Archaeological excavations have proved that there were traces of human activities in Jinan as early as 89,000 years ago in the early Neolithic Age. At present, there are about seven or eight sites in this period in the province, including four in Zhangqiu, Jinan. China has discovered eight sites of the Northern New Culture Period dating from 7300 to 6100 years ago, which are the most densely distributed areas in Shandong Province.
Since then, during the Dawenkou cultural period (6 100 ~ 4600 years ago), ancestors from all over the world were more active in Jinan, leaving behind a wide range of sites, including Wang Guan and Jiaojia in Zhangqiu, Daliuxing in Changqing, Zhouhe in Pingyin and so on, with rich connotations and vast areas. Together with Dawenkou culture, it is Shandong Longshan culture (4600 ~ 4000 years ago). Longshan culture was first discovered and named in Chengziya, Longshan Town, Zhangqiu in 1928. Through further excavation of Chengziya site, it is found that there was a city site with an area of 200,000 square meters during the Longshan culture period, ranking first among the eight city sites discovered at the same time in China. 196 1 year, the State Council announced Chengziya site as a national key cultural relics protection unit. Yue culture (3900 ~ 3500 years ago) is a Yi culture developed in Shandong after Longshan culture. At present, dozens of sites in this period have been found in Jinan, especially Zhangqiu County, and Chengziya site is still the most important site in this period. In Longshan Cultural Site, there is a Yueshi Cultural Site with an area of about 6.5438+0.7 million square meters, which is the first discovered and confirmed site of Xia Dynasty in China. The Shang dynasty, which has entered the slave society, has a highly developed social productivity. In the area of Chengziya, Tan Kingdom was established. After the founding of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the enfeoffment system was implemented, and Jinan belonged to Qi State. At this point, Tan Guo still exists. One of China's first poetry anthology, The Book of Songs, is Dadong, which is the earliest extant document about Jinan in China. The author is a doctor in Tan Guo.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, great changes have taken place in society, and slave society began to transition to feudal society. At this time, Jinan still belongs to Qi State. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the famous battle between Qi and Jin took place in Ma 'anshan, the northern suburb of Jinan. Zou Yan was a great thinker of Qi during the Warring States Period, who founded the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements and was a famous scholar of the school. His tomb is in Zhangqiu. Lu (now Changqing), who is good at internal medicine, gynecology, five internal organs and pediatrics, founded the four diagnostic methods of observation, smell, questioning and feeling, which occupies an important position in the medical history of China.
After Qin Shihuang unified the world, the county system was established. Today, Jinan City belongs to Jibei County, which is called Li Xiayi.
The establishment of Jinan County in the early Han Dynasty was the beginning of a "Jinan". Jinan County is located in Dongping Mausoleum (now Ping Ling City, Zhangqiu County). During the reign of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, Dr. Qin, a native of Jinan who was over ninety years old, dictated twenty-eight articles on Shangshu, which was handed down to later generations. Ji 'nan, a doctoral disciple of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, was eventually sent to Xiongnu and South Vietnam, contributing to the unification of China. The Eastern Han Dynasty was the country of Jinan. At the time of Lingdi, Cao Cao was the Prime Minister of Jinan, and his political achievements were remarkable. Xiao Tang Shan Guo Tombstone Temple, located in Xiaoli Town, Changqing County, is an ancient building built in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It is the earliest existing ground building in China and a national key cultural relic protection unit. Its indoor portraits and inscriptions are listed as national calligraphy art monuments.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Jinan was in a state of war. During the Jin Yongjia period (307 ~ 3 12), the county administration of Jinan was moved from Dongping Mausoleum to Licheng. Since then, Licheng has become the political center of Jinan.
Entering the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the society tends to be stable. In the third year of Emperor Wendi (583), Ji 'nan County was changed to qi zhou, and its ruling place was still in Licheng. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Buddhism flourished in Jinan, leaving many Buddhist attractions. The main remains are the six Simen Pagoda in Licheng, the statue of the Thousand Buddha Cliff Grottoes, the Dragon Tiger Pagoda and the Nine-Summit Pagoda, as well as the grotto statues in Qianfo Mountain, Tongshan Mountain, Hanyu and Longdong. Simen Pagoda is the oldest existing stone pagoda in China, and it is listed as a national key cultural relic protection unit together with the nearby statues of the Thousand Buddha Cliff Grottoes (including Dragon Tiger Pagoda and Jiuding Pagoda).
