In the Selected Works, the child said: "When things are meditated, righteousness comes to algae." . First of all, we should "meditate" and concentrate our thoughts, and then express our meaning in beautiful language.
● Knowledge is the crowning touch.
Structure, here not only refers to the structure, but also refers to the whole. Thinking is a psychological activity based on abstract thinking, including image thinking, subconscious thinking and inspiration thinking. Conception is the whole thinking process that the author refines the central argument of the article and chooses the expression to guide the writing practice on the basis of observation and experience.
In fact, all human activities need to nurture this brilliance of life. Only the names are slightly different: some are called creativity, some are called inspiration, some are called creativity, some are called creativity, and some are called ideas, ideas, strategies and so on.
Low nudge method
As far as the examination is concerned, the conception mainly includes three things, namely: (1) style selection; (2) Expanding ideas (argumentation structure and argumentation method); (3) Structural design ("Outline").
First, is it narrative or argumentative?
The essence of this question is: are you going to describe, discuss or express your feelings? There are only five expressive tools for writing articles: narration, lyricism, discussion, explanation and description. Articles mainly composed of different expressions have different genres, that is, we are familiar with arguments, discourses, narratives or essays, novels, plays, poems and so on.
Therefore, when reviewing the questions, we should consider what kind of expression to choose. What are the factors that determine which expression to choose? There are at least four kinds. Namely: the limitation of the topic itself, the limitation of writing direction, the limitation of writing content and the limitation of writing ability.
Second, how to develop the thinking of argumentative writing?
Narrative (prose) is lyrical with pictures, so it usually adopts folding fan structure-string several pictures in turn with a clue. Therefore, the basic skill of writing narrative (prose) is the ability to create pictures with words first. It is easier to write scenes, but it may be more difficult to write scenes with many people. The sequence of picture unfolding is nothing more than three: time, space and psychology (stream of consciousness). Or both. In addition, the writing of narrative (prose) needs to create images (images) and strengthen them to deal with the similarities and differences between several pictures, or the similarities and differences between them.
This paper focuses on the development of argumentative thinking. The idea of argumentative writing is simply three phrases: what is it? Why? What do we do? In other words, all argumentative papers can be regarded as three parts: asking questions, analyzing problems and solving problems. First of all, we must determine what the argument is, and then answer why or how to do it. There are two kinds of arguments, one is to tell the truth, and the other is to guide practice. The former needs to explain clearly "why", while the latter needs to explain clearly "why" and "how to do it". When writing, you need either both or only one of them, which is related to the writing situation and the needs of potential readers. But in any case, after giving your opinion, you must be able to face others' doubts directly, demonstrate the legitimacy and rationality of your own reasons, and solve a "why" problem. So, the first question to think about is: What is my reason?
Generally speaking, the development framework of argumentative writing is as follows-
Argument (what) → reason (why) → practice (how to do it)
Someone summed up the idea of argumentative writing into 48 words, so we might as well learn from it-
Make an argument and discuss: why-how is it possible; Positive talk, negative talk; Reasoning, quoting speech; Examples, typical, new; Practical and accurate; Hair growth refutes different theories; Finally, respond.
Specifically, there are eight ways to expand the thinking of argumentative writing-
1, the total score is open. Always ask questions at the beginning, then analyze the text at both ends, and finally summarize the argument. The full text constitutes the relationship between total score and total score. The middle argument is based on the dialectical thinking of "one divides into two" and "unity of opposites".
2. Deep clearance. According to the argument, it is discussed layer by layer, from the surface to the inside, from the shallow to the deep, step by step, which embodies the dialectical thinking of seeing the essence through the phenomenon. Generally used for articles that need in-depth analysis.
3. Open the circuit horizontally. Think horizontally around the argument, gradually expand the breadth of the discussion, and finally close it. Methods of enumerating facts commonly used in argumentative writing. It should be noted that one must stick to the argument, the other cannot be piled up, and all sides must belong to different angles. The last masterpiece "We" is this idea.
4. Staggered open circuit. Generally used in more complex discussions, mainly reflected in the shelf of the full text, rarely seen in a paragraph.
5. Open the way through comparison. One aspect is positive, and the other is negative. The negation is usually used to highlight the affirmation. The process of writing is generally positive first and then negative; However, if the negative is proved to be wrong by the positive, then the process of writing is often reverse first and then correct.
6. Simulate an open circuit. By telling stories, making metaphors or quoting idioms and allusions, we can compare some things with the same attributes, clarify problems and demonstrate arguments. Generally speaking, the structure of writing always summarizes the stories, fables and idioms used for analogy, and then leads to the truth to be explained for analogy. The most important thing is that the things to be compared and the truth to be explained should be similar, the analogy should be logical, and the dialectical relationship between them should be accurately grasped. The material composition basically adopts this idea.
7. Reverse the circuit. First, discuss the problem from one aspect, and then suddenly reverse, deny the previous point of view, discuss another point of view, and make a big turn. Generally used to analyze and criticize some misconceptions.
