From 65438 to 0894, with the efforts of Coubertin and the promotion of various factors, the "Restoration of the Olympic Games Congress" was held in Paris. At the meeting, the International Olympic Committee was established and it was decided to resume the Olympic Games.
The modern Olympic Games is deeply influenced by the ancient Olympic Games, but it is no longer a sacrifice to the gods, but a real international sports competition. The appearance of modern Olympic Games is an important milestone in the history of sports competition, which indicates that sports have entered a brand-new era.
I. International Olympic Committee
The International Olympic Committee (IOC), established in 1894, is an international, non-governmental and non-profit organization, and the highest authority to lead the Olympic movement and decide all related issues. Its headquarters is located in Lausanne, Switzerland.
The IOC has 1 president and 4 vice-presidents. The chairman is elected from among the members, with a general term of eight years, and can be re-elected for four years.
II. Relevant regulations of the Olympic Games
1. Olympic flag
The Olympic flag is rectangular with a boundless white background and five colored rings in the middle. It symbolizes the unity of the five continents, and athletes from all over the world gather in the Olympic Games with fair and frank competition and friendly spirit.
2. Olympic oath ceremony
At the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games, the most famous athletes of the host country read the oath: "I promise to participate in this Olympic Games in the true spirit of sports for the honor of sports and the honor of our sports team, and to respect and abide by the regulations guiding the Games." After that, the referee will hold an oath ceremony.
3. Olympic medals
Medals are divided into three colors: gold, silver and bronze. They are round, at least 60 mm in diameter and 3 mm in thickness, with a female idol on them.
4. The duration of the Olympic Games
Starting from 1932, the IOC stipulates that the duration of the Summer Olympic Games shall not exceed 16 days and the Winter Olympic Games shall not exceed 12 days.
Third, the sports setting of the modern Olympic Games.
When the first modern Olympic Games was held, there were few international individual sports organizations and there were no strict regulations on Olympic events, which were basically decided by the host country. Therefore, in previous Olympic Games, not only individual events changed greatly, but also major events were unstable. Some events that are not widely developed in the world are listed, such as polo, lacrosse, steamboat and squash. With the establishment of various international individual sports organizations, Olympic events have gradually stabilized.
In order to make the Olympic Games conform to the development of world sports, the International Olympic Committee stipulates that each summer Olympic Games must include at least the following 15 sports before it can be held. 1963, the international Olympic Committee determined the competition order of these major events in the summer Olympic Games as follows: track and field, swimming, wrestling, gymnastics, weightlifting, hockey, equestrian, fencing, rowing, boxing, shooting, modern pentathlon, sailing, basketball, kayaking, cycling, football, volleyball, archery, handball and judo.
From 1972- 1984, the Olympic Games are fixed at 2 1. The 24th Olympic Games made a historic breakthrough, adding two major events, table tennis and tennis, which increased the number of major events to 23 and single events to 237 in the Summer Olympic Games, including men's 1, 5 1, women's 72 and mixed events 14.
The examination and approval conditions for inclusion in the official Olympic events are as follows: the men's events of the Summer Olympic Games should be widely carried out in at least 75 countries on 4 continents, and the women's events should be widely carried out in at least 40 countries on 3 continents.
After 100 years of tortuous development since the birth of modern Olympic Games, it has become an important activity in today's international life. Today, the Olympic movement is almost all over the world. The Olympic Games has become a high-level comprehensive sports meeting that attracts worldwide attention. The Olympic motto "Faster, Higher and Stronger" has become a resounding slogan in the world sports world.
Interviewee: lhs xh- Flower Exploration Floor 10 3-7 09:06
1893 In the spring, with Coubertin's active suggestion, the French Federation of Athletics Associations came forward and invited celebrities from some countries to hold an international sports conference in Paris, focusing on reviving the Olympic Games. At this meeting, Coubertin's idea of reviving the Olympic Games was clearly supported by some countries. However, due to the indifference of many countries, the meeting failed to achieve its intended purpose. But this is a good start. In the following year 1 month, Coubertin drew up the concrete steps and 10 issues to be discussed, and wrote to sports organizations and groups in various countries for comments. At the same time, Coubertin ran around for support. With the strong support of celebrities in many countries, he wrote to other countries again, put forward the proposal of holding an international sports conference again, and sent an appeal to sports organizations in various countries to participate in international consultations and rebuild the Olympic Games. However, sports organizations in some countries still reacted indifferently to Coubertin's proposal, and some even expressed opposition. Where there is a will, there is a way. Coubertin turned his attention to politics in order to seek support. He and his supporters kept in frequent contact with politicians and social activists in various countries through letters and embassies in Paris, and finally won the support of many leaders in Greece, Belgium, Sweden, Norway and Russia. Diplomatic envoys of some countries and celebrities in education and science expressed their willingness to participate in international consultations. The support of politicians and celebrities influenced the attitudes of sports organizations in many countries. 39 sports organizations from the United States, Britain, Russia, Switzerland, Spain, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Greece all indicated that they would send representatives to the meeting.
