Jinan is an ancient city with a long history. In February, it was announced by the State Council as a national historical and cultural city, 1986.
Archaeological excavations have proved that there were traces of human activities in Jinan as early as 89,000 years ago in the early Neolithic Age. At present, there are about seven or eight sites in this period in the province, including four in Zhangqiu, Jinan. China has discovered eight sites of the Northern New Culture Period dating from 7300 to 6100 years ago, which are the most densely distributed areas in Shandong Province.
Since then, during the Dawenkou cultural period (6 100 ~ 4600 years ago), ancestors from all over the world were more active in Jinan, leaving behind a wide range of sites, including Wang Guan and Jiaojia in Zhangqiu, Daliuxing in Changqing, Zhouhe in Pingyin and so on, with rich connotations and vast areas. Together with Dawenkou culture, it is Shandong Longshan culture (4600 ~ 4000 years ago). Longshan culture was first discovered and named in Chengziya, Longshan Town, Zhangqiu in 1928. Through further excavation of Chengziya site, it is found that there was a city site with an area of 200,000 square meters during the Longshan culture period, ranking first among the eight city sites discovered at the same time in China. 196 1 year, the State Council announced Chengziya site as a national key cultural relics protection unit. Yue culture (3900 ~ 3500 years ago) is a Yi culture developed in Shandong after Longshan culture. At present, dozens of sites in this period have been found in Jinan, especially Zhangqiu County, and Chengziya site is still the most important site in this period. In Longshan Cultural Site, there is a Yueshi Cultural Site with an area of about 6.5438+0.7 million square meters, which is the first discovered and confirmed site of Xia Dynasty in China. The Shang dynasty, which has entered the slave society, has a highly developed social productivity. In the area of Chengziya, Tan Kingdom was established. After the founding of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the enfeoffment system was implemented, and Jinan belonged to Qi State. At this point, Tan Guo still exists. One of China's first poetry anthology, The Book of Songs, is Dadong, which is the earliest extant document about Jinan in China. The author is a doctor in Tan Guo.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, great changes have taken place in society, and slave society began to transition to feudal society. At this time, Jinan still belongs to Qi State. The famous "Qi Jin" in the Spring and Autumn Period? The battle took place in Ma 'anshan, the northern suburb of Jinan. Zou Yan was a great thinker of Qi during the Warring States Period, who founded the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements and was a famous scholar of the school. His tomb is in Zhangqiu. Lu (now Changqing), who is good at internal medicine, gynecology, five internal organs and pediatrics, founded the four diagnostic methods of observation, smell, questioning and feeling, which occupies an important position in the medical history of China.
After Qin Shihuang unified the world, the county system was established. Today, Jinan City belongs to Jibei County, which is called Li Xiayi.
The establishment of Jinan County in the early Han Dynasty was the beginning of a "Jinan". Jinan County is located in Dongping Mausoleum (now Ping Ling City, Zhangqiu County). During the reign of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, Dr. Qin, a native of Jinan who was over ninety years old, dictated twenty-eight articles on Shangshu, which was handed down to later generations. Ji 'nan, a doctoral disciple of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, was eventually sent to Xiongnu and South Vietnam, contributing to the unification of China. The Eastern Han Dynasty was the country of Jinan. At the time of Lingdi, Cao Cao was the Prime Minister of Jinan, and his political achievements were remarkable. Xiao Tang Shan Guo Tombstone Temple, located in Xiaoli Town, Changqing County, is an ancient building built in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It is the earliest existing ground building in China and a national key cultural relic protection unit. Its indoor portraits and inscriptions are listed as national calligraphy art monuments.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Jinan was in a state of war. During the Jin Yongjia period (307 ~ 3 12), the county administration of Jinan was moved from Dongping Mausoleum to Licheng. Since then, Licheng has become the political center of Jinan.
Entering the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the society tends to be stable. In the third year of Emperor Wendi (583), Ji 'nan County was changed to qi zhou, and its ruling place was still in Licheng. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Buddhism flourished in Jinan, leaving many Buddhist attractions. The main remains are the six Simen Pagoda in Licheng, the statue of the Thousand Buddha Cliff Grottoes, the Dragon Tiger Pagoda and the Nine-Summit Pagoda, as well as the grotto statues in Qianfo Mountain, Tongshan Mountain, Hanyu and Longdong. Simen Pagoda is the oldest existing stone pagoda in China, and it is listed as a national key cultural relic protection unit together with the nearby statues of the Thousand Buddha Cliff Grottoes (including Dragon Tiger Pagoda and Jiuding Pagoda).