Founded in the Northern Wei Dynasty, Changqing Lingyan Temple was highly respected in the Tang Dynasty and is now listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit. In the Tang Dynasty, the eminent monk and Changqing Yijing went to India to learn Buddhist scriptures after Xuandazhuang, and translated more than 0/00 Buddhist scriptures, which made great contributions to cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.
After the establishment of the Song Dynasty, Jinan was called qi zhou. In the sixth year of Huizong Zhenghe (1 1 16), he was promoted to Shengzhou as the government, and qi zhou was then the Jinan government. The long-term relative stability of society has made Jinan present a scene of peace and prosperity. The famous poet Huang Tingjian once praised the lakes and mountains of Jinan with the poem "Jinan is as chic as Jiangnan". When Ceng Gong was the magistrate of Jizhou, he enjoyed the scenic spots and historical sites in his spare time. Wherever he went, he always wrote poems to add luster to Jinan's landscape. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the nomads from the Jin Dynasty invaded heavily and established the Di Chin Square regime in Jinan, which was strongly resisted by the people of Jinan. 1 16 1 year, a peasant uprising led by Geng Jing and Xin Qiji broke out. Subsequently, both the Red Army and the Rebel Army led by Yang were active in Jinan. At the turn of the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties, Jinan's "Er 'an" became famous in the literary world one after another: the poet Li Qingzhao (Yi 'an), whose words are sincere, profound, novel and unique in artistic style, was called the "graceful school"; Xin Qiji is an "uninhibited" poet. He is not only a national hero who devoted his life to national reunification, but also a prolific writer. His poems are generous and tragic, and he is also called "Su Xin" with Su Shi.
In Jin Dynasty, Jinan was still a government, belonging to Shandong East Road. At this time, Xiaoqing River was dug in the north of the city, leading directly to the sea, making Jinan an important salt distribution center, which had a great impact on the local economic development in later generations. Jinan in Yuan Dynasty was the Tao, which belonged to the "belly" area of Yuan Dynasty, and Zhili was in Zhongshu Province.
During the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Jinan was also the hometown of cultural prosperity. Du, a famous essayist, is a native of Jinan. He is well-read and has excellent poetry and prose. I have traveled to Jinan with Yuan Haowen many times. After traveling all over Jinan, Yuan Haowen wrote praises such as "praising Jinan's good landscape" and "being a caring Jinan person". In the Yuan Dynasty, the style of writing in Jinan became increasingly prosperous. Famous figures include Zhang Qiyan, Chen and Kang of Wuhan, historians of Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties, and opera writers Liu Minzhong and Zhang. Zhang, a native of Jinan, achieved great success in Sanqu and reached its peak in Yuan Dynasty. Painter, Zhao Meng, Hunan, was the general manager of Jinan Road in the 29th year of Yuan Zhiyuan (1293). During his three years in office, he left behind many poems and paintings, the most famous of which was "Quehua Autumn Color Map", which became a masterpiece. Geographer Yu Qin, a native of Yidu, is also an official in Jinan. He traveled around, visited the old people, inspected the local customs of Qi, and finished the famous local chronicles "Qi Cheng".
Shandong Province was once established in the early Ming Dynasty, and Jinan was the capital of Shandong Province. It is the headquarters of Shandong Political Affairs Department, General Command and Provincial Justice Department. Since then, Jinan has become the political center of Shandong. Jinan was still under the jurisdiction of Shandong Province in Qing Dynasty.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Jinan's economy developed rapidly, and after Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, it has become a commercial city with a certain scale. Correspondingly, cultural undertakings are also quite developed, and a number of famous scholars have emerged. Bian Gong is one of the famous "first seven poets" in Ming Dynasty, and his poems are famous for their freshness, gracefulness and simplicity. Li Panlong, the leader of the "Later Seven Scholars", was an active advocate of the literary retro movement and had a great influence in the literary world of Ming Dynasty. Li Kaixian, a famous playwright and Zhangqiu native, handed down from generation to generation as a sword. Zhou Yongnian, a famous scholar in Qing Dynasty and a native of Licheng, is one of the main compilers of Sikuquanshu. Ma Guohan, on the other hand, devoted his whole life to the completion of Hanyu Mountain House Library, which became a magnificent masterpiece of China Library. Yu Ruxu, Bang Cai and Yu are all celebrities in the literary world.
