main vine is several meters long, and the lateral vine is about 2 ~ 3 meters long. The stems and vines are hollow, and adventitious roots are easy to grow on the nodes, and tendrils are produced on the nodes for climbing. When in contact with the land, adventitious roots are easy to occur, and people will absorb water and fertilizer.
Large leaves, simple leaves alternate, hairy petiole, dark green, heart-shaped. Each leaf axil of the main vine has pumping lateral vines.
3. The flower pumpkin is a monoecious flower, yellow, solitary in leaf axils, with many male flowers, slender pedicels and five stamens. The anthers roll outward into columns with large pollen grains, which are spread by insects and open and close in the morning and evening. Pollen is the most when it first blooms, so artificial pollination in the morning is appropriate. The female flower pedicel is short and thick, the ovary is lower, the calyx is inserted in the ovary, the corolla is divided into five parts, and the petals are trumpet-shaped Female flowers are few in number and bloom later than male flowers.
4. Fruits and seed fruits are developed from receptacle and ovary, and mesocarp and endocarp are the main edible parts. The shape, size and color of fruits vary with varieties, including spherical, oblate, rectangular, hammer-shaped and pillow-shaped. Some varieties have smooth fruit surfaces, while others have longitudinal grooves and tumor-like protrusions. The pericarp begins to be dark green, and when it matures, it is orange-red, yellow or ochre, with white powder. Seeds are born in endocarp, flat and white, with slight differences among different varieties. The 1000-grain weight is generally around 100~350g ~ 350 g, and the seed germination period is about 6 years.
Second, the requirements of external conditions.
Pumpkin is native to the tropics and has strong drought and heat resistance. Its requirements for environmental conditions vary slightly from species to species. The requirements of pumpkin for temperature, light, moisture and soil nutrition are briefly described as follows:
1, temperature
Pumpkin has strong adaptability to climate, and its tolerance to low temperature and high temperature is stronger than other melons. The optimum temperature for pumpkin seed germination is 25 ~ 30℃. If the temperature is lower than 13℃, the germination ability of seeds will be affected, and the optimum temperature for fruit development is 25 ~ 27℃. If the temperature rises above 35℃, the flower organs will not develop normally.
2. Lighting equipment
The long sunshine of pumpkin is beneficial to the development of male flowers and less female flowers. Female flowers increase in short sunshine, so pumpkin is a short-day crop, and the appearance of female flowers is related to the length of sunshine at seedling stage. If the sunshine hours are shortened and 8 hours of light are given every day when pumpkin seedlings are raised, the female flowers will bloom early and have a large number, which can promote early maturity and increase yield.
Pumpkin has developed roots and strong drought resistance, but it has many vines, large leaf area and strong transpiration. In order to make its yield, it is necessary to supply appropriate water, and the water supply depends on the soil moisture and environmental conditions at that time.
4. Land
Pumpkin has low requirements for soil, and fertile, neutral or slightly acidic sandy loam is the most suitable.
It is best to apply decomposed manure in the early stage of pumpkin growth, which can loosen the soil, promote microbial activity, increase the ground temperature in early spring and be beneficial to seedling growth. In the flowering and fruiting period, it is necessary to have enough phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to meet the requirements of its fruit.
Three, the main varieties of pumpkin cultivation
Chinese pumpkin cultivation has a long history and rich variety resources. There are many varieties in each botanical species of pumpkin, and the differences between varieties are often divided by the shape, size and maturity of the fruit.
1, early melon
This variety is precocious, with oblate fruit and smooth surface. The fresh and tender fruit has a yellow-white background with black-green radial stripes, from the pedicel to the navel. The pedicel and navel are thick in color and light green in the middle. The meat is tender, yellow-white, fine mesh and delicious. The mature fruit is 14cm long, 17cm in transverse diameter and 900g in weight. The peel is green with yellow stripes, slightly white powder and umbilicus.
2. Ten sisters
Medium-mature species, named for its ability to bear female flowers, average weight 1.5 ~ 2 kg, fruit is long rod-shaped, abdomen is swollen, slightly bent to one side. The fresh fruit changes from green to dark green, and the mature fruit is yellow-brown, with orange fruit powder and sweet taste.
3. yellow wolf pumpkin
Also known as Xiaozha Pumpkin, the pumpkin is long and hammer-shaped, and the middle and lower parts of the fruit are slender and solid, and the upper parts are swollen. The whole pumpkin is in the shape of a yellow wolf. Mature melon skin is orange-red or purple-black, with white powder and no edges, and the meat is slightly light green. The pulp inside is orange, with excellent quality, delicate texture and sweet taste. After cooking, the skin and meat are separated by themselves, so-called green skin and green meat. The growth period is 100 ~ 120 days, with great growth potential. The main vine bears many melons, and the weight of a single melon is 1.5 ~ 2.5 kg.