Founded in the Northern Wei Dynasty, Changqing Lingyan Temple was highly respected in the Tang Dynasty and is now listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit. In the Tang Dynasty, the eminent monk and Changqing Yijing went to India to learn Buddhist scriptures after Xuandazhuang, and translated more than 0/00 Buddhist scriptures, which made great contributions to cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.
After the establishment of the Song Dynasty, Jinan was called qi zhou. In the sixth year of Huizong Zhenghe (1 1 16), he was promoted to Shengzhou as the government, and qi zhou was then the Jinan government. The long-term relative stability of society has made Jinan present a scene of peace and prosperity. The famous poet Huang Tingjian once praised the lakes and mountains of Jinan with the poem "Jinan is as chic as Jiangnan". When Ceng Gong was the magistrate of Jizhou, he enjoyed the scenic spots and historical sites in his spare time. Wherever he went, he always wrote poems to add luster to Jinan's landscape. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the nomads from the Jin Dynasty invaded heavily and established the Di Chin Square regime in Jinan, which was strongly resisted by the people of Jinan. 1 16 1 year, a peasant uprising led by Geng Jing and Xin Qiji broke out. Subsequently, both the Red Army and the Rebel Army led by Yang were active in Jinan. At the turn of the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties, Jinan's "Er 'an" became famous in the literary world one after another: the poet Li Qingzhao (Yi 'an), whose words are sincere, profound, novel and unique in artistic style, was called the "graceful school"; Xin Qiji is an "uninhibited" poet. He is not only a national hero who devoted his life to national reunification, but also a prolific writer. His poems are generous and tragic, and he is also called "Su Xin" with Su Shi.
In Jin Dynasty, Jinan was still a government, belonging to Shandong East Road. At this time, Xiaoqing River was dug in the north of the city, leading directly to the sea, making Jinan an important salt distribution center, which had a great impact on the local economic development in later generations. Jinan in Yuan Dynasty was the Tao, which belonged to the "belly" area of Yuan Dynasty, and Zhili was in Zhongshu Province.
During the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Jinan was also the hometown of cultural prosperity. Du, a famous essayist, is a native of Jinan. He is well-read and has excellent poetry and prose. I have traveled to Jinan with Yuan Haowen many times. After traveling all over Jinan, Yuan Haowen wrote praises such as "praising Jinan's good landscape" and "being a caring Jinan person". In the Yuan Dynasty, the style of writing in Jinan became increasingly prosperous. Famous figures include Zhang Qiyan, Chen and Kang of Wuhan, historians of Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties, and opera writers Liu Minzhong and Zhang. Zhang, a native of Jinan, achieved great success in Sanqu and reached its peak in Yuan Dynasty. Zhao Meng, a Hunan painter? Yuan twenty-nine years (1293) as general manager of Jinan Road. During his three years in office, he left behind many poems and paintings, the most famous of which was The Picture of Que Hua Qiu, which became a masterpiece. Geographer Yu Qin, a native of Yidu, is also an official in Jinan. He traveled around, visited the old people, inspected the local customs of Qi, and finished the famous local chronicles "Qi Cheng".
Shandong Province was once established in the early Ming Dynasty, and Jinan was the capital of Shandong Province. It is the headquarters of Shandong Political Affairs Department, General Command and Provincial Justice Department. Since then, Jinan has become the political center of Shandong. Jinan was still under the jurisdiction of Shandong Province in Qing Dynasty.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Jinan's economy developed rapidly, and after Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, it has become a commercial city with a certain scale. Correspondingly, cultural undertakings are also quite developed, and a number of famous scholars have emerged. Bian Gong is one of the famous "first seven poets" in Ming Dynasty, and his poems are famous for their freshness, gracefulness and simplicity. Li Panlong, the leader of the "Later Seven Scholars", was an active advocate of the literary retro movement and had a great influence in the literary world of Ming Dynasty. Li Kaixian, a famous playwright and Zhangqiu native, handed down from generation to generation as a sword. Zhou Yongnian, a famous scholar in Qing Dynasty and a native of Licheng, is one of the main compilers of Sikuquanshu. Ma Guohan, on the other hand, devoted his whole life to the completion of Hanyu Mountain House Library, which became a magnificent masterpiece of China Library. Yu Ruxu, Bang Cai and Yu are all celebrities in the literary world.