1840 After the Opium War, China became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and imperialist powers flooded into China, killing and plundering, and Jinan was not spared. 1897, German imperialism occupied Jiaozhou Bay, and then forcibly built Ji Jiao Road, from Jiaoao (now Qingdao) to Jinan. 1904, Jinan opened its own commercial port. With the expansion of urban area, industry and commerce have developed greatly. 19 1 1 At the end of the year, the Yellow River Bridge of Jinpu Railway was completed and opened to traffic, and Jinan became a north-south transportation hub. Around this period, Germany, Japan, Britain and other countries set up consulates in Jinan one after another, opening banks, shops, churches, schools, hospitals and so on. Jinan became one of the main foothold of imperialist aggression against China. However, the brutal invasion of imperialism has been strongly resisted by the people of Jinan. Zhu, the leader of the Boxer Rebellion, once lived in Changqing. Encouraged by the slogan "The Boxers in the World Prosper the Qing Dynasty and Destroy the Foreign Countries", the anti-imperialist patriotic movement in urban and rural areas of Jinan reached its climax.
After the founding of the Republic of China, the government was changed to Tao. Jinan was originally Dai North Road, and 19 14 was renamed Jinan Road. Jinan was founded on 1929.
After the Republic of China, profound historical changes have taken place in Jinan society. 19 19 The May 4th Movement broke out, and all walks of life in Jinan went on strike and launched a vigorous anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle. After the May 4th Movement, advanced intellectuals quickly accepted Marxism. 1920 In the summer and autumn, Wang Jinmei, a student of Shandong No.1 Normal School, and Deng Enming, a student of Shandong No.1 Middle School, established the * * * Production Society, initiated the organization of the progressive group "Lixin Society" among the students, and founded the bimonthly Lixin. 192 1 In the spring of, Wang Jinmei and Deng Enming established the * * * production group in Jinan, becoming one of the earliest * * * production organizations in China. In July, Wang Jinmei and Deng Enming attended the first national congress of China * * Production Party on behalf of Jinan * * Production Group. In May of the following year, the Jinan Independent Mission was formally established, with Wang Jinmei as the team leader and nine party member. By May, 1927, Jinan had established 20 branches in Tianjin-Dachang, No.1 Middle School and No.1 Division in Pudong, and party member had grown to 50 people. After the establishment of Jinan Party Organization, it not only led the workers' movement in Jinan, but also actively carried out anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary propaganda and other forms of revolutionary struggle. 1928, the Japanese invaders created the "May 3rd Massacre" that shocked the world in Jinan. China Jinan Party Organization immediately called on the people to rise up against Japanese imperialism and actively organize the anti-Japanese struggle. After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Jinan Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China sent party member and progressive young intellectuals to all parts of Shandong to participate in the anti-Japanese armed uprising and create revolutionary base areas. The people of Jinan, under the leadership of the China Producer Party, fought bravely against the Japanese invaders and opened up the anti-Japanese revolutionary base in the southern mountainous areas. During the War of Liberation, the Party organizations in Jinan United and led the people of the whole city in a tit-for-tat struggle with the Kuomintang reactionaries. 1948 On September 24th, Jinan was conquered and liberated by the People's Liberation Army. The history of Jinan has since turned a new page.
After the founding of New China, Shandong Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, Shandong Provincial People's Congress, Shandong Provincial People's Government, Shandong Provincial Political Consultative Conference, jinan military area command and Shandong Military Region were all stationed in Jinan, and Jinan continued to maintain its position as the political center of Shandong Province.