June 1894 16 is a memorable day in the history of modern Olympic movement. On this day, the "International Sports Conference" was grandly opened at the Sorbonne Theological Seminary in Paris (the predecessor of Paris University). There are 79 delegates representing 49 sports organizations in 65,438+02 countries. The French ambassador to Belgium, De Courscher, was elected as the president of the conference, and Coubertin presided over the opening ceremony of the conference. At the opening ceremony attended by 2,000 people, Chiodo Lailah, a famous French expert on ancient Greek culture, gave a speech, and the Chorus of the Paris National Opera sang Apollo carols for the conference, which aroused the participants' yearning for the ancient Olympic Games.
The conference first discussed the amateur and professional issues of the participating athletes. After discussion, we decided to follow the principle of "amateur sports" and adopted a resolution on amateur and professional athletes. Then, the meeting discussed the issue of resuming the Olympic Games and adopted an important document-the Resolution on Restoring the Olympic Games. On June 23, the General Assembly adopted a resolution to establish the International Olympic Committee, and decided that the IOC members of the host country would take turns to be the IOC president. June 23, this day, is of epoch-making significance to the Olympic movement and the development of world sports. Many countries regard this day as a sports festival, and China also designated this day as the Olympic Day in 1986. The Paris International Sports Conference also approved the first Olympic Charter formulated by Coubertin. The articles of association emphasize the amateur nature of Olympic remote control, stipulating that only the winners will be awarded honorary awards at the Olympic Games, and no money or other material rewards will be given to athletes in any form. The Congress elected the Greek poet Vikras as the first president of the International Olympic Committee and Coubertin as the secretary-general. The congress also elected 14 IOC members, namely: Carlo (France), General Butovski (Russia), General Balick (Sweden), Professor Si Long (USA), Lord Kempsil (UK), Hobert (UK), ferenc kavanagh (Hungary) and Gute Yarkovsky (Bohemia). The meeting stipulated that French (now English and French) is the official language of the International Olympic Committee. The general assembly also decided to follow the tradition of the ancient Olympic Games and hold a sports meeting every four years. It also stipulates that the Olympic Games should include track and field, water sports (including sailing, rowing and swimming), fencing, wrestling, boxing, equestrian, shooting, gymnastics and ball games. The first Olympic Games was originally scheduled to be held in Paris in 1900. Later, it was thought that Greece was the birthplace of the ancient Olympic Games, and it was more significant to hold it in Greece than in Paris. Coubertin respected everyone's opinion. The General Assembly decided to change the first session to 1896. In view of the ruins of the ancient Olympic site Olympia, the venue was changed to Athens, the capital of Greece.
1894 In July, the International Olympic Committee made detailed regulations on amateur qualifications of Olympic athletes. "Amateur athletes" can't participate in competitions with monetary rewards or competitions with professional athletes, and PE teachers or coaches who take sports as their profession can't be counted as amateur athletes.
With the active efforts of the International Olympic Committee, the first Olympic Games in the history of modern Olympic movement was successfully held in Athens on April 6, 1996. 295 athletes from 13 countries participated in track and field, swimming (including diving), weightlifting, wrestling, gymnastics, cycling, shooting and fencing. Although the first Olympic Games was still very informal, the Olympic Movement finally entered the historical stage. The establishment of the International Olympic Committee and the convening of the first Olympic Games marked the birth of the Olympic Movement.
The Development of Modern Olympic Movement
1894 it has been a century since the establishment of the international Olympic Committee. Its development can be divided into four stages.
(1) The early days of the Olympic Movement (1894-World War I) lasted from1894 to 19 14 years. Before the First World War, the world political and economic relations changed rapidly, and all kinds of nationalism and xenophobia hindered normal international exchanges. Modern sports are only carried out in a few European countries, and sports competitions around the world are rarely carried out. The Olympic movement is still in the exploratory stage. The Olympic Games has not yet formed a certain hosting mode, such as poor stability in project setting, poor facilities in venues, financial difficulties, uncertain duration, unfair referee and law enforcement, and lack of clear regulations on competition qualifications.
1908 Olympic Games implemented standardization and standardized management, which set up a basic framework for future Olympic Games. 19 12 Olympic Games is the most successful Olympic Games in this period, and the participating countries, the number of athletes, venues, facilities and organizational work have been greatly improved. Coubertin realized his expectation for the first time: an Olympic Games without accidents, protests and ethnic chauvinism hatred.
The main problem in this period is that the International Olympic Committee, international individual sports organizations and the National Olympic Committee are still only a loose organization. The IOC has not realized that the Olympic Games were entrusted to a certain city by the IOC, giving up the leadership and supervision, so that all the affairs of the Olympic Games were arranged by the host at will. Because women are not allowed to formally participate in the Olympic Games, there are not only major defects in the popularity of the Olympic Games, but also hinder the development of women's sports.