1840 After the Opium War, China became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and imperialist powers flooded into China, killing and plundering, and Jinan was not spared. 1897, German imperialism occupied Jiaozhou Bay, and then forcibly built Ji Jiao Road, from Jiaoao (now Qingdao) to Jinan. 1904, Jinan opened its own commercial port. With the expansion of urban area, industry and commerce have developed greatly. 19 1 1 At the end of the year, the Yellow River Bridge of Jinpu Railway was completed and opened to traffic, and Jinan became a north-south transportation hub. Around this period, Germany, Japan, Britain and other countries set up consulates in Jinan one after another, opening banks, shops, churches, schools, hospitals and so on. Jinan became one of the main foothold of imperialist aggression against China. However, the brutal invasion of imperialism has been strongly resisted by the people of Jinan. Zhu, the leader of the Boxer Rebellion, once lived in Changqing. Encouraged by the slogan "The Boxers in the World Prosper the Qing Dynasty and Destroy the Foreign Countries", the anti-imperialist patriotic movement in urban and rural areas of Jinan reached its climax.
After the founding of the Republic of China, the government was changed to Tao. Jinan was originally Dai North Road, and 19 14 was renamed Jinan Road. Jinan was founded on 1929.
After the Republic of China, profound historical changes have taken place in Jinan society. 19 19 The May 4th Movement broke out, and all walks of life in Jinan went on strike and launched a vigorous anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle. After the May 4th Movement, advanced intellectuals quickly accepted Marxism. 1920 In the summer and autumn, Wang Jinmei, a student of Shandong No.1 Normal School, and Deng Enming, a student of Shandong No.1 Middle School, established the * * * Production Society, initiated the organization of the progressive group "Lixin Society" among the students, and founded the bimonthly Lixin. 192 1 In the spring of, Wang Jinmei and Deng Enming established the * * * production group in Jinan, becoming one of the earliest * * * production organizations in China. In July, Wang Jinmei and Deng Enming attended the first national congress of China * * Production Party on behalf of Jinan * * Production Group. In May of the following year, the Jinan Independent Mission was formally established, with Wang Jinmei as the team leader and nine party member. By May, 1927, Jinan had established 20 branches in Tianjin-Dachang, No.1 Middle School and No.1 Division in Pudong, and party member had grown to 50 people. After the establishment of Jinan Party Organization, it not only led the workers' movement in Jinan, but also actively carried out anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary propaganda and other forms of revolutionary struggle. 1928, the Japanese invaders created the "May 3rd Massacre" that shocked the world in Jinan. China Jinan Party Organization immediately called on the people to rise up against Japanese imperialism and actively organize the anti-Japanese struggle. After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Jinan Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China sent party member and progressive young intellectuals to all parts of Shandong to participate in the anti-Japanese armed uprising and create revolutionary base areas. The people of Jinan, under the leadership of the China Producer Party, fought bravely against the Japanese invaders and opened up the anti-Japanese revolutionary base in the southern mountainous areas. During the War of Liberation, the Party organizations in Jinan United and led the people of the whole city in a tit-for-tat struggle with the Kuomintang reactionaries. 1948 On September 24th, Jinan was conquered and liberated by the People's Liberation Army. The history of Jinan has since turned a new page.
After the founding of New China, Shandong Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, Shandong Provincial People's Congress, Shandong Provincial People's Government, Shandong Provincial Political Consultative Conference, jinan military area command and Shandong Military Region were all stationed in Jinan, and Jinan continued to maintain its position as the political center of Shandong Province.
Jinan is one of the important birthplaces of Chinese civilization. Shun, the leader of a primitive tribe in China, was born and lived in Jinan (about 22nd century BC). There are Shungeng Mountain and Shun cultural sites (22nd century BC), and now there is a road in Jinan called Shungeng Road to commemorate Shun's farming in Jinan.
Jinan, with a history of more than 2,000 years, is the birthplace of Longshan culture, a world-famous prehistoric culture. The Neolithic sites in this area include Chengziya, the Great Wall of Qi before Qin Changcheng, and the painted Luohan of Lingyan Temple in Song Dynasty, which is called "the first sculpture on the sea". China's first collection of poems, The Book of Songs, contains Tan Ren's satirical poem Dadong, which is the earliest extant document about Jinan. Guo Tombstone Temple in Xiaotangshan, Jinan is the earliest existing ground building in China. The Simen Pagoda built in Sui Dynasty is the oldest existing stone pagoda in China, all of which are national key cultural relics protection units.