8, hair and clear the way. Some argumentative essays directly expound the author's views or opinions from the front, refute the views of some people who disagree with the author's views, and thus indirectly demonstrate the author's views. We call this kind of thinking "germinating" or "germinating and refuting different theories". This dialectical opening not only makes the positive argument more full and thorough, but also has an ingenious writing effect.
Third, how to outline?
Composition outline generally includes three parts:
(1) topic. Write the title in the middle of the first line.
(2) Main content and center. Briefly describe the main content of this composition and the center to be expressed.
(3) Structural design. Beginning, end, transition, paragraph, level, etc.
The outline has no fixed format. You can arrange it "left and right" or "up and down" according to everyone's habits, just look at the hierarchy and framework clearly. Especially the exam, don't stick to the form. Simple or complex, even a draft, depends on your own situation at that time.
As far as argumentative writing is concerned, there are generally five steps, as follows:
First, fixed point: establish the center;
Second, divergence: the level of thinking and reasoning-from which angles, sides, levels, stages (total score, progression, comparison, etc. );
Third, the structure: "left and right" or "up and down" arrangement, which can be expressed in words or borrowed from mathematical symbols such as braces;
Fourth, supplement: enrich typical cases and famous sayings for all levels;
Fourth, perfection: if you have time before writing, draw up the beginning of the full text and the end of the closing point.
It may take a little time to standardize and complete the outline, but sharpening the knife does not mistake the woodcutter.
Combined case
Composition topic: write an article of not less than 800 words according to the following materials, choose your own angle and do your own topic.
Not long ago, Zhang Lei, a China graduate of Yale University, donated $8,888,888 to the School of Management of Yale University.
Zhang Lei was born in central China, and was the top student in the college entrance examination. China Renmin University majoring in international finance, 1998-2002 Yale University MBA, Master of International Relations. Explaining his donation to Yale, Zhang Lei said that Yale changed his life.
Why do you need to explain your moral sense?
Not long ago, the news that Zhang Lei, a graduate of Yale University in China, donated huge sums of money to Yale University caused an uproar in the society. Or praise, or condemn, in the face of public opinion, Zhang Lei explained his gratitude. I don't know how you feel when you see this news. But my attention was attracted by the word "explanation". I think there must be too many things behind this "explanation" that people can't interpret. (Explain the material and make you think)
In my opinion, gratitude needs no explanation! (make an argument)
Gratitude should not involve any geographical, cultural or political restrictions. (1) Born in western China, Zhang Lei studied at Renmin University of China, but his study experience at Yale University was an important reason for changing Zhang Lei's life. This should be appreciated, but the fact is that it has aroused the condemnation and criticism of the Chinese people's "worship of foreign things and flattery" and "unpatriotic theory" Imagine that if "Yale University" were replaced by any university in China, it would definitely not be a condemnation, but an overwhelming praise. The gap between them is separated by Qianshan! I think behind the explanation under such heavy pressure is the burden of China people's strong condemnation of its worship of foreign things and flattery, which also reveals a serious topic about region, culture and even politics. (Counterargument) This reminds people of the fact that Japanese orphans came to China to give thanks after the war. When those orphans whose faces are washed with lead and their mouths speak very standard Mandarin, but their bodies are full of Japanese blood, they thank their adoptive families in China, and this gratitude has no geographical restrictions. Therefore, the sense of virtue has no geographical or cultural restrictions, but flows to all rivers and lakes like running water. In demonstrating this argument, the author adopts the positive and negative comparison method. When making a comparison, the author gave an example. Are these sentences similar? Do they all point to reason one, which is the argument in this paragraph? )
The sense of virtue is the purest feeling of human beings and the most direct expression of warmth under justice. (reason 2) there is no reason, how to explain it? Gratitude is the traditional virtue and excellent quality of the Chinese nation. In ancient times, there was a saying that "people were born with it and died with it", and there was also a saying that "the grace of dripping water should be rewarded with a spring". When the chivalrous oath of "I would like to be a cow and a horse in the next life" permeates the hearts of China people full of morality, the quality of gratitude is deeply rooted in the spiritual river of the Chinese nation unconsciously. Looking back at the present, some entrepreneurs have invested heavily in building Hope Primary School in rural areas, just to thank rural teachers for their enlightenment, and a number of overseas students have chosen to return to China after completing their studies to contribute their fiery youth and strength to national construction. So is Zhang Lei. After getting the material and spiritual support from a school and gaining valuable knowledge, it is so simple and pure to choose to donate money to repay kindness. Such simple and beautiful feelings cannot be defiled by slander and suspicion. It seems that there is an explanation of "humiliation and burden" that is so unfair to him and a stain on the quality of gratitude. (Argument 2) The author adopts the method of multi-angle induction, and what happened in ancient times is what happened today. You can see how the author gets into the argument when explaining the cited examples. )
There is no need to explain thanks. When we talk about the slogan "One World", we should be consistent. Take a simple look! The sincerity, integrity, warmth and emotion hidden behind gratitude are the delicate fragrance of the flower of gratitude!