1. Since ancient times, the opposition between people's hearts has been the most important factor in determining the success or failure of a war. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the 400-year-old history of the Han Dynasty was still deeply rooted in people's hearts. Therefore, Xiandi is recognized as a puppet emperor, but it is still an important political banner. Cao Cao seized the historical opportunity in time, made friends with princes, and finally unified the northern part of China. Liu Bei, on the other hand, won Jingzhou and Yizhou successively by virtue of his special Han identity and the political slogan of "revitalizing the Han Dynasty". In 220 AD, Cao Pi usurped the Han Dynasty to establish the Cao Wei regime. In 223 AD, Liu Bei died in Baidicheng after the Yiling War. These events took place in 263 AD, more than 40 years ago. So at this time in the later period of Shu-Han regime, people's hearts turned away from thinking about Korea. This political advantage of the Han Shu regime at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China has long since ceased to exist.

2. Guan Yu lost Jingzhou, and the defeat of Shu Han in the battle of Yiling caused Zhuge Liang's famous and magnificent Longzhong couple to fail to realize its great strategic intention. Taking this as an opportunity, the Shu Han regime began to decline from its peak. Although Zhuge Liang, Jiang Wei and others later struggled to prop up the difficult situation of the Shuhan regime with their own talents, they laid the greatest foreshadowing for the demise of the Shuhan regime more than 40 years later. In fact, the alliance between Sun and Liu has always been the biggest headache for Cao Wei's regime. From Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD to 2 19 AD, Sun Quan successfully captured Jingzhou, which can be said to be the honeymoon period of the Sun-Liu Alliance. Sun Quan lent Liu Bei Jiangling, a strategic place, and married his sister. However, Cao Cao was often beaten out of the water by two big families, and the reason why Liu Bei finally won Hanzhong area successfully had a lot to do with Sun Quan's sending troops to Hefei to contain Cao Cao's main force. If we make a bold assumption now, when Guan Yu flooded the Seventh Army of Xiangyang and shook Cao Cao almost ready to move the capital, Liu Bei led Yizhou's army to Qinchuan, Guanzhong, while Sun Quan led Jiangdong's army to send troops to Huainan and Xuzhou. In this way, Wanli attacked on all fronts, and he responded, taking advantage of the situation and eating into Cao Wei, which could completely achieve the situation that the Central Plains was shaken and people's hearts changed. It is really dangerous for Cao Cao to cope with the onslaught of several armies at the same time, which is the strategic role of Zhuge Liang's Longzhong in the plan. Unfortunately, Guan Yu did not implement the strategy of uniting Wu against Cao at this time, and Sun Quan's selfishness also destroyed the good situation. When Guan Yu's main force fought Xiangfan with Cao Cao in Jingzhou, he sent troops to attack Jingzhou from behind and killed Guan Yu's father and son, which seriously damaged the alliance between Sun and Liu, thus triggering the later battle of Yiling between Wu and Shu. Incidentally, on the surface, the battle of Yiling was a great victory for Wu Dong, and a three-legged strategic situation was established from then on. But in essence, it was a war in which both Wu and Shu were defeated, which caused the difficult situation that Shu was weak and Wu was lonely. Since then, the Cao Wei regime has established its absolute superiority over Wu and Shu after years of quiet rest in the north.

3. Yizhou is one of the largest states in the thirteen states at the end of Han Dynasty, with the most dangerous terrain, but it is the only state actually ruled by Shu-Han regime. It is such a state that the southern half (mainly Guizhou and Yunnan) is still a very desolate and barbaric area, and the Shuhan regime actually only governs the central and northern parts of Yizhou. At that time, the Dongwu regime occupied three southeast states, Yangzhou, Jingzhou and Jiaozhou, while the Cao Wei regime owned Kyushu in the north of China, so the Shuhan regime was actually the weakest among the three countries. As we all know, the essence and origin of Chinese civilization are in the Yellow River basin in the north of the Central Plains, while Yizhou is a relatively isolated and backward remote area in the southwest. Therefore, the strength of Han Shu regime, in terms of population, culture, resources, military strength and talents, is far less than that of Cao Wei regime, which occupied the Central Plains and operated for many years. Here, we are just comparing strength. On the eve of the demise of Shu Han, the national army added up to less than 65438+ 10,000, which was only one-fifth of the total strength of Cao Wei, and Cao Wei directly sent nearly 200,000 troops to conquer Shu Han. In addition, according to the historical laws of China, except for Zhu Yuanzhang's Ming Dynasty, the whole country was basically unified by the north and the south.