Many famous people in the history of China were born in Jinan, such as Zou Yan, the founder of traditional Chinese medicine,, the founder of Tang Dynasty, Fang (6 18~907), famous poets Li Qingzhao, Xin Qiji, Zhang, Li Kaixian, Zhou Yongnian, founder of China Public Library, and famous architects. In addition, outstanding writers and scholars such as Li Bai, Du Fu, Su Shi and Ceng Gong have lived and traveled in Jinan successively, so they have the reputation of "many celebrities in Jinan".
Jinan is the political center as well as the economic and cultural center of Shandong. There are a series of universities such as Shandong University and Shandong Normal University, which are 2 1 1 key engineering universities of the Ministry of Education, and deliver a large number of talents to the country every year.
Universities in Jinan
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Jinan has a long history and is a famous historical and cultural city announced by the State Council. As far back as 9,000 years ago in the early Neolithic Age, our ancestors lived here. The "Longshan Culture" dating back four or five thousand years was named after it was first discovered in Longshan Town, the eastern suburb of Jinan in 1928. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Qi built a city here. It's called Luo Yi. Later, the State of Qi renamed Luoyi as Calendar. The Qin Dynasty belongs to Jibei County. In the sixteenth year of Emperor Wendi (BC 164), Jinan was subordinate to the calendar and its capital was located in Dongping Mausoleum. In the last years of Yongjia in the Western Jin Dynasty (the first 3 years13 years), the capital of Jinan was moved from Dongping Lingcheng to Licheng. Since then, Jinan has become the administrative center of the capitals of counties and States in past dynasties. "Jinan" got its name because the city is located in the south of Gujishui (the old road is now occupied by the Yellow River). By the Tang Dynasty, the economy of this area had been quite prosperous. According to "Licheng County Records", "Jinan people in the Tang Dynasty have been smelting iron for generations and are known as' cast iron Qin'". In the sixth year of Song Huizong Zhenghe, Jinan County was changed to "Jinan Prefecture", and its capital was located in Licheng. In the Yuan Dynasty, Kyle Polo described the prosperity of Jinan as "beautiful gardens, pleasing to the eye and incredible silk production". At that time, Licheng had become a national tourist attraction. By the Ming Dynasty, Jinan became the capital of Shandong, which lasted until the Qing Dynasty. 1929 July, Jinan was formally established, with an area of 175 square kilometers and a population of more than 400,000. 1948 In September, the East China Field Army of China People's Liberation Army liberated Jinan and established Jinan Special City. May 1949, renamed Jinan City. 1February 1994, Jinan was officially designated as a sub-provincial city.
Jinan is one of the important birthplaces of Chinese civilization. In ancient times, Shun, the leader of a primitive tribe in China, was born and lived in Jinan (about 22nd century BC). China has discovered 10 many Xihe-type (8400-7300 years ago) cultural sites marked by reddish-brown pottery. Chengziya, in the eastern suburb of Jinan, is the discovery site of Longshan culture (4600-4000 years ago) marked by black pottery in China in the late Neolithic period. The oldest city site in China is about 200,000 square meters. It shows that the history of Jinan as a city is over 4000-5000 years. There are many cultural relics in Jinan, including Shungeng Mountain, Eying River and Heshun Temple, which are the ruins of Shun culture (22nd century BC), the Great Wall of Qi before Qin Changcheng (3rd century BC), the oldest ground building in China-the Tombstone Temple in Xiaotangshan, Han Dynasty (1 century BC), the oldest stone pagoda in China-the gate tower of Liubu Temple in Sui Dynasty (7th century AD) and the gate tower in Sui Dynasty.
In the long history of the splendid culture of the Chinese nation, Quancheng culture has a prominent position and made great contributions to the motherland and mankind. Zou Yan, a great thinker of Qi during the Warring States Period, founded the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, and was a famous scholar of Xia Ji School. Bian Que (now a native of Changqing, Ji 'nan) is proficient in internal medicine, gynecology, five sense organs and pediatrics, and founded four diagnostic methods of observation, smell, questioning and feeling. He is one of the founders of China medicine.