4, long pumpkin
The melon is in the shape of a long stick hammer, with a slender and solid middle and lower part and a slightly larger upper part. Melons are generally about 60cm long, with orange-red, ribbed and slightly white powder. Single melon weighs 4.5 ~ 6 kg, which is late-maturing and of medium quality.
Fourth, cultivation techniques.
(1) seedling raising
1, cold bed seedling raising
The seedbed should be in a dry, sheltered and sunny place.
2. Live broadcast method
According to the row spacing of 1.2m and the plant spacing of 55-60 cm, sow 3-4 seeds in each hole, then water the holes, and then cover the seeds with fine soil or fine slag fertilizer with a thickness of about 3cm.
3. Seed treatment
First, the seeds are dried in the sun for 1 ~ 2 days, so as to promote seed germination, enhance seed viability, and remove shriveled and deformed seeds. Blanch the seeds with warm water at 55℃ for 5 ~ 10 min. After the water temperature is lowered, the seeds floating on the water surface are removed by continuous stirring, so that the granular seeds are full and the emergence rate is improved. Then soak the seeds 1 ~ with clear water.
4. sowing date
It should be decided according to regional differences or maturity of varieties. It is suitable for sowing in warm land in the middle and late February, and the suitable sowing date for Panzhihua is from the middle and late June to the early and middle February.
(2) Site management
1, fertilizer and water supply and intertillage weeding
Pumpkin has a well-developed root system, and its ability to absorb soil moisture and nutrients is particularly strong, with strong growth potential. Therefore, fertilization and watering must be carried out according to the wrinkle, thin skin and thick flesh, near-skin development law, fertile soil, Miao Zhuang and climate conditions of pumpkins at various stages.
Before and after fertilization, intertillage and weeding should be combined to promote the spread of melons. At the same time of intertillage, ditches should be repaired regularly to ensure that light rain does not accumulate water, moderate rain does not accumulate water, and heavy rain does not flood. Generally speaking, pumpkins are not drought-resistant for irrigation.
2. Press vines to prune
Pressing vines in time can make melon vines spread evenly around, promote ventilation and light transmission, enhance photosynthesis and prevent wind from blowing. At the same time, the tendrils between branches extend underground, and new roots grow to help the main stem absorb nutrients and water, meeting the needs of flowering and fruiting of the whole plant. When the vine grows to about 60cm, shovel the soil from the side and gently press it on the top of the node to expose 12 ~ 15 cm, and then interval.
Due to the luxuriant branches and vines, pumpkins began to blossom female flowers on the main vines from 10 to 15, and then regenerated female flowers every few leaves. Sometimes because of too many branches and leaves, it is easy to cause melon. Therefore, when a leaf has 5-6 leaves, pick the top to promote the occurrence of lateral branches, and the female flowers of lateral branches often appear in 2-6 nodes, often earlier than the main vine. After topping, according to the effective interval, 3 ~ 5 lateral branches can be left. Generally, 1 ~ 2 melons are left on the side branches, and all other auxiliary side branches are picked.
3. Artificial insemination
Pumpkin is a cross-pollinated plant and relies on insect vectors to spread pollen. If the weather is bad, the humidity is high, the temperature is low, the light is low, the insect activity is limited, and the female flower falls off due to poor fertilization. Artificial pollination can prevent flower falling and improve fruit setting rate, and it should be completed at 8 am on sunny days.
V. Pest control
The main diseases of pumpkin are anthracnose, powdery mildew and downy mildew. The occurrence of these diseases will often affect the growth and development of pumpkin, leading to premature senescence, yield reduction and quality decline of pumpkin. Prevention and control methods are:
L, strengthen field management, timely pruning vines, improve ventilation and light transmission conditions, reduce the incidence rate, conscientiously implement the policy of putting prevention first and combining prevention with control, take diligent investigation and early prevention, eliminate the central diseased plants as soon as possible, control the spread and avoid harm.
2. Pesticide control: At the initial stage of the disease, spray immediately, and pay attention to uniformity and thoughtfulness when spraying. The medicine can be any one of the following: thiram 500-600 times, wettable powder 300 times, thiophanate-methyl 700-800 times, etc.
Pumpkin pests mainly harm the roots, stems, leaves and buds of plants. At the peak of pests, serious harm will cause a large number of seedlings in the field, which will make the plants premature and the fruits stiff. They are cutworms, aphids, melons and so on. Either of the following solutions should be used: trichlorfon 1000 times solution and dimethoate 1000 times solution.
Sixth, harvesting
Early-maturing pumpkins, mainly young ones, can be harvested 7-9 days after the female flowers wither, which can not only improve the fruit setting rate, but also make the melons fresh and tender with good quality.
Pumpkins that eat ripe fruits can be picked according to maturity.
Section 3 Cucumber
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