4. In the later period of Shu-Han regime, the talents in the early period of Shu-Han regime gradually withered in the later period, and there was a serious shortage of talents. Hence the idiom "There is no general in Shu, and Liao Hua is the pioneer". Cao Wei regime is located in the Central Plains, with vast territory and rich resources, and talents are constantly emerging from generation to generation. Therefore, in the late Three Kingdoms period, the Cao Wei regime far surpassed the Han Shu regime in terms of the quality and quantity of talents. The difference between Zhuge Liang and Cao Cao is that Zhuge Liang attaches great importance to the moral character of talents, and even values virtue over talent. Therefore, almost all the talents promoted by Zhuge Liang are politically clean and rarely corrupt, but these talents are rarely first-class talents. In addition, there are not a few people in the Shu-Han regime who were killed and abolished like Wei Yan, Li Yan and Liao Li. In fact, everyone knows that Guo Jia, a famous counselor under Cao Cao, has a poor life style. He was reported by courtier Chen Qun, but Cao Cao was promoted and reused in an eclectic way. At the same time, he also made great contributions to Cao Cao's unification of the north. There is another problem. Zhuge Liang and Liu Bei both reuse the Sichuan headquarters before Jingzhou and some foreign talents. For example, Jiang Wan and Fei Yi, who came to power after Zhuge Liang's death, were both former dynasties in Jingzhou, while Jiang Wei was from Liangzhou. The local talents in Yizhou were not well developed and cultivated, which not only caused the shortage of talents in the later period of Han Shu regime, but also caused deep contradictions within Han Shu regime.

5. The pre-war military and psychological preparations of Shu-Han regime were very inadequate. Since the Shu-Han general Wang Ping repelled the Cao-Wei general Cao Shuang in Hanzhong in 244 AD, Cao Wei has not attacked the Shu-Han border for nearly 20 years. In addition, the strategic policy of the Cao Wei regime has always been Wu before Shu, so the officials and ministers did not really make serious preparations for Cao Wei's invasion. At that time, before Cao Wei prepared to crusade against Shu Han, many ministers, including the famous Wargo of Cao Wei, wrote to express their opposition. Zhong Hui is the only person who strongly supports the crusade against Shu Han. In the end, we grasped the power of Cao Wei, pushed the pack, adjusted the strategic policy, and determined the correct plan to destroy Shu first and then Wu. Before sending troops to Shu Han, Cao Wei wantonly created the momentum and illusion of preparing to attack Wu Dong. Even the famous Shu Han Jiang Wei was deceived by this illusion and did not prepare for the war in time. Later, after Jiang Wei discovered it, although he made some remedies and adjustments, due to the political corruption and slow response of the Shuhan regime, Hanzhong quickly fell, and Jiang Wei was almost trapped in the northwest by Wargo.

6. Political corruption in the late Shu-Han Dynasty, especially after the death of sages Jiang Wan, Dong Yun and Fei Yi, Jiang Wei led troops abroad for a long time and presided over the Northern Expedition of Cao Wei. There is no sage in the court who can control Liu Chan. Liu Chan has grown up, and his autonomy is growing. He gradually began to trust some courtiers and even treacherous courtiers, and finally formed a situation in which everyone knew that Liu Chan was ignorant and Huang Hao stole power. Even Jiang Wei, the general who held the military and political power of Shu Han, dared not enter the DPRK casually, and finally led the army to the northwest to settle the wasteland to avoid disaster. In fact, even though Zhuge Liang's son Zhuge Zhan was later promoted by Liu Chan, his character was not very bad, but he was also an out-and-out mediocrity. When fighting against the invasion of Wargo's army, someone once correctly advised him to hold the dangerous place and wait for the assistance of Jiang Wei's main force, so it would be dangerous for Wargo to be alone on both sides. Unfortunately, at that time, Zhuge Zhan was eager to make contributions to the country and rushed to send troops to fight. As a result, his father and son were killed in the army. Since this war, Wargo has been marching into Chengdu nonstop. As we all know, after Liu Chan surrendered to Cao Wei, there was a famous allusion of "being happy but not thinking about Shu", which shows the degree of ignorance of Liu Chan.