The establishment of Jinan County in the early Han Dynasty was the beginning of a "Jinan". Jinan County is located in Ping Ling District, Zhangqiu City, Jinan City. During the reign of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, Dr. Fu Sheng (now a native of Jinan), who was over ninety years old, dictated twenty-eight chapters of Shangshu, which was passed down to later generations. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao was the emperor and prime minister of Jinan, and his political achievements were quite remarkable.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Buddhism flourished in Jinan. Yijing, a monk in the Tang Dynasty (now a native of Changqing, Jinan), went to India after Xuanzang and translated more than 100 Buddhist scriptures, which made great contributions to cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. Fang (now Jinan) and Zhong Gong (now Jinan) in the Tang Dynasty (AD 6 18-907) were the founding fathers of the Tang Dynasty!
After the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Song Dynasty, Jinan claimed that qi zhou society was relatively stable for a long time, which made Jinan present a scene of peace and prosperity. The famous poet Huang Tingjian once praised the lakes and mountains of Jinan with the poem "Jinan is as chic as Jiangnan". When Ceng Gong was the magistrate of Jizhou, he enjoyed the scenic spots and historical sites in his spare time. Wherever he went, he always wrote poems to add luster to Jinan's landscape. At the turn of the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties, Jinan's "Er 'an" became famous in the literary world one after another: Li Qingzhao, a poetess (Er 'an, now a native of Changqing, Jinan), has a unique artistic style and is known as the "graceful school". In the early stage, her poems mainly described the lives of young girls and young women, and wrote more about their boudoir feelings, revealing their yearning for love life. In her later poems, she lamented her life experience and sometimes showed her nostalgia for the Central Plains to express her patriotic thoughts. Li Qingzhao's literary creation has a distinctive and unique artistic style, ranking first among graceful and restrained schools, which has a great influence on later generations and is unique in the field of ci, and is called "Yi 'an Style". Now Li Qingzhao Memorial Hall has been established in Baotuquan Park, next to Shu Yuanquan and Zhangqiu Baimai Spring. Xin Qiji is an "uninhibited" poet. He is not only a national hero who devoted himself to national reunification, but also a prolific writer. His poems are generous and tragic, with strong brushwork. He wrote Jia Xuan's long and short sentences and Jia Xuan's words. At present, Xinjiaxuan Memorial Temple is built in the west of Daming Lake Yaoyuan, and it is also called "Su Xin" with Su Shi.
Du was a famous Sanqu writer in Jin Dynasty, who read widely and wrote excellent poems. I have traveled to Jinan with Yuan Haowen many times. After traveling all over Jinan, Yuan Haowen wrote praises such as "praising Jinan's good landscape" and "being a caring Jinan person". In the Yuan Dynasty, the style of writing in Jinan became increasingly prosperous. Famous figures include Zhang Qiyan, president of the official history of Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties. In addition, Zhang (now a native of Jinan), a writer of Sanqu, also had high attainments in Sanqu, which reached its peak in Yuan Dynasty. Zhao was a painter and general manager of Jinan Road during Tongzhi period in Yuan Dynasty. During his three years in office, he left behind many poems and paintings, the most famous of which was "Quehua Autumn Color Map", which became a masterpiece. Geographer Yu Qin is also an official in Jinan. He traveled around, visited the old people, inspected the local customs of Qi, and finished the famous local chronicles "Qi Cheng".
In the early Ming Dynasty, Shandong was once a province, and Jinan was the capital of Shandong. Since then, Jinan has become the political center of Shandong. Bian Gong (now a native of Licheng, Jinan) is one of the famous "first seven poets" in Ming Dynasty. His poems are fresh and euphemistic, simple and concise, with elegant images, which have a great influence on the literary world in Ming Dynasty. Li Kaixian, a famous playwright (now a native of Zhangqiu, Jinan), has been handed down from generation to generation as a sword. Zhou Yongnian, a famous scholar in Qing Dynasty (now a native of Licheng, Jinan), is one of the main compilers of Sikuquanshu.
During the Republic of China, Jinan was established. Wang Jinmei, a student of the First Normal School in Shandong Province, and Deng Enming, a student of the First Middle School in Shandong Province, and others founded the * * * production society and set up the * * * production team, which became one of the earliest * * production organizations in China. Wang Jinmei and Deng Enming also attended the first National Congress of China on behalf of Jinan * * * Production Group.