(II) The formative period of the Olympic Movement (1914-World War II) The Olympic Games, which were interrupted by World War I, resumed on 1920. The International Olympic Committee realized the importance of Olympic standardization from practice, and the basic framework, operating mechanism and fundamentality of the whole Olympic Games were basically formed during this period, which was embodied in the following aspects: the setting of competition events gradually became reasonable; Competition facilities have been further improved; The duration is basically fixed; The bidding and hosting procedures have been basically established, and the qualification of athletes has been basically solved. Advanced technologies have been applied to competitions, such as electronic timers, terminal cameras, automatic printers, closed-circuit television broadcasts and so on. Since 1928, women's track and field events have been included in the official competition. This important change has promoted the popularity and attraction of the Olympic Movement. Another important development is the Winter Olympics, which greatly increases the coverage of the Olympic movement.
During this period, the organization of the Olympic movement has also developed, and the number of national Olympic committees has increased from 29 before World War I to 60, which has made important contributions to the spread of Olympic ideas around the world. At the same time, international individual sports organizations were established one after another. Through the coordination among the IOC, international individual sports organizations and national Olympic committees, the IOC has got rid of the specific technical affairs that exist in every Olympic Games and played a more important role in leadership, coordination and decision-making.
An important issue at this stage is that politics has a growing influence on the Olympic movement. For example, 1936 Berlin Olympic Games was superior to previous Olympic Games in many aspects, but it was used by Hitler to show off his strength to the world, which violated the purpose of Olympic peace, friendship and progress.
(III) Development Period of the Olympic Movement (1946- 1980) After the end of World War II, the world political pattern formed a confrontation between the two major political groups in the East and the West, which had a great impact on the development of the Olympic Movement. On the other hand, the economic revitalization and scientific and technological development of countries after the war promoted the development of the Olympic Movement.
Due to the participation of the Soviet Union and newly independent countries, during this period, the number of participating countries and events in each Olympic Games is increasing. At the same time, Coubertin's idea of holding the Olympic Games in turn on all continents was realized; Mainland Games and Paralympics also came into being. With the popularization of the foundation-laying movement, the level of competitive sports has also improved rapidly, and African sports have begun to rise. At the Olympic Games, the United States and the Soviet Union competed for strength. Olympic venues and various supporting facilities have developed greatly than before, and the Olympic Games are developing in the direction of large-scale and artistic. Advanced electronic equipment, as well as gender and illegal drug inspection, have strengthened the fairness of the competition. All previous Olympic Games have greatly improved the municipal construction of the host city, laying the foundation for it to continue to play its role after the games. The funds for hosting the Olympic Games have also changed from simple government grants and private donations to government grants, social donations, selling TV broadcasting rights and issuing lottery tickets.
The Olympic organization in this period is not only a sports institution, but also has increasingly close relations with the state and social departments. The influence of politics on the Olympic Games is more obvious, complicated and sharp, and all kinds of power groups want to achieve their goals through this stage. In addition, the issue of doping and the excessive financial burden of the host country of the Olympic Games have been put on the important agenda. There are cracks between the three pillars and the economy is in crisis. This kindness didn't change until 1972 killanin became the chairman.
(4) The reform period of the Olympic Movement (1980-) entered the 1980s, and under the leadership of Samaranch, a large-scale reform was carried out in view of various problems faced by the Olympic Movement. In the past, the principle of "independence", that is, not making profits economically and not contacting the government politically, is no longer suitable for the needs of the new era. People's requirements for the Olympic movement are not limited to the four-year Olympic Games, but the Olympic movement has participated in a wider range of fields. The IOC pays attention to the dissemination of Olympic ideas in culture, education, science and technology. Through a series of activities, such as holding the Olympic Art Festival, establishing museums, holding "Olympic Day" commemorative activities, and holding regular Olympic science and technology conferences, it has played a very good publicity role. 1992 The number of countries and regions participating in the Barcelona Olympic Games increased to 172, with a total of 257 events.
The self-renewal and perfection of organizational structure make the relationship between IOC and other institutions closer and closer. Since the 1980s, the IOC has established a permanent organization-Lausanne Headquarters, which includes the president and various professionals, thus ensuring its leading position in all aspects. From 198 1, the IOC has a formal legal status for the first time, and can participate in various major affairs as a legal person, boldly carry out commercial development in the economy, create wealth through various activities, and create a good economic foundation for the development of the Olympic movement. Since the 23rd Olympic Games, there has been no deficit in the host countries of previous Olympic Games. Economic profits have greatly mobilized the enthusiasm of the host country to run the Olympic Games well.
The important change in this period is that while affirming the role of politics in sports, it emphasizes that sports should not be directed by any country; While affirming commercialization, we have taken some restrictive measures against commercialization, canceled the principle of amateur status of competitors, and made the Olympic Games open to all outstanding athletes. This pragmatic attitude has promoted the healthy development of the Olympic Movement.
From the initial exploration to the basic formation of its own model, from the development after the Second World War to stagnation, and after the reform since the 1980s, the Olympic Movement has finally entered a stage of vigorous development.