7. In the later period of the Shu-Han regime, the political contradictions within the Shu-Han regime became very fierce, especially the historical contradiction between local forces and foreign forces in Yizhou was already deep. Liu Bei usurped Yizhou, and the main role was the troops and talents brought by Jingzhou, so he naturally formed a foreign power group. Although Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang used some indigenous people with high prestige in Yizhou after pacifying Yizhou, most of them were honest officials or local officials, and it was difficult for them to enter the central authority of Shu Han. In the late Shu and Han dynasties, due to the gradual decline of talents from foreign power groups, Yizhou local forces began to rise and grow, and this contradiction was further aggravated. Therefore, when Wargo's army captured the gates of Chengdu, in fact, the Shu-Han regime was far from being at the end of its tether, and at least there were some resistance forces, which could wait for Jiang Wei's main force to come back for reinforcements and rescue. However, the Shuhan regime is full of surrender arguments, and no one in Yizhou local forces is willing to fight for the Shuhan regime. What needs to be added here is that Si Mazhao moved all foreign forces out of Yizhou in order to consolidate his rule in Yizhou after the demise of the Shu-Han regime, which shows that he clearly saw the seriousness of this problem.

8. After Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition died in Wuzhangyuan in 234 AD, the famous Jiang Wei has been the mainstay of the middle and late Shu and Han dynasties. Especially after Fei Yi was assassinated in 253 AD, no one could restrain him any more, so his military and political power began to expand gradually and became a general of the Shu and Han regimes. He was once General Cao Wei who defected to Shu Han during Zhuge Liang's first Northern Expedition. Zhuge Liang has always appreciated his talents and has been trying his best to cultivate him. At the same time, he also has considerable ability and talent. He was very grateful to Zhuge Liang for his kindness to meet him, and inherited Zhuge Liang's legacy of the Northern Expedition and presided over the Northern Expedition of Cao Wei for years. From AD 247 to AD 263, there were nine times, but the results were very little, which consumed the limited national strength of Shu Han, caused the situation that soldiers were exhausted and the people were trapped, and accelerated the process of Shu Han's demise. In fact, the reason is very simple. On the whole, it is definitely not worth the loss for small countries and big countries to compete for consumption.

9. Jiang Wei made a serious mistake in his tactical arrangement in Hanzhong area. Hanzhong area is the most important gateway in northern Yizhou. Since ancient times, there has been a saying that there is no profit without Hanzhong. Hanzhong was originally a place that was easy to defend but difficult to attack. In those days, both Cao Cao and Liu Bei took great efforts to win them. Since Liu Bei left general Wei Yan to guard Hanzhong in 2 19 A.D., the Shu-Han regime has put heavy troops in peripheral strongholds to defend the enemy, instead of putting the enemy in the hinterland of the plain. In 244 AD, Cao Shuang, a general of Cao Wei, personally led more than 100,000 troops to attack Hanzhong, and Wang Ping, a general of Shu Han, successfully defended Hanzhong with less than 30,000 defenders. However, after Jiang Wei mastered the military and political power of Shu Han, he thought that the previous method could defend the enemy, but it could not achieve greater victory. If we introduce the enemy into the hinterland of Hanzhong and then send troops from four strongholds to attack and harass, we can achieve the goal of destroying the enemy. In fact, a relatively weak country can't afford any big mistakes and mistakes, but should adopt a more prudent defense policy and should not adopt such gambling-style adventure tactics. His tactics and methods can deal with the enemy with weak strength, but if he meets an enemy with several times stronger strength, it is tantamount to letting the tiger out of the mountain. And Jiang Wei has been actively organizing the Northern Expedition for a long time. His strategic thinking is to strike hard, not to defend. Instead of massing heavy troops in Hanzhong, he finally pulled the large troops to the northwest to open up wasteland. As a result, due to the disparity in strength between the two sides in Hanzhong, Zhong Hui quickly occupied Hanzhong, which made the Shuhan regime fall into a great passive position from the beginning of this campaign.

10, Soochow did not completely and timely rescue the Shu-Han regime. Actually, there are two reasons for this. On the one hand, Cao Wei made a scene to send troops to Wu Dong before going to Shu Han, which made Wu Dong dare not make a move. On the other hand, the troops stationed at the border of Shu and Wu are really watching the situation, trying to take advantage of the chaos to annex part of the land of Shu and Yizhou, instead of sincerely helping Shu and Han resist the enemy. Therefore, Luo Xian, the general of Shu and Han Dynasties, saw their intention and refused them entry into the war. In fact, even if Wu Dong went all out to send troops to Huainan to contain Cao Wei at this time, it would not be of great significance. Because Cao Wei has been operating in the north for many years, now his national strength has an overwhelming advantage over Wu Dong and Han Shu, and he can completely cope with two-front operations. Although the failure of Soochow rescue was a factor in the demise of Shu Han, it was not very important, so I put it in the last one.